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The current work aimed to study the physical, chemical and biological properties of food wastes generated from small and medium industries by using Takakura composting methods. Composting method was referred as indigenous compost (IC) and commercial compost (CC) reactors. The reactors were operated at 44 °C, pH (6 to 8.5) and 40 to 55 % of moisture for 22 weeks in closed environment using a carpet around the basket to avoid external disturbance. The results revealed that the total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TP) and potassium (K) in the IC reactors were 6300, 10.57 and 726.07 ppm, respectively, while 8400, 15.45 and 727.81 ppm, respectively, in the CC reactors. Moreover, both IC and CC has Cd2+, Cr2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ concentrations within the compost legislation standard (CLS). The findings of this study indicated that the composting method could be used as an alternative food waste management in small and medium industry and the Takakura composting method is suitable for food waste composting.

The anti- microbial activity tests of the seed oil, NaOH and ash soaps of the seed oil, of C.albidum were carried out to determine their effectiveness against gram+, gram– bacteria and some fungi strains. The proximate analysis of C.albidum seeds was performed to determine its nutritional benefits to mankind. Agar diffusion tests using Disc diffusion for the pure oils and soaps while the cup plate test method for dilutions was used in the determination of in-vitro activities. Standard methods as described by AOAC, (1990); AOAC, (1984) and Kjeldahl method described by Chang (2003) were used for proximate determinations. The results show the activity of the oil against Klebsiella pneumonia at a concentration as low as 10 mg/ml. The ash-soap of the leaves shows the highest antimicrobial activities because its MIC is the closest to the standard, Streptomycin. It possesses activity against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia at a concentration as low as 5mg/ml. The % proximate analysis composition shows Moisture content, Ash content, Crude Fibre, fat/Oil, Protein, Carbohydrates as follows (14.98, 1.90, 2.09, 2.38, 12.14 and 67.65)%. The study concluded by unleashing the great potential of Chrysophyllum albidum seeds as a useful raw material in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries rather than being regarded as waste in the environment

The crop nitrogen and iron status play a key role for crop yield and quality in grapevines and other plant species. These elements are generally assessed by petiole tissue or destructive leaf analysis. Non-destructive estimation of nitrogen and iron sufficiency in grapevine leaves would contribute significantly to sensitive crop management. We therefore were recorded two different data against leaf nitrogen and iron content under the greenhouse for the ‘Sultana Seedless’ grape cultivar (values obtained from the SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter and Fe and N contents obtained from an atomic absorption spectrophotometer and micro-Kjeldahl method). Significant regression equations were determined between SPAD values and foliar Fe and N concentrations for Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Sultana Seedless’ grape cultivar during three consecutive years. The findings showed that there was a linear and positive correlation between total N and Fe content and SPAD-502 data. The intersection points varied between three years, but the slopes of the regression lines were similar in the results. At all sampling years the correlation of SPAD readings to N and Fe content were significant (r = 0.875* for 2012, r = 927* for 2013 and r = 0.925* for 2014 at Fe content and r = 0.909* for 2012, r = 0.865* for 2013, and r = 0.953* for 2014 at % N content, respectively). Therefore, it can be concluded that SPAD-502 could be used to estimate both iron and nitrogen content in grapevine leaves.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggaraman dengan konsentrasi yang berbeda terhadap karakteristik kimia dan pertumbuhan bakteri pada ikan sepat rawa (Trichogaster trichopterus). Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah tanpa penambahan garam (A) sebagai kontrol, garam 5% (B), garam 10% (C) dan garam 15% (D). Analisis kadar air menggunakan metode pengeringan, analisis kadar protein menggunakan metode Kjeldahl, analisis asam amino menggunakan high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) dan analisis pertumbuhan mikroba menggunakan metode angka lempeng total (ALT). Perlakuan terbaik adalah perlakuan D penambahan garam dengan konsentrasi 15% menghasilkan kadar air ikan sepat rawa sebesar 61,35%, kadar protein 31,61%, dan ALT 5,87 log10 CFU/mL. Profil asam amino esensial yang tertinggi pada perlakuan B yaitu lisina sebesar 2,20% dan asam amino non esensial yang tertinggi pada perlakuan B yaitu asam glutamat 4,34%.

The hydrolysis of carbonaceous and nitrogenous materials in the anaerobic co-digestion process of solid vegetable waste and anaerobic sewage sludge (ASS) was studied from the perspective of zero-, first-, and second-order pseudo-kinetic models. It was found that the digestion of the chemical demand for particulate oxygen (CODP) and subsequent conversion to the filtered form (CODF) occurs in two stages of digestion, with significant differences between the kinetic constants of hydrolysis (kh) and half-life (t1/2). A simplified kinetic model based on the first-order differential equation was proposed to model the conversion rate between CODP and CODF, resulting in excellent calibration parameters (R-sqr> 0.99, Fcalc >> Ftable) and validation parameters (R-sqr = 0.99, intercept 0.001, and bisector 0.98). It was also observed that the formation of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and organic nitrogen ( N.org ) occurs in two kinetic stages, one rapid and the other slow, which coincide with those described for CODF. However, the decay of total nitrogen levels (TKN) occurs in a single step. Despite the mathematical simplicity, the kinetic models addressed in this study presented validation parameters suitable in statistical terms, both in the modeling tests and in the prediction tests, opening new possibilities in the environment of biodigestion process modeling.

Little is known about the effect of adding crude glycerin (CG) as a carbon source during the composting of agro-industrial residues, such as those generated in the swine production chain, especially concerning the impact on organic matter humification. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the effect of adding crude glycerin during the composting of organic swine waste, using appropriate analyses to determine the degree of maturation of the organic material. The experiment was performed using composters constructed from pallets. The variables considered were temperature, mass, volume, organic matter, functional groups, carboxylic acids, pH, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, potassium, basal respiration, and germination index. For all the CG concentrations tested, thermophilic temperatures were reached, while higher amounts of CG (4.5 and 6.0%) maintained temperatures above 55 °C for longer periods (28 days). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed the presence of an aromatic stretching vibration signal at 1620 cm−1, confirming mineralization of the organic matter, while the decrease of carboxylic acids at the end of the composting period indicated stabilization. The organic composts presented high nutrient contents and absence of toxicity, indicating that they could be safely used in agriculture.

Nuggets are protein rich food that is widely; consumed in Indon esia because of its good taste and easy preparation. The substitution of tilapia fi sh in tempeh gembus nugget act as a healthy alternative composition which contain high protein, fi ber, but low in fat. Therefore, this research was aimed to det ermine the eff ect of substitution of tilapia fi sh on the nutrient content, protein digestibility, and acceptabili ty of tempeh gembus nuggets to obtain a formulation in accordance with the Daily Value (DV) 2150 kcal. A randomized ex perimental study was carried out on tilapia fi sh in substitution of 0%, 20%, 40%, 80%, and 100%. The protein, fat, carbohydrate, water, ash, and dietary fi ber content analysis were determined using the Kjeldahl, Soxhlet, carbohydr ate diff erence, gravimetric, dry ash, and enzymatic- gravimetric methods. Furthermore, the protein digestibility was conducted by in vitro method, while the organoleptic tests were determined using hedonic tests. The organoleptic dat a was statistically analysed using ANOVA and Friedman tests. The substitution of tilapia fi sh increased the content of protein, water, and dietary fi ber while decreasing fat, carbohydrates, ash, and protein digestibility. The most preferr ed tempeh gembus nugget formulation by panelists was 80% substitution treatment of tilapia fi sh. In conclusion, the recommended formulations are the substi tution of 40% and 80% of tilapia fi sh considering the nutrient content, protein digestibility and acceptability.

