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Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) andIn this Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant prospective study, with written informed consent and approval of the institutional review board and using simultaneously acquired FDG-PET and DWI, tissue diffusion (DSUV||DSimultaneously acquired and registered FDG-PET/DWI allowed quantifiable descriptions of breast cancer microenvironments that may provide a framework for monitoring and predicting response to treatment. Magn Reson Med 78:1147-1156, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

We developed a microfluidic scanner-based profile exploration system, μSCAPE, capable of generating high resolution 3D profiles of microstructure architecture in a variety of transparent substrates. The profile is obtained by scanning the dye-filled microstructure followed by absorbance calculation and the reconstruction of the optical length at each point. The power of the method was demonstrated in (1) the inspection of the variation of the cross-section of laser-ablated PDMS channel; (2) the volume of PeT chamber; and (3) the population distribution of the volumes of the micro wells in HF-etched glass and laser-ablated PDMS. The reported methods features low equipment-cost, convenient operation and large field of view (FOV) and has revealed unreported quality parameters of the tested microstructures.

The development of Unmanned Vehicles (UVs) with increasing autonomy has enabled a transition from teleoperation to Human Supervisory Control (HSC). In this demonstration, participants can test three innovative operator interfaces for HSC of UVs. The first system allows users to control a Micro Air Vehicle (MAV) via a hand-held device, such as an iPhone®, through high-level waypoint commands and fine-grained nudge controls. The second system enables a single operator to collaborate with an automated planner to control multiple heterogeneous UVs from a laptop-sized display for searching for, tracking and engaging moving ground targets. The third system is designed to aid in planning on naval aircraft carrier decks, serving as a decision support tool for a supervisor overseeing and scheduling the activity of people, vehicles and unmanned vehicles working in this complex and uncertain environment.

With recent regulatory efforts to reduce restrictions placed on the operation of Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs) in the United States, it is likely that in the next few years, these vehicles will become commonplace in the commercial marketplace as they are in military environments. In order to reduce the barrier to entry for operations of MAVs, customers of these systems will require ease of operation as well as minimal training time in order to reduce costs. To this end, a smartphone application was developed to control a quadrotor remotely in the exploration of an unknown environment, and tested for users with only three minutes of training. Initial motion capture room tests produced encouraging results for localization and target identification tasks, however, such environments are inherently artificial and the extensibility of such results is limited. A follow-on outdoor field study was conducted in order to compare the indoor and outdoor results and to assess operator performance in a realistic environment. Performance on the outdoor localization tasks was comparable to the indoor study, however, participants generally performed slightly worse on the target identification task in the outdoor experiment, attributed to camera image quality and GPS localization issues. Other issues such as wind and flight safety considerations are discussed.

In this article I wish to elucidate a form of receptivity in our relation to televisual images that cannot be reduced to the postmodern formula of a closed circuit of desire through which the self(same) infinitely reproduces itself. Through analysis of the peculiar experience of viewing Gore Verbinski’s 2003 film The Ring (a remake of Hideo Nakata’s Ring), I argue for the possibility of an experience of alterity in and through the televisual. I pair this event with the religious experience of viewing the icon that Jean-Luc Marion opposes to the televisual in his recent works collected in The Crossing of the Visible. The purpose of the comparison is not to conflate the two experiences but rather to suggest that the possibility for reclaiming a space for difference in a postmodern world lies within the televisual itself, the very medium that Marion credits with the bankruptcy of the aesthetic. In The Ring, the process through which the viewer expects to see her own desire reproduced is violently interrupted by a vengeful image that shatters the mirror of reflection between viewer and viewed and threatens to cross over that threshold — to cross the visible, in Marion’s terms.

Many post-9/11 horror films are particularly brutal in their portrayal of the fragmentation of the nuclear family and the larger patriarchal structure that it supports.1 In such films, patriarchs are often absent or violently dispatched, and a host of feminine figures and children are left to pick up the pieces. In this chapter, I examine four of these contemporary horror films in which fathers and sons function as mediums for vengeful ghosts: M. Night Shyamalan’s The Sixth Sense (1999), David Koepp’s Stir of Echoes (1999), and James Wan’s Insidious (2010) and Insidious: Chapter 2 (2013). The time gap between the first two films and the latter two is significant, as horror-film critics have identified certain shifts in the horror genre after 9/11 and the cultural anxieties the events of that day induced.2 All four of these films on the surface seem to champion the relationships between fathers and sons and thereby reinforce the patriarchal line. The first two films, however, suggest in the end that the next generation has seen too much to take on the mantle of the father. Particularly in The Sixth Sense, it is the child’s relationship to the mother that offers the possibility of a future free of the haunting presence of the dethroned patriarch and all of those who have suffered in his wake.

