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The article describes sore throats of various etiologies, classifications of acute tonsillitis are given. The main emphasis is placed on the treatment and diagnostic algorithm for angina vulgaris - acute tonsillitis caused by group A hemolytic streptococcus. Also, the issues of angina prevention against the background of chronic tonsillitis are highlighted. Key words: tonsillitis, chronic tonsillitis, palatine tonsils, hemolytic streptococcus group A.

Translocation of preproteins across the Escherichia coli inner membrane requires anionic lipids by virtue of their negative head-group charge either in vivo or in situ. However, available results do not differentiate between the roles of monoanionic phosphatidylglycerol and dianionic cardiolipin (CL) in this essential membrane-related process. To define in vivo the molecular steps affected by the absence of CL in protein translocation and insertion, we analyzed translocon activity, SecYEG stability and its interaction with SecA in an E. coli mutant devoid of CL. Although no growth defects were observed, co- and post-translational translocation of α-helical proteins across inner membrane and the assembly of outer membrane β-barrel precursors were severely compromised in CL-lacking cells. Components of proton-motive force which could impair protein insertion into and translocation across the inner membrane, were unaffected. However, stability of the dimeric SecYEG complex and oligomerization properties of SecA were strongly compromised while the levels of individual SecYEG translocon components, SecA and insertase YidC were largely unaffected. These results demonstrate that CL is required in vivo for the stability of the bacterial translocon and its efficient function in co-translational insertion into and translocation across the inner membrane of E. coli.

Natural and anthropogenic systems are the result of the transformation of natural systems included in the city boundaries. They form the basis for the formation of the urban landscape and are the centers of action of natural processes. They actively influence the development of urban infrastructure. The city of Naberezhnye Chelny is a large industrial center, the second largest in terms of population (more than 500,000 inhabitants) in the Republic of Tatarstan, which is a part of the Russian Federation. Using this city as an example, the article examines such natural and anthropogenic systems as: river valleys, gully-ravine systems and forest plantations that make up the ecological structure of an urban landscape. They are classified according to the degree of their change as a result of anthropogenic impact. There are revealed peculiarities of their influence on the development of the city’s environment.

The cell shape of Gram-negative bacteria is maintained metabolically by asymmetric lipid distribution in biogenic plasma membrane., The distribution of phospholipids across the inner membrane (IM) of Gram-negative bacteria is unknown. We demonstrate that the IMs of Escherichia coli and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are asymmetric, with a 75%/25% (cytoplasmic/periplasmic leaflet) distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in rod-shaped cells and an opposite distribution in E. coli filamentous cells. In initially filamentous PE-lacking E. coli cells, nascent PE appears first in the periplasmic leaflet. As the total PE content increases from nearly zero to 75%, cells progressively adopt a rod shape and PE appears in the cytoplasmic leaflet of the IM. The redistribution of PE influences the distribution of the other lipids between the leaflets. This correlates with the tendency of PE and cardiolipin to regulate antagonistically lipid order of the bilayer. The results suggest that PE asymmetry is metabolically controlled to balance temporally the net rates of synthesis and translocation, satisfy envelope growth capacity, and adjust bilayer chemical and physical properties.

Aim of the study. To assess the role of genes RAD50 and SMARCA5 in regulation of sensitivity to cisplatin and other anticancer DNA damaging drugs (5-fluorouracil, olaparib), to assess the role of these genes in the response to the DNA damage in ovarian cancer (OVCAR-8) and head and neck cancer cell lines (SCC61, SCC25). Material and Methods. We used small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) (Qiagen,Germany) to deplete either RAD50 and SMARCA5 or control genes and under basal and DNA damaging drug-treatment conditions, we assessed cell viability with the use of Cell Titer Blue reagent (Promega,USA) with following spectrophotometry. To assess the role of genes in response to DNA damage, analysis of phospho-H2AX focus formation was performed by means of using immunofluorescence microscopy. Results. We demonstrated the role of RAD50 and SMARCA5 in regulation of survival and sensitivity of ovarian cancer (OVCAR-8), head and neck cancer cell lines (SCC61, SCC25) to cisplatin and other DNA damaging drugs (5-fluorouracil, olaparib). Our data suggest the role of SMARCA5 in regulation of baseline histone H2AX protein phosphorylation in the absence of DNA damage. Conclusion. Our findings characterize genes RAD50 and SMARCA5 as promising therapeutic targets and predictive markers for response to cisplatin and other DNA damaging drugs in patients with ovarian cancer and squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck.

Background: Colorectal, lung and breast tumors are the most devastating and frequent malignances in clinical oncology. SEREX-analysis of colon cancer leads to identification of more than hundred antigens which are potential tumor markers. With idea that immunoscreening with pool of allogeneic sera is more productive for antigen isolation, SEREX-analysis was applied to four cases of stages II–IV primary colon tumor and 22 new antigens were isolated. Objective: To characterize 22 primary colon cancer antigens isolated by SEREXtechnique. Materials and Methods: Allogenic screening, real-time PCR analysis. Results: After allogeneic immunoscreening, for 5 of 22 (22%) isolated antigens were confirmed colon cancer restricted serological profile solely positive for 14% of tested colon cancer sera. Through these five antigens, KY-CC-17/β-actin has cytoskeleton function; KY-CC-14/ACTR1A and KY-CC-19/TSGA2 participate in chromosome segregation; KY-CC-12/FKBP4 regulates steroid receptor function and KY-CC-15/PLRG1 is a component of spliceosome complex. For the last four antigens tested were found aberrant mRNA expression in some cases of colon tumor. Conclusion: The exploration of identified antigens may define suitable targets for immunotherapy or diagnostic of colon cancer.

The condensation of do-, hexa-, octadecan-1-amines with bromo- and nitrobenzaldehydes yielded a series of Schiff bases in good yields. Subsequent reaction of these compounds with dioctylphosphine o...