Based on RISKESDAS data on the amount of stunting in children under five in Indonesia, this study conducted a test of the nutritional content of protein in local foodstuffs of the coastal Lamasi village community, namely Koteng mussels (Pilsbryoconcha exilis). This is to support the government of South Sulawesi to reduce the prevalence rate of stunting (very short and short) who experience malnutrition and malnutrition. This study only focuses on testing the protein content as the main substance and nutrition for the growth and development of toddlers, while the method used in this study is the shellfish formulation which is done manually where the raw material is boiled and dried then smashed into powder and then tested for protein content using the Kjeldahl method in the Sucofindo laboratory weighing 500 grams. The results of the protein content test of the formulation of Koteng shellfish (P.exilis) resulted in a protein content of 56.66%. As for the preparation of MP-ASI recipes with a collection of river clams worth 70 g, 4 g skim milk, 6 g rice flour, and 2 g vegetable oil, each containing protein worth 7,9% successively 6,5%; 9,6%; 2%

The spectrophotometric method for measuring protein content can be used to evaluate the degree of proteolysis in cheeses. At a wavelength of 280 nm, tryptophan and tyrosine are absorbed, a high amount of them is found in casein, the main protein of cheese mass. It was found that the value of the absorbance coefficient of the solution of proteins extracted from flavoring additives with cheese flavor (FA) and cheeses depends on the degree of proteolysis of proteins in the cheese mass and differs in FA and different types of cheeses. The highest absorbance coefficient is observed in the FA samples A1%1cm = 10.30, in which from 65 to 81% of the protein is converted into a soluble state. In cheeses, the degree of proteolysis is from 23 to 33%, and the absorbance coefficient of solution is from 1.1 to 2.4 (with the exception of Cheddar cheese), which indicates an incomplete transition of amino acids absorbing radiation at 280 nm into the extract released from cheeses. Using the spectrophotometric method, the results of measuring the content of soluble protein in cheeses and FA, strictly correlating with the results achieved by the Kjeldahl method (R2 > 0.81), can be obtained. To get reliable results of evaluating the content of water-soluble protein in cheeses, it is necessary to carry out measurements on a sample of cheeses belonging to the same species group, having the same specificity of proteolysis and slightly different absorbance coefficient between samples within the instance.

Being a cost-effective and environmentally benign technology, vermifiltration has significantly replaced the available conventional wastewater remediation methods in many cases over the last few decades. The present work emphasizes on the investigation of the nitrogen transformation dynamics, in addition to the organic carbon abatement in the designed high rate hybrid vermifilter. Moreover, the economical sustainability of the vermifiltration technology has also been enlightened by creating a bridge with the concept of circular bio-economy. The designed high rate macrophyte-assisted vermifilter (MAVF) ascertained significant high nitrogen and organic carbon removal efficiencies from the real domestic sewage, considering the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the influent and hydraulic loading rate (HLR) as the input variables. The designed MAVF facilitated the maximum ammonium nitrogen (NH(4)(+)-N), organic nitrogen, and total kjeldahl nitrogen removal efficiencies up to 98.2 ± 0.70%, 100%, and 99 ± 0.47%, respectively when COD of the influent and HLR were 200 ± 25 mg/L and 3 ± 0.1 m(3)/m(2)-d, respectively. On the other hand, substantial enhancement in the nitrate nitrogen (NO(3)(−)-N) in the effluent (73 ± 10.55 times its influent concentration) was observed with influent COD of 200 ± 25 mg/L and HLR of 7 ± 0.2 m(3)/m(2)-d. When the influent COD and HLR were maintained at 700 ± 45 mg/L and 3 ± 0.1 m(3)/m(2)-d, respectively, the highest total nitrogen removal of 87 ± 2.25% was obtained. Alternatively, the influent COD of 200 ± 25 mg/L and HLR of 3 ± 0.1 m(3)/m(2)-d yielded the highest COD removal efficiency of 77 ± 1.59%. Hence, the outcome of the present research work strengthens the suitability of the vermifiltration technology as an economically and ecologically sound natural wastewater bio-remediation technology for the treatment of domestic wastewater.

Tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) merupakan limbah padat terbesar yang dihasilkan oleh pabrik kelapa sawit (PKS). Setiap pengolahan 1 ton tandan buah segar (TBS) menghasilkan 22-23% TKKS setara dengan 220-230 kg TKKS. Alternatif pengolahan TKKS yang relatif murah dan mudah adalah diolah menjadi kompos, pengomposan berlangsung selama ± 4-6 bulan karena mengandung selulosa 33,019%, hemiselulosa 22,052%, lignin 35,076%. Pengomposan dapat dipercepat dengan cara penambahan aktivator dari isolat koleksi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode narrative review berupa pengumpulkan data dari berbagai sumber literatur baik jurnal ataupun buku-buku yang dapat dilakukan melalui penelusuran internet. Metode pengomposan menggunakan bakteri selulolitik pernah dilakukan dengan beberapa tahap. Pertama persiapan tempat pengomposan dilakukan di dalam pot dengan menggunakan tutup pot yang terbuat dari plastik terpal berwarna hitam. Kedua, peremajaan isolat bakteri selulolitik. Ketiga pengumpulan bahan baku pengomposan berupa TKKS. Parameter kimia yang dianalisis seperti pengamatan kandungan unsur hara makro (N, P, K) kompos dilakukan pada setiap 2 minggu hingga minggu ke-8. Unsur hara Nitrogen (N) dianalisis dengan metode Kjeldahl, Fospor (P) dan Kalium (K) dianalisis dengan metode Bray I. Hasil yang dapat disimpulkan dari studi literatur ini adalah pengamatan suhu terbaik untuk kompos adalah suhu tanah yang mencapai 30ºC dan sesuai dengan Standar Kualitas Kompos SNI: 19-7030-2004. Penyusutan berat bahan kompos terbaik menghasilkan 80,8-88,4%. Pada kandungan hara N, P dan K menghasilkan nilai terbaik secara berturut-turut yaitu 2,07%, 1,82% dan 6,59%. Hasil kajian kandungan bahan organik menghasilkan nilai terbaik 59,81%. Pengamatan penunjang berupa warna dan bau, kompos yang matang berwarna hitam atau hitam kecoklatan dan berbau tanah.

The earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae is a well-known source of protein in animal feeding but there is lack of information on its fatty acid profile. This study aimed to determine its nutrient components and fatty acid profile. Earthworms were bred in substrate containing organic matter; peanut powder was added in the experimental group diet. The nutrient components (protein, ash, and minerals) of the adult worms were determined according to the Kjeldahl method and by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The fatty acid profile was determined by gas chromatography / mass spectrometry. The dry-matter protein content significantly increased in worms fed peanut powder (p < 0.05) as did the minerals measured. The main fatty acid families had similar proportions in the groups. In the saturated fatty acids, C12:0 and C18:0 were present in higher proportions in both groups, whereas in monounsaturated fatty acids, C18:1ω9 prevailed. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in polyunsaturated fatty acids were observed between the two groups. An increase in the proportion of ω6 and ω3 was observed in the experimental group compared to the control. This study showed that peanut powder significantly influenced nutrient components of E. eugeniae. The fatty acid profile of this species was similar to that of most animals. Earthworms’ diet can be altered to improve the nutritional value of E. eugeniae.