This chapter showcases how contemporary horror movies, far from illustrating a clear feminist progression, instead at best suggest an uncomfortable tension within liberated femininity. To demonstrate this, I enact two critical moves. First, I compare Stephen King’s and Brian DePalma’s versions of Carrie, written/produced in the mid-1970s at the height of the women’s liberation movement, to Kimberly Peirce’s 2013 adaptation of the same tale to demonstrate that, despite Peirce’s attempts to humanize her characters, the 2013 version’s departures from DePalma’s film do not reflect the headway in women’s rights one might expect to see but rather the more regressive aspects critics associate with “postfeminism.” While DePalma’s Carrie is itself problematic, painting female sexuality as monstrous and the female body as abject, it is also revelatory, identifying the deep-seated issues that make feminine identity problematic in a patriarchal society. Peirce’s version downplays the monstrousness of the title character’s destructive power as well as her abject status, ultimately unlinking the former from the latter.

This chapter offers further commentary on the return of the archaic mother in the horror genre, examining the use of myth and fairy tale in Jaume Collet-Serra’s Orphan (2009), Andres Muschietti’s Mama (2013), and Mike Flanagan’s Oculus (2014). It also serves as a bookend for chapter 1 in that it offers alternate mythic formulae through which the feminine might free itself from the fetters of the past and begin to redefine itself The films treated in this chapter take the focus off of the patriarchal line almost entirely, focusing instead on mothers and daughters and on mythic paradigms other than the oedipal drama. The earliest of the three films, Orphan offers the most pessimistic vision of the future of the nuclear family. As the title indicates, Orphan is linked to the Orpheus myth, but like the other films in this study, the myth has been rewritten to include a female protagonist and antagonist. While mother and daughter survive their struggle with an infernal antagonist, their ultimate fate remains highly uncertain in the end, and it is unclear if they will ever be free of the monstrous feminine fury she unleashed. Elements of myth and fairy tale are much more overt in Mama and Oculus, and perhaps it is this conscious return to origins that allows the later films to envision an alternate ending to the tragic struggle against patriarchal oppression.

Dixon-based MR is acquired for attenuation correction of brain PET during PET/MR. Early adopters of PET/MR have noted variability in the performance of Dixon-based tissue segmentation, and questions exist regarding potential impacts on quantitative accuracy in dual-time-point studies. Ten patients injected with 10 mCi FDG underwent dual-time-point clinical brain PET/MR on a Siemens mMR, with image reconstructions based on data acquired at 45 – 60 and 75 – 90 minutes. Dixon μmaps were obtained the time of FDG injection and at 75 minutes. 8 cc of Gadavist was injected for post-contrast MR at 30 minutes. Subjects were removed from the table and re-positioned prior to the 75 minute scan. The delayed μmap was registered to the original μmap using MIMneuro. The aligned image data was copied onto the original μmap DICOM file using Matlab. Early time-point PET data was reconstructed using both the early and delayed μmaps. Atlas-based segmentation was performed to compare regional SUV values. When comparing the delayed versus original μmap reconstructions, regional SUV values varied on average by +1.9% for both SUVmax and SUVmean. For large brain structures, SUVmax and SUVmean varied by -0.5% to +5.6% and -0.2 to +4.7%, respectively. For deep brain structures, SUVmax using the delayed reconstruction varied by -0.5% to +3.7% and SUVmean varied by -0.3% to +3.6%. Most differences in SUV were higher when using the delayed μmap. There is variability in regional SUV values for brain PET data reconstructed using two different aligned Dixon acquisitions performed on subjects undergoing repeat same-day PET/MR imaging, with SUV values ~2% higher using the delayed μmap. This variability may impact results in dual-time-point brain PET/MR.