Studies of centesimal composition regarding coalho. From the perspective that selenium content in foods can vary due to environmental factors and cheese may be a source of such nutrient, it is believed that is relevant to characterize the possible selenium contents in coalho cheese. The samples of cheese were collected of the and selenium was quantified by Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Protein content was determined by the Kjeldahl method and lipids by Soxhlet extraction. The centesimal composition presented variations for humidity (50.5-61.9% w w-1), ashes (2.37-4.16% w w-1), proteins (14.3-19.7% w w-1), lipids (15.6-26.6% w w-1) and for carbohydrates (0.10-6.50% w w-1). The selenium contents were heterogeneous among the samples (4.21-38.78 µg kg-1). In Principal Component Analysis, it was observed that samples are divided by selenium concentrations and is justified by groups that present producer cities with different characteristics in terms of soil, average rainfall and distance from the coast. It was concluded that the samples are low-fat cheeses and sources of protein, and only the cheese from Limoeiro do Norte is a source of selenium. The samples presented distinct variations in both physical-chemical and selenium concentrations.

Corn waste is a solid waste that is still limited in use. One of the efforts that can be made to increase the use-value of maize waste is to convert it into biochar. Corn cobs are a component of corn that can be processed into biochar and can improve soil quality. This study aims to analyze the ability of corn waste biochar (in terms of chemical content and gas emissions) in improving soil quality. Primary data were collected by measuring C element using gravimetric method, N element using kjeldahl method, P element using oslen method, K (NH 4 O AC pH 7), pH using potentiometric, and CO2 emissions from biochar. Biochar is made by burning corn cobs at 500 o C without oxygen for 2 hours. Chemical content measurement of corn cob biochar, known as biochar tongkol jagung (BTJ) and soil, was carried out for eight weeks. The chemical elements of the mixture of biochar and soil at week 8 include C-Organic (0.7%), Total N (0.1%), P 2 O 5 (10.6 ppm), K 2 O (0.28 me), pH (6.19), and CO 2 emissions (6.64 mg CO2/day).

The contamination of water with organic compounds has become an increasing concern in today's world. The cost-effective and sustainable treatment of industrial wastewaters is a major challenge. Advanced treatment techniques such as electrocoagulation-electroflotation offer economic and reliable solutions for the treatment of industrial wastewater. In this study, the electrocoagulation-electroflotation method was investigated for the simultaneous removal of chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and color via response surface methodology. Factors such as electrode combination (Fe and Al), current density (10-20 mA/cm2), pH (3.0-9.0), and electrode distance (1-3 cm) were investigated in the treatment of wastewater to obtain maximum treatment efficiency. It was determined that chemical oxygen demand, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, and color removal reached up to 94.0%, 77.5%, 97.0%, and 99.0%, respectively. Treatment costs were found as $0.71 with the Al-Fe electrode combination.

The Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica) seeds (JQS) are generated in large amounts as a by-product in considerable quantities during industrial quince fruit processing. Due to economic, environmental, and nutritional reasons, the utilization of JQS as a protein source seems to be highly justified. Therefore, three cultivars were studied, 'Rasa', 'Rondo', and 'Darius' of JQS as a protein source during three harvesting years. The total protein content in JQS determined by the Kjeldahl method amounted from 24.6 to 33.2% and was significantly affected (p ≤ 0.05) by the cultivar and harvesting year. The protein isolation was most effective in the pH range of 6-9, and their profile was mainly characterized by a molecular weight of 54.1-57.7 kDa and 70.0-77.6 kDa. The amino acids profile of JQS turned out to be valuable from a nutritional point of view due to the relatively high content of essential and relatively essential amino acids such as histidine (6-9%), leucine (11-12%), lysine (10-16%), phenylalanine (12-16%), glutamine/glutamic acid (7-15%), and tyrosine (9-13%). The initial analysis of JQS indicates that they can be a good source of proteins characterized by a favorable amino acid profile.

An industrial scale of composting process using III-phase Olive Mill Wastes (OMW) was monitored using CIELAB color variables in order to correlate them with critical physicochemical compost variables. The compost variables that were measured during the composting process were the following: (1) Ash content (Ash, %), (2) pH, (3) Electrical Conductivity (EC, mS/cm), (4) Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN,%), (5) Fulvic and (6) Humic acids content (FA and HA, mg/g), (7) Carbon/ Nitrogen ratio, (8) Ammonia/Nitrates ratio, (9) Germination index (GI, %) and (10) Oxygen Uptake Rate (OUR, mg/g/day). Results showed strong correlations for almost all measured compost variables with several CIELAB color variables. Particularly, CIELAB variables a*, b*, C*, ΔE* show the strongest relationship, of all compost variables, with GI (R2 > 0.97) followed by N-NH4+/ N-NO3− (R2 > 0.93). OUR also shows strong relationships (R2 > 0.92) with CIELAB variables a*, b*, C* along with the strong relationships between color variables a*, ΔE* with FA (R2 > 0.91), pH (R2 > 0.91), TKN (R2 > 0.94) and color variable a* with C/N (R2 = 0.91). As a conclusion, CIELAB color methodology offers an easy, quick and low-cost method for monitoring and evaluating a composting process that utilizes OMW as substrate.

The accumulation of recalcitrant azo dyes from untreated textile effluents has adversely impacted the ecosystem. The immense stability in their nature is conferred by the presence of azo bonds (N=N) in their structure. The reduction of this azo bond occurs exclusively under anaerobic conditions giving rise to colorless aromatic amines, which are carcinogenic. In the present study, a synthetic textile effluent containing mixed azo dyes such as Reactive Red, Reactive Black, and Reactive Brown, was treated using activated sludge under anaerobic conditions in a lab-scale anaerobic sequential batch reactor (An-SBR). At a concentration of 100 mg/L of mixed azo dyes, the An-SBR gave a maximum of 88% decolorization detected through UV-visible spectroscopy. Physicochemical analyses revealed 73% removal of BOD, 90% TDS removal, 69% COD removal, 4.05% TKN removal, 66% chloride removal, and 73% hardness removal. When the concentration of dyes was increased to 500 mg/L, the treatment showed a decrease in decolorization efficiency. This was then compared to a sequential anaerobic-aerobic treatment process performed in An-SBR and a laboratory-scale aerobic moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). The study revealed that the sequential process held more potential for commercial application than exclusively an anaerobic process. The metabolites formed during the treatment phase were extracted and analyzed by FT-IR and HPLC and identified through GC-MS analyses and were compared to those found in the untreated effluent. A phytotoxicity test was conducted on the remainder (secondary) sludge using Vigna unguiculata, and it was found to show a 50% reduction in germination and retardation in root and shoot length.

Municipal-solid waste (MSW) in towns and cities of Nigeria are either allowed to rot or burnt which causes the release of greenhouse gases in the process. The heap of uncollected refuse in Kano municipal causes serious health hazards and menacing public disorder. This research investigated the Kano municipal refuse for compost making, instead of using waste disposal technique such as landfilling. Refuse samples from Dorayi/Zage and Rimin Kira refuse dumping sites Kano Municipal, Kano State Nigeria were collected. The refuse samples were sorted and all the non-biodegradables materials were removed. A compost was made from Sample N in 20 days while 9 days was required to produce a compost from sample P. Kjeldahl Nitrogen determination method and simple procedure for total carbon determination method were used to determine the percentages of nitrogen and carbon in the samples. The results have shown that, the percentages of nitrogen in the samples were found to be 1.64% for sample N and 1.71% for sample P. The percentages of carbon in the samples are 6.8% for sample N and 6.3% for sample P. The C/N ratio for sample N was 4.15:1 and that of sample P was 3.69:1.Kano municipal refuse contains a lot of organic wastes which are very difficult to incinerate. Therefore, Composting method is the best option for the disposal of the refuse rather than directly dumped in the streets.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of the application of multivariate criteria of principal components and hierarchical clustering as a mechanism for monitoring the performance of Tifton 85 grass (Cynodon spp.) planted in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland reactor (HSSF-CW) under different organic (OLR), nutritional and sodium loads of swine wastewater (SW). The HSSF-CW planted with Tifton 85 grass was used as a swine wastewater after treatment applying organic loading rates between 26.1 (1st cut) and 360.6 kg ha−1 day−1 COD (8th cut). The maximum performances of HSSF-CW consisted of 52.0 t ha−1 of productivity and 24.0% of crude protein, with the application of 59.7, 64.2, and 31.2 kg ha−1 day−1 of TKN, PT, and K+, respectively. The eleven original variables generated four new components, with PC4 accounting for 94.0% of total variance, a condition strengthened with four data groupings greater than 48% similarity and three data groupings greater than 95% similarity between the variables. There was a strong association between of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentration by the hierarchical grouping and the intermediate cuts and lower temperatures.

Os rios e córregos recebem várias substâncias que causam alterações nas características da água e isso é mais intenso quando a população humana está próxima às suas margens, desempenha alguma atividade próxima a elas ou elimina nesses cursos d’água efluentes resultantes de suas atividades. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar as alterações de determinados parâmetros em cursos d’água que sofrem influência de ordem variável, como aglomerações humanas, recebimento de efluentes de uma estação de tratamento de efluentes (ETE) e agricultura. Os parâmetros determinados foram temperatura (T), oxigênio dissolvido (OD), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), fósforo total (PT), fósforo orgânico (PO), nitrogênio total Kjeldahl (NTK), proteínas (P), carboidratos (C) e lipídios (L). Com os dados obtidos, pôde-se observar que, de todos os pontos de análise, os maiores valores para todos os parâmetros, com exceção do OD, foram encontrados após liberação de efluentes pela ETE. Observou-se também que praticamente todos os parâmetros apresentaram altos coeficientes de variação, que indicam a inconstância dos valores das variáveis ao longo do tempo e que a aplicação do teste Scott-Knott foi efetiva na separação da média nos pontos amostrais.

Leafy Mustard (Brassica juncea var. rugosa) is a popular green vegetable grown in plains and hills of Northern India. It is a rich source of vitamins, minerals and protein. The present investigation carried out with 31 germplasm during November–February 2018–2019 at Vegetable Research Center (VRC). Nutraceutical properties of each genotype were determined at G.B.P.U.A & T. Laboratory Pantnagar. The estimation of micronutrient (iron, zinc manganese by atomic absorption spectrophotometer), macronutrient (phosphorus and potassium by spectrophotometer and flame photometer), protein and nitrogen (by Kjeldahl method) were done. Analysis of coefficient of variation showed significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits. All 31 genotypes showed variability in neutraceutical property. Highest protein content (33.38%), nitrogen (5.55%), phosphorus (1400.33 mg/100g), potassium (2770.00 mg/100g), iron (30.56 mg/100g), zinc (5.73 mg/100g) and manganese (4.94 mg/100g) was observed in PLM-16. We can state that above genotypes were promising and can be utilized for further improvement programme in leafy mustard. The genotypes which are rich in neutraceutical properties can be used for plant biofortification.

Knowing the nitrogen status of crop is essential for agricultural operations management, nevertheless conventional methods are time consuming and expensive. In this research, possibility of using digital aerial images as a remote sensing method to determine the nitrogen content of sugarcane plant was studied. Arial images were captured from 3 sugarcane fields using a 12.9-megapixel digital camera mounted on a Phantom 3 quad-copter from 5 and 10 m heights. At the same time, four healthy top branches of sugarcane plants were cut from imaging points as plant samples. The nitrogen value of the samples was measured using Kjeldahl test at laboratory. Multilayer perceptron (MLP) artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm was used to estimate nitrogen status in the crop from the aerial digital images. Color indices of images were extracted using image processing in MATLAB software and their correlation with the nitrogen value were determined. The indices that had correlation with nitrogen were selected as inputs of the ANNs and the nitrogen value was the output. There was no significant difference between the nitrogen values predicted by ANNs and its actual values. The average errors of the ANNs training were 0.145 and 0.022 and the correlation coefficients of the predicted and actual values of nitrogen were 0.89 and 0.94, for 5 m and 10 m heights respectively. Also, the RMSE values of nitrogen estimation was 0.181 and 0.174, at 5 m and 10 m heights respectively. So, nitrogen estimation of sugarcane fields is possible by aerial digital imaging.

Biogas, a green and sustainable form of energy produced during the degradation of organic waste anaerobically comes with ecological and economic paybacks when compared to a comprehensive fossil fuel-based energy system. However, the biodiversity of microorganisms and chemical loads for enzymatic and bioconversion reactions impedes the anaerobic digester’s (AD) practicality for commercialization. Hence, this study examined the application of titanium dioxide magnetite (Fe-TiO2) (F) via a synthetic route in AD + F and a biomagnetic system (BMs) as a collective pathway to maximize methane potentials, wastewater treatment, and improve biogas production. The AD + F and BM systems were operated at a working volume of 0.8 L (inoculum to wastewater ratio of 0.6), the mesophilic temperature of 35 °C for an incubation period of 30 days. The results showed in-situ Fe-TiO2 facilitated the bio-electrolysis and bio-methanation reactions in the AD process which improved its performance as compared to the control (AD only). Above 75% of chemical oxygen demand (1600 ± 16.2 mg/L), Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (76 ± 6.4 mg/L), total solids (135 ± 12 mg VS/L), volatile solids (94 ± 6.8 mg VS/L), and other inorganic contaminants (28 elementals) contained in the wastewater were removed by the BMs at a pH of 6.5 followed by the AD + F (65–75%) and the AD only (50–65%). On the 20th day, the control system (AD only) had a maximum daily biogas yield of 50 mL/COD.d, whereas the AD + F gave 90 mL/d and BMs 120 mL/d. Compared to the control with a methane yield of 66%, the addition of the Fe-TiO2 to AD + F and BMs increased the methane yield to 100%. Synergistically, the catalytic and biomagnetic activity of Fe-TiO2 in the BMs heightened the adsorption and reaction pathway of the contaminant’s transformations and degradation. Amidst two kinetic models investigated, the cumulative biogas yield followed the Gompertz kinetic model. In conclusion, combining the magnetic effect with green magnetic catalyst (Fe-TiO2) in AD and adsorption–based wastewater settings have viable prospects towards environmental purification.

Broiler litter (BL) and flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG), both readily available in the US Southeast, can potentially ameliorate soil constraints adversely affecting agricultural productivity and environmental quality in the region. However, benefits and risks must be evaluated prior to making recommendations to producers. The effectiveness of a combination of FGDG and grass buffer strips (GBS) to reduce edge-of-field nutrient losses from corn (Zea mays L.) production under inorganic (NPK) or organic (BL) fertilization was evaluated on Coastal Plain soils near Tifton, Georgia, from April of 2014 through January of 2017. Nine treatments were randomly established in each of three replications on plots instrumented to collect runoff. This was the first phase of a three-phase study. Treatments consisted of combinations of three fertilizer treatments (NPK, BL, and BL+FGDG) and three GBS treatments (no GBS [–GBS], GBS without FGDG [GBS−FGDG], and GBS with FGDG [GBS+FGDG]). A tenth treatment of NPK+FGDG without GBS was also included. Annual rates for BL and FGDG were 13.45 Mg ha−1 each. The BL rate was based on a high nitrogen (N) demand of corn and would represent a risky scenario for nutrient loss. Runoff and concentrations and loads of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), and total P (TP) were determined in runoff from 29 storms from May of 2015, through January of 2017. Rainfall partitioned into runoff (percentage runoff) decreased by 50% to 70% under –GBS with BL or BL+FGDG compared with NPK fertilization, and under GBS–FGDG or GBS+FGDG compared with –GBS for NPK and BL fertilization. Under –GBS, concentration of DRP and TP increased by ~160% from BL compared with NPK fertilization, and by 150% for DRP and by 115% for TP from BL+FGDG compared with NPK fertilization. On the other hand, the combined BL+FGDG and GBS+FGDG treatment reduced nutrient concentration by 65% to 80% compared with BL with –GBS (a standard practice), and nutrient load by 40% to 70% compared with NPK with –GBS (another standard practice) or BL with –GBS. Results indicate the potential for FGDG to improve edge-of-field runoff water quality when applied to fields with BL and to edge-of-field GBS. In planned follow-up articles, results will be compared with phase-2 when BL and FGDG rates were reduced by a third and phase-3 when BL application was discontinued.