Bladder cancer is a common malignancy, with an estimate of nearly 75,000 new diagnoses in the United States in 2014.1 Although CT and MRI are the most widely used imaging modalities for bladder cancer evaluation, both of these modalities share common limitations. Mural inflammation from a series of interventions commonly applied in these patients, including transurethral bladder tumor resections, biopsies, and intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy, can contribute to misinterpretations on imaging in terms of the presence and stage of residual tumor as well as the differentiation of recurrent tumor from chronic reactive changes.2–4 In addition, both CT and MRI, including MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), are limited in determining the presence of metastatic lymph nodes.5,6 Although PET has also received attention for bladder cancer evaluation,7,8 standard 18F-FDG PET is limited by free excretion of FDG into the urine and subsequent high accumulation within the bladder lumen.9 This accumulation obscures, if not entirely masks, focal bladder lesions. In addition, alignment of the bladder between the PET and CT acquisitions in PET/CT is recognized to be suboptimal.10 Therefore, FDG PET has historically had a very limited role in bladder cancer evaluation in clinical practice.9 Recent protocol advances suggest that FDG PET may in fact have greater potential for bladder cancer assessment than previously considered. A number of investigations have explored a forced diuresis protocol entailing, most commonly, oral hydration, IV diuretic administration, and subsequent voiding, performed between radiotracer administration and PET imaging.9,11,12 This approach is intended to achieve clearance of excreted FDG from the bladder lumen while allowing for persistent uptake within the bladder wall itself. Recent studies of PET/CT using this approach have shown that bladder tumors indeed are consistently FDG avid and can be well visualized by PET.12,13 In addition, small metastatic pelvic lymph nodes have been reported to exhibit increased activity using 18F-FDG PET/CT, further supporting the potential value of PET for bladder cancer assessment.14,15 Although such methodological advances are encouraging, the ability to fully characterize bladder cancer is inherently limited using PET/CT. First, using the forced diuresis protocol, the bladder is actively reexpanding at the time of imaging, thus undergoing changes in shape and volume over time. Given that PET and CT are performed in sequential, rather than truly simultaneous, fashion using PET/CT, these dynamic changes of the bladder likely contribute to the recognized misregistration of the bladder between PET and CT acquisitions, even when obtained consecutively during a single examination.10 Patient motion may interfere with accurate coregistration as well, not just of the bladder itself, but also of other important pelvic structures such as small lymph nodes. Finally, the muscularis propria, a critical anatomic landmark in the staging of bladder cancer, is not well visualized as a distinct layer within the bladder wall on CT, further hindering comprehensive tumor evaluation by PET/CT.16 The advent of integrated PET/MRI scanners provides a novel imaging approach that may further improve upon recent advances in PET/CT in numerous respects.17 In PET/MRI, the acquisitions are spatially and temporal simultaneous, such that the degree of bladder filling and consequent bladder volume and shape are essentially identical between the PET and MRI image sets. This truly simultaneous acquisition is likely to also help compensate for the impact of patient motion on registration of the bladder and other pelvic structures. In addition, the higher contrast resolution of MRI, as compared with CT, allows improved delineation of the muscularis propria of the bladder wall and thereby improved local staging.16 Moreover, MRI offers a multiparametric approach that provides, along with anatomic assessment, quantitative metrics, including measures derived from DWI and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI. Such metrics have shown significant associations with bladder cancer aggressiveness in past studies.18,19 Furthermore, simultaneous PET allows for determination of SUV as an additional metric that can be incorporated into a multiparametric panel for bladder cancer assessment. Although integrated PET/MRI systems have generated a large amoun of interest, these systems entail a large financial investment and are only being used clinically at a small number of centers. Centers may instead elect to separately perform conventional PET and MRI scans, with subsequent retrospective fusion. Therefore, the benefit of simultaneous imaging, as is only achievable with an integrated system, is important to investigate in order to ascertain such a system’s true value. Bladder cancer provides an appropriate setting for such an investigation given the dynamic changes in bladder size and shape during short time intervals over the course of a single scan. In this study, our aim was to compare the accuracy of coregistration of the bladder wall, bladder lesions, and pelvic lymph nodes between sequential and simultaneous acquisitions obtained during 18F-FDG PET/MRI performed using a forced diuresis protocol in bladder cancer patients.