Modification of cotton with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC) has been studied extensively and can be operated by means of exhaustion, cold pad-batch, and continuous and pad-steam methods. Most of the research addresses the cationization of cotton fabric after bleaching or mercerization, or during the mercerization process. In our studies, we performed a comparison of the cationization effects on raw, enzymatic, and alkali-scoured cotton knitted fabrics applying CHPTAC according to the exhaustion method. The charge density of the cotton surface was measured using a Muetek Particle Charge Detector and a “back titration” method with polyelectrolytes. These results were compared with the nitrogen content in the samples, K/S measurements of tested samples after dyeing with anionic dye (Acid Yellow 194), and other physicochemical parameters such as weight loss, whiteness, and wettability.

This study was aimed to determine the level of selected metals and nutritional composition of pigeon pea seed collected from seven districts of Wolaita zone. A wet digestion procedure involving the use of mixtures of (69% - 72%) HNO3 and (70%) HClO4 at an optimum temperature and time duration was used to determine metals by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Kjeldahl digestion method, Soxhlet extraction and furnace were used to determine nutritional values of pigeon pea, and physicochemical properties of soils were assessed using standard methods. The results showed that the levels of concentration of metals in mg/kg dry weight were ranged 105.17 to 144.07 for K, 8.95 to 12.67 for Mg, 7.74 to 12.27 for Ca, 0.247 to 0.543 for Fe, 0.122 to 0.313 for Zn, 0.061 to 0.432 for Mn, 0.087 to 0.134 for Cu and 0.0011 to 0.00196 for Cr. The proximate composition of pigeon pea was in the range of 19.28% to 25.79% for crude protein, 0.993% to 1.75% for crude fat, 3.75% to 5.31% for ash, 10.65% to 13.73% for moisture, 2.28% to 3.06% for fiber, 54.36% to 60.1% for carbohydrate and 326.8 to 345.23 Kcal for energy. The pH of the soil was in the range from pH 5.09 (strongly acidic) to 6.77 (slightly acidic), EC of the soil ranged from 0.047 to 0.14 dS/m (low), the soil OC level was from 1.6% to 2.42% (moderate), total Nitrogen was from 0.12% to 0.23% (low to moderate), the available Phosphorus content of the soil was from 6.82 to 13.52 mg/kg (low to moderate), CEC value of the soil was from 14.8 to 23.53 meq/100g (moderate). The textural classes of soil were sandy clay loam for all sites except Abela abaya. The study confirmed that pigeon pea was a good source of proteins, carbohydrates, and selected metals such as Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Cr. The concentration of metals and nutritional compositions of pigeon pea seed were found at a permissible level.

In tropical Africa, mushrooms play an important role for people in rural areas as a source of food, medicine and income. In order to promote the mycology sector in Cote d’Ivoire, a study was carried out on the determination of the biochemical parameters of the mushroom Lentinus brunneofloccosus pegler and Auricularia auricularia judae found in the localities of Daloa and Yamoussoukro. The samples were purchased in the markets of Daloa and Yamoussoukro. The dry matter, ash and lipid contents were determined by the AOAC method. Those of proteins, total sugars, reducing sugars were carried out respectively by the methods of Kjeldahl, Bernfeld and Dubois, and six minerals (potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron and sodium) were quantified by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The results showed that the ash (3.46 - 7.74%) and protein (6.10 - 12.40%) levels were high, but the lipid contents (4% to 6.60%), total sugars (1.34 - 5.16%) and reducing sugars (0.01 to 0.27%) are low. The major minerals are calcium (898 to 1006 mg/100g), potassium (1182 to 2433 mg/100g) and phosphorus (2091 - 4375 mg/100g). Magnesium (270 - 433 mg/100g) is represented in average proportion. Iron (2.83 to 46.17 mg/100g) and sodium (4.87 to 5.99 mg/100g) are in low amounts. The mushrooms Lentinus brunneofloccosus pegler and Auricularia auricularia judae are low in fat, high in ash, and are good sources of protein and minerals.

The family of Fabaceae has been fundamental into the traditional nutrition in South America, including Chile, however in this country has reduce consumption of legumes between children in school age. This investigation pursued establish the impact over nutritional and no nutritional composition of chilean beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) exposed to cook and germination. The results obtained has shown the cooked samples has decreased the contain of iron and also diminished in total minerals from ashes analysis, instead the germinated samples increased both. Total proteins determined by Kjeldahl method exhibit no change for cooked and germinated beans in relation to control without treatment, while phytic acid increased and lectins decreased with the action of cook or germination of P.vulgaris . All the analysis was supported by statistical assessment and suggest the beans germination is a good alternative to improve the variety of recipes available to prepare beans in other attractive presentations on the subject of promote the children intake.

In this study, the crude protein of animal product samples was measured through determination of total nitrogen content using the Kjeldahl method. Measurement of total nitrogen by Kjeldahl procedure is the universal reference method for estimation of protein content in animal and plant products and is used for both calibration and validation of alternative methods in protein determination. The animal protein sources analysed in this study were samples of veal meat, chicken meat, egg and beef hot dog. Based on the results found in this research, the sequence of protein content in the samples was: chicken breast> fresh silverside > fresh thigh > frozen silverside > egg-yolk > beef hot dog > egg-albumin. We also concluded that the health claim of protein percentage that declared on the can of beef hot dog, as well the results of egg-albumin and fresh thigh chicken showed no significance differ compared to the standards.

Submitted 2020-07-26 | Accepted 2020-09-02 | Available 2020-12-01 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.313-318 The increase of milk production at the farm level requires an accurate balancing of the diet and the nitrogen supply also to minimise the possible environmental pollution deriving from dairy farming. The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary protein utilization at different crude protein (CP) levels and to predict nitrogen content in faeces on the basis of nutritional parameters and milk urea nitrogen content (MUN, mg dL -1 ). The study was conducted on three groups (A, B, C) of lactating dairy cows (8 cows per group, including Latvian Brown and Holstein Black and White breeds) from 10 to 30 days in milk. Total mixed rations containing different levels of CP (approximately 18.0%, 17.5% and 17.0% for A, B and C, respectively) were fed. The amount of feed consumed by each cow was measured and feed samples collected during the trial. Milk yield (kg d-1 -1 ) and faeces amount were recorded, and samples were collected at day 21 of the study for further analysis. Feed samples were analysed for CP, net energy for lactation (NEL, MJ kg -1 ) and other parameters. Milk samples were analysed for fat (%), total protein (%), casein (%) and urea content (mg dL -1 ). The statistical investigation was conducted using ANOVA, and correlation and regression analyses. The results showed that milk yield, fat, total protein, casein, urea, and MUN were not significantly different among groups being not affected by the dietary CP levels. The correlation between faecal nitrogen content and CP content in feed was moderately positive and statistically significant (r=0.44, P=0.03), while the correlation between faecal nitrogen content and MUN was moderately negative and showed tendency towards significance (r=-0.39, P=0.06). The regression analysis showed that feed CP explained approximately 20% of faeces nitrogen content. Keywords: dairy cow, milk urea, faeces nitrogen, feed crude protein References Amanlou, H., Farahani, T. A. and Farsuni, N. E. (2017). Effects of rumen undegradable protein supplementation on productive performance and indicators of protein and energy metabolism in Holstein fresh cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 100, 3628-3640. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11794 J. A. D. R. N., Judy, J. V., Kebreab, E. and Kononoff, P. J. (2016). Prediction of drinking water intake by dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 99, 7191–7205. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-10950 Arunvipas, P., VanLeeuwen, J. A., Dohoo, I. R., Keefe, G. P., Burton, S. A. and Lissemore, K. D. (2008). Relationships among milk urea-nitrogen, dietary parameters and fecal nitrogen in commercial dairy herds. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 72, 449-453. Bijgaart, H. van den. (2003). Urea. New applications of mid-infra-red spectrometry. Bulletin of IDF, 383, 5-15. Broderick, G. and Huhtanen, P. (2020). Application of milk urea nitrogen values. Retrieved on June 30, 2020 from https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/15797/PDF Bucholtz, H., Johnson, T. and Eastridge, M. L. (2007). Use of milk urea nitrogen in herd management. In: Tri–State Dairy Nutrition Conference. Proceedings. Ft. Wayne, Indiana, p. 63-67. Colmenero, J. J. O. and Broderick, G. A. (2006). Effect of dietary crude protein concentration on milk production and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 1704-1712. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72238-X Dijkstra, J., Oenema, O. and Bannink, A. (2011). Dietary strategies to reduce N excretion from cattle: implications for methane emissions. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3, 414-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2011.07.008 Kalscheur, K. F., Vandersall, J. H., Erdman, R. A., Kohn, R. A. and Russek-Cohen, E. (1999). Effects of dietary crude protein concentration and degradability on milk production responses of early, mid, and late lactation dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 82, 545-554. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75266-5 Kidane, A., Overland, M., Mydland, L. T. and Prestlokken, E. (2018). Interaction between feed use efficiency and level of dietary crude protein on enteric methane emission and apparent nitrogen use efficiency with Norwegian Red dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science, 96, 3967–3982. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky256 LVS. (2004). Soil improvers and growing media - Determination of nitrogen - Part 1: Modified Kjeldahl method. Latvian standard, Riga, Latvia. LVS. (2008). Soil improvers and growing media - Sample preparation for chemical and physical tests, determination of dry matter content, moisture content and laboratory compacted bulk density. Latvian standard, Riga, Latvia. Ng-Kwai-Hang, K. F., Hayes, J. F., Moxley J. E. and Monardes, H. G. (1985). Percentages of protein and nonprotein nitrogen with varying fat and somatic cells in bovine milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 68, 1257-1262. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(85)80954-1 NRC. (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition, 2001. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/9825 Powell, J. M. and Rotz, C. A. (2015). Measures of nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen loss from dairy production systems. Journal of Environmental Quality, 44, 336-344. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2014.07.0299 Recktenwald, E. B., Ross, D. A., Fessenden, S. W., Wall, C. J. and Van Amburgh, M. E. (2014). Urea-N recycling in lactating dairy cows fed diets with 2 different levels of dietary crude protein and starch with or without monensin. Journal of Dairy Science, 97, 1611-1622. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7162 Rotz, C. A., Satter, L. D., Mertens, D. R. and Muck, R. E. (1999). Feeding strategy, nitrogen cycling, and profitability of dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Science, 82, 2841-2855. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75542-6 Spiekers, H. and Obermaier, A. (2007). Milchhrnstoffgehalt und N-Aussheidung.L SuB Heft 4-5/07, 2007. S. III-4 bis III-8. Straalen, W. M. (1995). Modelling of nitrogen flow and extraction in dairy cows. PhD thesis. Landbouw Universiteit Wageningen. ISBN 90-5485-475-8.

An innovative decentralized wastewater treatment system, namely the ‘Solar Septic Tank (SST)’, was constructed and tested at the household scale in a community in central Thailand. This study aimed to investigate the long-term performance of the SST in treating blackwater subject to year-round variation. Results of the 3-year continuous operation and monitoring showed significant improvement in the SST effluent quality with the potential to minimize environmental problems and public health risks. The SST achieved significantly higher total chemical oxygen demand, soluble chemical oxygen demand, total biochemical oxygen demand (TBOD), soluble biochemical oxygen demand, total kjeldahl nitrogen, total solid and total volatile solid removal efficiencies than a conventional septic tank (CST). The average TBOD concentration of the SST effluent was 150 ± 75 mg/L, meeting the Thai discharge standard (less than 200 mg/L of TBOD), while the average TBOD concentration of the CST was 240 ± 140 mg/L, higher than the Thai discharge standard. The Escherichia coli inactivation in the SST was 1–2 log reduction more than that in the CST. The removal efficiencies of TBOD and pathogens exhibited positive correlation with the ratios of the SST temperature.

In this study, the phytoremediation potential of municipal sewage sludge was studied by Echinochloa crus galli and Hibiscus cannabinus plants with special reference to total organic carbon, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, sodium uptake ratio, pH, electrical conductivity and lead and cadmium heavy metals. Design and construction of E. crus galli beds in Kermanshah and E. crus galli and H. cannabinus in Sarpol Zahab wastewater treatment plant was carried out at the outdoor. In Kermanshah wastewater treatment plant, the removal efficiency of total organic carbon in phytoremediation by E. crus galli increased with maturity and reached 62 ± 1.3% (P

Preservation of raw hide/skin is the prime technique to stop bacterial deterioration. Universally, salt curing is the most prevalent technique for hide/skin preservation. In this study, extracted oil from Aphanamixis polystachya seed was evaluated for the preservation of goatskin to reduce the chloride in tannery wastewater. The oil-induced goatskin preservation method was assessed observing diverse factors, e.g., hair slip, odor, moisture content, bacterial colony counting, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and hydrothermal stability in evaluation to the conventional salt curing method. Results indicate that 15% oil-induced preservation technique could preserve the goatskin for 30 days. A small-scale experiment was performed for the preservation of goatskins. The preserved goatskins both monitoring and study samples were processed for shoe upper leather. The leather quality was evaluated by examining physical properties and fiber structure by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Pollution load generated during leather making was determined in terms of total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride (Cl-), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). The proposed oil-induced preservation method reduced Cl-, TDS, and BOD by 98.3%, 82.3%, and 86.8%, respectively, in the soaking liquor. The leather readied from the empirical goatskin shows the equipotential properties of leather from conventional goatskin. The oil-induced preservation method is substantiated to be favorable nonconventional preservation instead of conventional wet-salting for the contraction of pollution from soaking operation.

BACKGROUND: Transmission of pathogens such as fecal coliforms is regarded as a significant concern about using livestock manure in agricultural applications. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of vermicomposting on fecal coliforms in cow manure containing co-trimoxazole as a widely used drug for cow diseases in animal husbandry. METHODS: Adaptation process of earthworms was carried out in two phases for 6 weeks; then, the main process was fulfilled in 9 weeks. The final weight of cow manure per reactor was 3.5 kg. 120 g of earthworms added to each reactor (approximately 280-300 numbers in the reactor). Co-trimoxazole was also prepared with a purity of 99% from Pakdarou Co., Iran, and added to the reactors at concentrations of 10, 20, 50, and100mg/kg. Organic carbon, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio, as well as phosphorus content of the reactors were measured. Fecal coliforms and parasite eggs were counted using standard laboratory methods (i.e. the Iranian Compost Standard) for 8 weeks. RESULTS: The results revealed a decrease in organic carbon, C:N ratio, and co-trimoxazole content but a rising trend in TKN and phosphorus levels. The weight of earthworms also increased at the end of the process in all reactors, except for one case. A significant reduction was observed in fecal coliforms and parasite eggs at the end of the vermicomposting. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results, earthworms could be active in cow manure vermicomposting including 10-100 mg/kg concentration of co-trimoxazole antibiotic. The vermicomposting seems to be an effective method for reducing fecal coliforms and parasites in cow manure. As well, co-trimoxazole in common concentration could not have any effects on the ability of earthworms. At the end of the vermicomposting, all parameters were placed within the ICS (National) - Grade 1.