Purpose: Radiomics involves the extraction of texture features from different imaging modalities with the purpose of developing models to predict patient treatment outcomes. The purpose of this study is to investigate texture feature reproducibility across [18F]FDG PET/CT and [18F]FDG PET/MR imaging in patients with primary malignancies. Methods: Twenty five prospective patients with solid tumors underwent clinical [18F]FDG PET/CT scan followed by [18F]FDG PET/MR scans. In all patients the lesions were identified using nuclear medicine reports. The images were co-registered and segmented using an in-house auto-segmentation method. Fifty features, based on the intensity histogram, second and high order matrices, were extracted from the segmented regions from both image data sets. One-way random-effects ANOVA model of the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to establish texture feature correlations between both data sets. Results: Fifty features were classified based on their ICC values, which were found in the range from 0.1 to 0.86, in three categories: high, intermediate, and low. Ten features extracted from second and high-order matrices showed large ICC ≥ 0.70. Seventeen features presented intermediate 0.5 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.65 and the remaining twenty three presented low ICC ≤ 0.45. Conclusion: Features with large ICC values could be reliable candidates for quantification as they lead to similar results from both imaging modalities. Features with small ICC indicates a lack of correlation. Therefore, the use of these features as a quantitative measure will lead to different assessments of the same lesion depending on the imaging modality from where they are extracted. This study shows the importance of the need for further investigation and standardization of features across multiple imaging modalities.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Active Steps for Diabetes (ASD), a self-management education (DSME) program for aging adults with diabetes and frailty, on blood glucose control (A1C) and level of frailty of participants. Methods Fifty females (62.2 ± 10.1 years old) with type 2 diabetes and frailty completed the program; 16 used a walking aid. Outcome measures included A1C and the modified Physical Performance Test (mPPT). Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare outcomes before and after the program and between participants who did and did not use a walking aid. Results ASD was effective in reducing A1C and frailty in participants who did and did not use a walking aid. The reduction in A1C was similar for the 2 groups. The reduction in frailty was greater for the group that used a walking aid. Conclusion Physical activity, a keystone for blood glucose control, is difficult for older adults who are frail. ASD provides a model for DSME that may reduce frailty of participants and increase their capacity for physical activity.

The purpose of this study was to assess the correlation between standardized uptake value (SUV) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of neoplastic lesions in the use of a simultaneous PET/MRI hybrid system.Twenty-four patients with known primary malignancies underwent FDG PET/CT. They then underwent whole-body PET/MRI. Diffusion-weighted imaging was performed with free breathing and a single-shot spin-echo echo-planar imaging sequence with b values of 0, 350, and 750 s/mm(2). Regions of interest were manually drawn along the contours of neoplastic lesions larger than 1 cm, which were clearly identified on PET and diffusion-weighted images. Maximum SUV (SUVmax) on PET/MRI and PET/CT images, mean SUV (SUVmean), minimum ADC (ADCmin), and mean ADC (ADCmean) were recorded on PET/MR images for each FDG-avid neoplastic soft-tissue lesion with a maximum of three lesions per patient. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to asses the following relations: SUVmax versus ADCmin on PET/MR and PET/CT images, SUVmean versus ADCmean, and ratio of SUVmax to mean liver SUV (SUV ratio) versus ADCmin. A subanalysis of patients with progressive disease versus partial treatment response was performed with the ratio of SUVmax to ADCmin for the most metabolically active lesion.Sixty-nine neoplastic lesions (52 nonosseous lesions, 17 bone metastatic lesions) were evaluated. The mean SUVmax from PET/MRI was 7.0 ± 6.0; SUVmean, 5.6 ± 4.6; mean ADCmin, 1.10 ± 0.58; and mean ADCmean, 1.48 ± 0.72. A significant inverse Pearson correlation coefficient was found between PET/MRI SUVmax and ADCmin (r = -0.21, p = 0.04), between SUVmean and ADCmean (r = -0.18, p = 0.07), and between SUV ratio and ADCmin (r = -0.27, p = 0.01). A similar inverse Pearson correlation coefficient was found between the PET/CT SUVmax and ADCmin. Twenty of 24 patients had previously undergone PET/CT; five patients had a partial treatment response, and six had progressive disease according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors 1.1. The ratio between SUVmax and ADCmin was higher among patients with progressive disease than those with a partial treatment response.Simultaneous PET/MRI is a promising technology for the detection of neoplastic disease. There are inverse correlations between SUVmax and ADCmin and between SUV ratio and ADCmin. Correlation coefficients between SUVmax and ADCmin from PET/MRI were similar to values obtained with SUVmax from the same-day PET/CT. Given that both SUV and ADC are related to malignancy and that the correlation between the two biomarkers is relatively weak, SUV and ADC values may offer complementary information to aid in determination of prognosis and treatment response. The combined tumoral biomarker, ratio between SUVmax and ADCmin, may be useful for assessing progressive disease versus partial treatment response.

This chapter will focus specifically on the relationship between image technology and the nuclear family, eventually pinpointing the themes of maternity and technological reproduction, particularly as they relate to memory. As in The Blair Witch Project and the Paranormal Activity series, the position of paternal authority is challenged in Joseph Ruben’s The Forgotten (2004) and Walter Salles’s Dark Water (2005). Both films involve absent fathers and single mothers attempting to save their children from a seemingly destructive technological foe. As in Cloverfield, technologically produced images and archives seem to be parasitic on internal, psychic memory, pulling memories out of the mind, destroying and/or manipulating them. The relationship between past and present, absence and presence is disturbed in the process, and the future is radically uncertain, as these technological forces threaten the lives of the children in each film. Paradoxically, it is through the very same technology that appears to be threatening the mother-child relation that that relation will be preserved and the children saved.

In this chapter I extend my discussion of the demonology of the image, addressing a recent trend in supernatural horror—cinema verite-style filming—that was popularized with the success of The Blair Witch Project (Myrick and Sanchez, 1999) and continued in Cloverfield (Reeves, 2008) and the Paranormal Activity series (Peli, 2007; Williams, 2010; Schulman and Joost, 2011 and 2012). In all of these films, there is a sense that turning on the camera sets the events in motion, that the camera does not merely record events but actually makes things happen. Control over the camera and the events it films passes from the human subjects to a force emanating from the film/image itself, so that the filming seems to create the monsters that plague their human counterparts. These monsters turn the eye of the viewer back upon him or her in a violent way, ultimately killing the cameraman in Cloverfield, violently dispatching them in The Blair Witch Project and all of the Paranormal films, and often threatening to swallow the image itself. This violent reversal of the viewer-viewed relation calls into question its traditionally gendered characterization: on one side the male, active subject/gaze and on the other the female, passive object/image. In these films, the image is active, and the one behind the camera often becomes the passive victim.

This chapter examines two recent examples of sci-fi horror—Vincenzo Natali’s Splice (2010) and Ridley Scott’s Prometheus (2012)—each of which in different ways offers a portrayal of “our” future as an inhuman one. Despite the horrific aspects of these portrayals, I would like to suggest that there is room for optimism, that these films have revelatory qualities and are thus apocalyptic in the strict sense; they signal an end but in so doing offer the possibility for the new. Each film suggests that fundamental mythic and social structures have undergone significant transformations; new terms have been introduced that require interrogation. The inhuman antagonists in these recent films challenge conceptions of human being that have held sway since the Enlightenment, some since the beginning of written history, which position the human as exceptional, dominant, or superior. As Niles Tomlinson notes of The Ring, “The human itself has become ‘ponderous,’ an ossified relic trapped by its own conservative ontological categories and traditions, and made vulnerable by its insistence on its own exceptionality” (188). The films suggest that only if we free ourselves from this state of conceptual petrification, will we be able to adopt a new mythos and found a new human community.

In this chapter I want to focus on several recent instances of metahorror: films overtly concerned with the horror genre and its conventions. As the films examined here were all released after the postmodern critique of metanarrative, the term metahorror in reference to them should receive the following qualification: while the films self-consciously refer to their own construction and the rules within which they operate, they do not therefore escape from that structure; their self-reflexivity is itself a part of their construction, and they do not in any real way break through the fourth wall. In this sense, these films are properly deconstructive; they expose the limits of the narrative structure in which they operate and thereby open up an internal space of play; they are at once definers of the genre and moments or examples of it.