The research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of surface water treatment by using Moringa oleifera seeds by-products as bio-coagulant to remove turbidity and natural organic matter. This approach brings more benefits as compared to others, particularly, no chemical use, low cost, easy to implement but equivalent efficiency and also safe for the health. The surface water samples were collected from three sites in the Dong Nai River, Vietnam, with the average concentrations of pH, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) ranging from 6.2 ± 0.3 to 6.7 ± 0.2, 25.2 ± 2.5 to 41.7 ± 7.9 NTU, 22.4 ± 6.4 to 41.1 ± 5.9 mg L−1 and 0.70 ± 0.20 to 1.08 ± 0.15 mg L−1, respectively. The study has found that the optimum bio-coagulant dosage was 0.15 ml L−1 for the water samples in both rainy and dry seasons. In the rainy season, the turbidity removal efficiencies in Tan Luong Ferry, Nguyen Van Tri Park and Hoi Son Ferry ranged from 87.8 ± 2.9 to 93.3 ± 1.0%, while the tendency for dry season was obtained from 85.7 ± 2.5 to 94.3 ± 1.1%, respectively. The treated turbidity concentration met the Vietnam’s National Technical Regulation on domestic water quality. Furthermore, the paired t tests used to compare the pre-treatment and post-treatment dataset for COD and turbidity removal efficiencies were significant (p

Nitrogen in plants is part of the green pigment chlorophyll, as well as proteins, nucleic acids, phytohormones and alkaloids that indicates the key role of this element in plant life. Chlorophyll is the most important pigment of the photosynthetic process determining the life of all heterotrophic organisms on the planet. The facts mentioned above presuppose close relationships between nitrogen and chlorophyll in plants. The nitrogen content in plants serves as a basis for adjusting their nitrogen nutrition and calculating fertilization rates for high yields. This causes comstant importance of studying the content of nitrogen and chlorophyll in plants, especially by means of novel techniques with involving remote sensing. This study was focused on relationship between 19 vegetation indices (VI) and biochemical characteristics of vegetation, in particular nitrogen and chlorophyll content. Study areas were located within production fields of two varieties of winter wheat grown for harvest in 2016 by the grain company Baryshivska. The test plots varied by phytopathological situation in the phase of milk ripeness. Fungal infection of Bogdana variety caused significant varietal differences in biochemical parameters that were calculated by Kjeldahl makro-method for total nitrogen and by aerial survey with UAV (drone) for chlorophyll content. Among 19 VIs calculated by ground spectrometry the major part (16 VIs) were consistent with changes in nitrogen and chlorophyll content in the cultivars. In particular, CI rededge , CI green , MTCI, RVI, D731 / D700 and D735 / D700 were more than doubled, and NDRE1 and D718 / D700 were almost 1.5 times higher in the Skagen variety compared to the Bogdan variety. Only 3 indices: NDVI, Green NDVI and NI had limits of fluctuations of the values within the same limits, as varietal differences of biochemical indicators.

This study examined the biodegradation of natural rubber (NR) and deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) by bacterial consortia enriched from a rubber-processing factory's waste in Vietnam. The results reveal the degradation in both NR and DPNR, and the DPNR was degraded easier than NR. The highest weight loss of 48.37% was obtained in the fourth enrichment consortium with DPNR, while 35.39% was obtained in the fifth enrichment consortium with NR after 14 days of incubation. Nitrogen content and fatty acid content determined by Kjeldahl method and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively, were decreased significantly after being incubated with the consortia. Structure of degraded rubber film analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed the presence of aldehyde group, a sign of rubber degradation. Bacterial cells tightly adhering and embedding into NR and DPNR films were observed by scanning electron microscopy. There were differences in the bacterial composition of the consortia with NR and DPNR, which were determined by metagenomic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The phyla Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria may play a role in the degradation of non-isoprene compounds such as protein or lipid, while the phylum Actinobacteria plays a crucial role in the degradation of rubber hydrocarbon in all consortia.

A series of experiments in laboratory and hoop house environments was conducted to develop a cyanobacteria-based biological N fertilizer source that can be produced in Ethiopian villages, thus providing an alternative to expensive, imported urea. In the laboratory, factorial combinations of four Anabaena species strains (E-2, E-3, E-5, and E-9) isolated from Ethiopian soils and three water sources (river, lake, and ground water) were laid out in a complete randomized design in a light box constructed for this purpose with three replications. Factorial combinations of two pond-lining materials (transparent and black plastic sheets) and two aeration intervals (1-hour and 30-min intervals) were laid out in a complete randomized design with three replications in a hoop house using small ponds (1 m × 2 m × 0.25 m). Cyanobacteria strain E-3 performed best in the river water and was selected based on significantly higher values of optical density, growth rate, heterocyst frequency, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen than the other strains. DNA sequencing showed that clones of E-3 shared 99% similarity with Anabaena oscillariodes. Moreover, transparent plastic–lined ponds with a 1-hour aeration interval provided the best growing conditions for the E-3 strain based on its significantly higher dry biomass, optical density, and growth rate under these conditions as compared with ponds lined with black plastic or aerated in 30-min intervals. Therefore, transparent plastic–lined ponds with 1-hour aeration intervals are recommended for the mass production of A. osciolloides strain E-3 for use as a biofertilizer.

Saga seeds derived from saga (Adenanthera pavonina Linn) trees belongs to the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae-Mimosaceae), have potential as a source of protein. This research aims to obtain information about the potential of saga seeds milk as alternative milk based on processing and flavor enhancements. The method of testing saga seeds milk protein using the determination of N-Total by the Semi-Micro Kjeldahl method. The consumer preference level test is carried out with a hedonic test in the form of assessment based on the color, aroma, and taste parameters. The results of the saga seeds milk protein test results with the addition of 150 mL of water and cooking time for 10 minutes contain protein levels 1.19% ± 0.16. Organoleptic test results showed that saga seeds milk with the addition of 200 mL of water, cooked for 10 minutes with strawberry flavor had the highest score with an average color of 3.72 ± 0.94, aroma 3.96 ± 0.90 and taste 3, 96 ± 0.90.

Semi-Micro-Kjeldahl method is a TKN analysis method included in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water & Wastewater, but no data on its trueness and precision are available. The method itsel...

The tanning industry causes great damage and pollution to the environment. It generates tanning effluents and solid waste which, without pretreatment, discharged directly into the environment. Beam-house operations are among the important process of this industry which generates the biggest amount of toxic effluents. These wastes are considered as the most odious materials in the leather industry. The effluent is characterized by alkaline pH value, high loads of oil&grease, sulfides, total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demands and biological oxygen demands. Integration of chemical coagulation using ferric chloride aided with lime and down flow hanging non-woven (DHNW) reactor was applied in the present study. Coagulation was performed using a continuous coagulation reactor (CCT). The DHNW was packed with non-woven poly ethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric produced from waste plastic bottles. The efficiency of the integrated treatment system was assessed using the reduction of sulfide, chemical and biological oxygen demands (COD & BOD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total suspended solids (TSS). Residual concentrations of COD, BOD and TSS in the CCT effluent were 985, 440 and 25 mg/L (96.1%, 85.2% and 99.3% removal), respectively. The effluent of CCT reactor was feed to the DHNW reactor. Concentrations of COD, BOD and TSS were 145, 55 and 4 mg/L, respectively in the final treated effluent. While, the sulfide concentration had been greatly reduced to 0.5 mg/L. With respect to the parameters studied, the treated effluent might meet the National regulatory standards for discharging into the sewerage systems.