This chapter deals with films in which technology and technological devices are portrayed as demonized or haunted. Just in the past forty years, there have been a number of popular films concerning such “ghosts in the machine.”1 These films come in many forms: those that deal with normally nonsentient machines, like John Carpenter’s Christine (1983) or Stephen King’s Maximum Overdrive (1986); those that deal with cybernetic organisms, like the Terminator series (James Cameron, 1984, 1991; Jonathan Mostow, 2003; McG, 2009) and Spielberg’s AI: Artificial Intelligence (2001); and those that focus on media or communications technology, like Cronenberg’s Videodrome (1983) and the Poltergeist series (Hooper, 1982; Brian Gibson, 1986; Gary Sherman, 1988) or, more recently, The Matrix trilogy (Wachowski Brothers, 1999, 2003, 2003), Gore Verbinski’s The Ring (2002), and William Malone’s Feardotcom (2002). In this last category, we might also include Wes Craven’s New Nightmare (1994) and Carpenter’s In the Mouth of Madness (1995), in which the demon has entered into the process of horror production itself. In all cases, a will, spirit, or consciousness is attributed to nonhuman, inorganic devices. Endowed with these new powers, such devices and the creatures that sometimes emerge from them threaten humanity and human-centered reality.

Autonomous robots and vehicles can perform tasks that are unsafe or undesirable for humans to do themselves, such as investigate safety in nuclear reactors or assess structural damage to a building or bridge after an earthquake. In addition, improvements in autonomous modes of such vehicles are making it easier for minimally-trained individuals to operate the vehicles. As the autonomous capabilities advance, the user's role shifts from a direct teleoperator to a supervisory control role. Since the human operator is often better suited to make decisions in uncertain situations, it is important for the human operator to have awareness of the environment in which the vehicle is operating in order to prevent collisions and damage to the vehicle as well as the structures and people in the vicinity. In this paper, we present the Collision and Obstacle Detection and Alerting (CODA) display, a novel interface to enable safe piloting of a Micro Aerial Vehicle with a mobile device in real-world settings.

In this paper we present a method for estimating wind gusts and a corresponding display for increasing the situational awareness of a minimally trained operator controlling a Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV). Our method utilizes statistical correlations between MAV controller output and prior wind conditions to predict the presence of a gust in the current flight environment. The findings show that the effect of wind gusts on the MAV are significantly correlated to the rate of increase and duration of a gust rather than the magnitude of the gust. The primary benefit of this method is the simplicity of identifying wind gusts without additional sensors and without performing additional maneuvers. This technique enables existing vehicles to incorporate wind conditions into their operator displays without vehicle modification and without dedicating computation resources to flight modeling. In contrast to traditional wind indicators, our display presents wind information in the form of a warning metric rather than a wind velocity vector.

Study objective: To determine the safety of lumbar puncture in patients with hemophilia who are pretreated with clotting factor. Design: Retrospective analysis of medical records between 1980 and 1990. Setting: Three hospitals, each serving as a regional hemophilia center. Participants: Thirty-three patients with hemophilia A or B who received one or more lumbar puncture. Intervention: All patients received replacement of deficient factor before the lumbar puncture. Serious post-lumbar puncture complications were defined as motor or sensory deficits, incontinence, or documented intraspinal hemorrhage. Results: Thirty-three patients with hemophilia A or B received a total of 52 lumbar punctures during the study period. Thirty of 33 patients (91%) had severe baseline factor deficiency, two (6%) had moderate deficiency, and one (3%) had mild deficiency. There were no serious complications reported as a result of the lumbar puncture. The 95% confidence interval for the risk of a serious complication was 0% to 5.8%. Conclusion: With adequate factor replacement, a lumbar puncture can be done safely in patients with hemophilia.

Most major medical organizations recommend routine screening for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers. Screening can lead to early detection of these cancers, resulting in reduced mortality. Yet, not all people who should be screened are screened regularly or, in some cases, ever. This report presents results of systematic reviews of effectiveness, applicability, economic efficiency, barriers to implementation, and other harms or benefits of provider reminder/recall interventions to increase screening for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers. These interventions involve using systems to inform healthcare providers when individual clients are due (reminder) or overdue (recall) for specific cancer screening tests. Evidence in this review of studies published from 1986 through 2004 indicates that reminder/recall systems can effectively increase screening with mammography, Pap, fecal occult blood tests, and flexible sigmoidoscopy. Additional research is needed to determine if provider reminder/recall systems are effective in increasing colorectal cancer screening by colonoscopy. Specific areas for further research are also suggested.