Purpose The purpose of this paper was to promote the use of residual moringa seed powder (RMSP) for the enhancement of cereal-based products. RMSP is usually discarded after seed-oil extraction. This work also promotes zero-waste and rheological approaches. Design/methodology/approach In search of novel and sustainable food products with high nutritional value, cold-pressed Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds residue (RMSP) was used for incorporation in muffin formulations. Wheat flour was partially substituted (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 9%) by RMSP. Sodium (Na), calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) contents were quantified through atomic absorption spectrometry; protein, through the Kjeldahl method followed by AACC Method 46–13.01; and, fat content, by a modified version of AACC Method 30–25.01a. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests were performed to determine significant differences between formulations at 95% reliability using Minitab® software. Furthermore, simple viscosity studies of the dough mixture were carried in a Brookfield DV-III Ultra Rheometer; Matlab® curve-fitting tool was used for obtaining the best non-Newtonian equation that modeled experimental data. Subsequently, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of non-Newtonian fluids along a segmented pipe were carried out in Comsol Multiphysics® software to depict the importance of modeling non-Newtoning fluids for downstream processes. Findings RMSP significantly (p < 0.0001) increased protein and Fe content for the 7% and 9% formulations; it dramatically changed Na and Ca content in all formulations, while fat remained constant. Social implications The development of this type of product is an opportunity for communities that grow and harvest moringa as well as for food industries which can take advantage of moringa by-products for several subsequent processing. Originality/value For the first time, it was found that dough formulations with RMSP presented a pseudo-plastic and thixotropic behavior. In addition, the use of lignocellulosic by-products such as RMSP incorporates an added value to food products. In this case, it was demonstrated that moringa seed residue enhanced nutritional value to muffins and provided coagulant/flocculant action, which is essential during dough preparation.

Anaerobically pretreated composting leachate contains high ammonia load and soluble organic matter, which requires further treatment. In this study, simultaneous removal of COD, nitrogen, and phosphorus compounds from anaerobically pretreated composting leachate investigated by using an intermittent cycle moving bed airlift bioreactor (ICMBABR) supported by zeolite as a biofilm. The efficiency of COD, Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), and phosphorous removal and contaminants profile during the process, and the mass balances were analyzed. A multilayer design used for the experimental design, and the effect of four variables including hydraulic retention times (4, 6, 8 h), the zeolite ratios (20, 35, 50%), the influent COD concentration (1, 2, and 3 g/L) and aeration duration (64, 73, and 82%) investigated by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). According to the results and process profile the sequence of anoxic and aerobic conditions, presence of the anaerobic zone in the bottom of the reactor, as well as the use of zeolite as adsorbent media, significantly allowed the simultaneous removal of COD (99%), TKN (95%), and total phosphorus compounds (90%) from anaerobically pretreated composting leachate and favorable potential to remove nitrogen compounds by high efficiency (79%) through simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND). ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s40201-020-00517-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

This research was conducted between 2011 and 2015 at research field of Faculty of Agriculture, Eskişehir Osmangazi University for evaluating two tillage methods (conventional and reduced), three crop rotations (wheat-wheat; wheat-fallow; wheat-chickpea) and four N levels (0, 50, 100, 150 kg ha-1). The experimental design was split-split plot with three replicates. Tillage methods were in main plots, crop rotations in subplots and N levels in sub-sub plots. The N concentration of grain and straw harvested from aboveground plant organs was separately determined using by the Kjeldahl digestion method after the plant samples were ground. Then, grain protein content, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUPE), nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUTE) were calculated. According to results, effects of tillage methods on NUE were unclear. Conventional tillage methods resulted in higher NUPE than reduced tillage in the last three years of the experiment. The NUTE was higher in reduced tillage than conventional in 2011-2012 and 2014-2015. The effects of tillage methods on grain yield were different due to the climatic conditions. Wheat-chickpea rotation had the better results for examined traits in this research. Increasing nitrogen doses increased grain and plant protein rate, however it decreased NUE and NUPE. The effects of nitrogen doses on NUTE were ambiguous. Nitrogen use efficiency and NUPE is traits that can be differed according to changeable grain yield depend on environmental conditions. Therefore, the experiments should be conducted for more than four years for revealed absolute effects both soil tillage method and nitrogen fertilization.

This research intended to evaluate the proximate composition and palm juice glycemic index. The analysis of water, protein, and ash contents used the oven, semi-micro Kjeldahl, and thermogravimetry methods, respectively. Meanwhile, fat, carbohydrate, and sugar contents were analyzed by relying on direct extrusion method with a Soxhlet, by difference method , and Luff Schoorl method, respectively. Further, the analysis of the glycemic index employed the calculation of area under the curve using the finger-prick capillary blood method. The measurement of blood glucose levels was done to ten respondents who were given pure glucose and palm juice. The results revealed that palm juice contained 91.1% water, 0.28% ash, 0.41% protein, 0% fat, 8.21% carbohydrate, and 0,67% sugar. The average blood glucose of the respondents after consuming pure glucose and palm juice in minute 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 arrived at 93.2 mg/dL, 155.4 mg/dL, 124.2 mg/dL, 93.8 mg/dL, 79.1 mg/dL, and 81.8 mg/dL, 118.6 mg/dL, 92.6 mg/dL, 74.1 mg/dL, and 63.7 mg/dL. The value of the palm juice glycemic index was 35.56 (low category), so that this juice could function as an alternative drink to maintain blood glucose levels.

In this study, the efficiency of contaminant removal from a compact wastewater treatment plant (CWTP) in a university campus under different rain conditions was evaluated. Wastewater samples were collected weekly for 1 year and the physicochemical parameters were monitored. Removal efficiency higher than 77%, reaching values above 95% for samples with lower wastewater flow rates, was found for biological oxygen demand (BOD) and total and fecal coliforms. The pH values remained in the range of 6.0-8.0. However, pH values below 6.8 impaired the nitrification rate and, therefore, the removal of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and ammonia was lower than the expected, with concentration values above those set by the Brazilian regulation for wastewater discharge. The results show that the flow rate of wastewater at the entrance of the CWTP is directly related to the rain events, thus affecting its efficiency, mainly in the removal of total solids, turbidity, and organic matter. The assessment of the treated wastewater reuse on site for agricultural purposes showed to be a prominent and more sustainable alternative regarding the discharge of wastewater into water bodies.

Agroindustrial wastes in southeastern Amazon are abundant and there are policies encouraging proper disposal for such wastes for sustainable agriculture. In this study we compared the chemical parameters of composts resulting from composting and vermicomposting sheep manure added to agroindustrial wastes as a bulking agent. Piles of compost were created using sheep manure, fruit waste, and a bulking agent. The treatments consisted of compost piles of: Tc - sheep manure and fruit pulp; Ta - sheep manure, fruit pulp and triturated açaí seeds; Ts - sheep manure, fruit pulp and sawdust, and Tb - sheep manure, fruit pulp and babassu coconut residue. After 50 days, a fraction of the compost from each pile was transferred to vermireactors to compare processes. At the end of the experiment, samples were taken in triplicate from all treatments in both composting and vermicomposting units for chemical analysis. The assessed variables were daily temperature of compost piles and vermireators, C/N ratio, Volatile solids (VS), total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), boron (Bo). Sawdust-based and babassu-based compost, from composting process, has the lower time for stabilization (about 40 days), pH closer to neutral and more efficient in reducing the C:N ratio than vermicomposts. Vermicomposting process increased the concentration of almost all nutrients in treatments, except for babassu-based compost.