91 results on '"Kim, D.-D"'
Search Results
52. Simultaneous skin permeation of dideoxynucleoside-type anti-HIV drugs
- Author
-
Kim, D.-D. and Chien, Y. W.
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
53. Pharmacology and Controlled Release of Hirudin for Cardiovascular Disorders
- Author
-
Kim, D.-D., Horbett, T. A., Takeno, M. M., and Ratner, B. D.
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
54. Complete thrombospondin mRNA sequence includes potential regulatory sites in the 3' untranslated region.
- Author
-
Hennessy, S W, Frazier, B A, Kim, D D, Deckwerth, T L, Baumgartel, D M, Rotwein, P, and Frazier, W A
- Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of human thrombospondin (TS) mRNA has been determined from human fibroblast and endothelial cDNAs. The sequence of 5802 bp begins 110 bp upstream from the initiator codon and includes the entire 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the mRNA. The coding region (3510 bp) specifies a protein of 1170 amino acids with all of the known features of the TS subunit (Frazier, W. A. 1987. J. Cell Biol. 105:625-632). The long 3' UTR of 2166 nucleotides is extremely A/T-rich, particularly in the latter half. It contains 37 TATT or ATTT(A) sequences that have been suggested as mediators of the stability of mRNAs for cytokines, lymphokines, and oncogenes (Shaw, G., and R. Kamen. 1986. Cell. 46:659-667). Another unusual feature of the 3' UTR of TS mRNA is a stretch of 42 nucleotides of which 40 are thymidines (uridine in the mRNA) including an uninterrupted sequence of 26 thymidines. This region is flanked by two sets of direct repeats suggesting that it may be an insertion element of retrotranscriptional origin. Comparison of the 3' untranslated region of TS mRNA with the GenBank data base indicates the greatest degree of similarity with an alpha-interferon gene which contains a number of the TATT/ATTT consensus sites. The degree of similarity between the TS and interferon sequences is the same in regions of the interferon gene corresponding to its coding and noncoding regions suggesting that most of the TS 3' UTR may be derived from an interferon gene or pseudogene. The features of the TS mRNA 3' UTR provide a potential explanation for the rapid regulation of TS message observed in cultured cells in response to PDGF and suggest that TS is a member of a group of proteins which are intimately involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation.
- Published
- 1989
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
55. Synthesis of Highly Enantioenriched All-Carbon Quaternary Centers: Conjugate Additions of Chiral Organolithium Nucleophiles to α,α-Dinitrile β,β-Disubstituted Olefins
- Author
-
Jang, D. O., Kim, D. D., Pyun, D. K., and Beak, P.
- Abstract
Highly enantioenriched quaternary centers are obtained by the reaction of chiral lithiated intermediates complexed to (−)-sparteine with tetrasubstituted, α,α-dinitrile activated olefins. Lithiated N-Boc-N-Aryl benzylamine furnishes products with drs from 78:22 to 95:5, with ers exceeding 94:6. Lithiated N-Boc-N-Aryl allylamine reactants provide enecarbamate products with drs from 55:45 to 99:1, with ers ranging from 87:13 to 97:3. - Published
- 2003
56. Exenatide augments first and second phase insulin secretion in response to intravenous glucose in subjects with type 2 diabetes
- Author
-
Fehse, F., Trautmann, M., Jens Juul Holst, Halseth, A. E., Nanyakkara, N., Nielsen, L., Fineman, M. S. D., Kim, D. D., and Nauck, M. A.
57. Value co-creation in digital content ecosystems: A study of 'Hallyu'
- Author
-
Kim, H., Leong, C., Jan Ondrus, Tan, F., Kim, D. D., and Tan, B.
58. IS Capabilities in the Development of an Innovation Ecosystem: A Case Study of the Hallyu (Korean Wave) Phenomenon
- Author
-
Kim, D. D., Tan, F. T. C., Tan, B., Jan Ondrus, and Oh, J.
59. 40 EASD Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes : Munich, Germany, 5-9 September 2004
- Author
-
Veitenhansl, M., Stegner, K., Hierl, F-X, Dieterle, C., Feldmeier, H., Gutt, B., Landgraf, R., Garrow, A. P., Vileikyte, L., Findlow, A., Waterman, C., Boulton, A. J. M., Shankhdhar, K., Shankhdhar, L., Shankhdhar, U., Petrova, N. L., Foster, A. V. M., Edmonds, M. E., Ferraresi, R., Caravaggi, C., Giglio, R., Cavaiani, P., Pogliaghi, I., Sommariva, E., Katz, I. A., Harlan, A., Miranda-Palma, B., Prieto-Sanchez, L., Armstrong, D. G., Bowker, J. H., Mizel, M. S., Cernea, S., Wohlgelernter, J., Kidron, M., Modi, P., Raz, I., Arbit, E., Nosek, L., Kapitza, C., Beckett, P., Gelfand, R., Goldberg, M., Heise, T., Testa, M. A., Turner, R. R., Hayes, J. F., Scranton, R. E., Simonson, D. C., Yang, Y-W, Hsu, Y-J, Naujok, O., Francini, F., Jorns, A., Tiedge, M., Lenzen, S., Abdel-Wahab, Y. H. A., Marenah, L., Orr, D. F., Shaw, C., Flatt, P. R., Chokkalingam, K., Mansell, P. I., Clausen, P., Ekbom, P., Damm, P., Feldt-Rasmussen, U., Nielsen, B., Mathiesen, E. R., Feldt-Rasmussen, B., Dewan, S., Da Silva, N., Ternan, P. Mc, Leong, K. S., Wilding, J. P. H., Asatiani, N., Kurashvili, R., Dundua, M., Shelestova, E., Pagava, K., Ramazashvili, M., Hod, M., Smirnov, S., Petersen, J. L. A., Justesen, T. I., Ringholm Nielsen, L., Muller, C., Hojlund, K., Wensaas, A., Kase, E. T., Aas, V., Rustan, A. C., Thoresen, G. H., Levin, K., Beck-Nielsen, H., Gaster, M., Im, S-S, Kang, S-Y, Kim, S-Y, Ahn, Y-H, Lihn, A. S., Schmoll, D., Werner, T., Kienitz, A., Meyer, M., Barthel, A., Ailett, F., Sutherland, C., Walther, R., Grempler, R., Sasson, S., Reich, R., Tenenbaum, T., Alpert, E., Anfossi, G., Russo, I., Traversa, M., Massucco, P., Mattiello, L., Doronzo, G., Trovati, M., Lally, S., Tan, C. Y., Owens, D., Tomkin, G. H., Porchay, I., Pean, F., Bellili, N., Betoulle, D., Balkau, B., Tichet, J., Marre, M., Fumeron, F., Group D.E.S.I.R., Chatellier, G., Alhenc-Gelas, F., Diabhycar, Study Group, Nichols, G. A., Brown, J. B., Hayes, R. P., Bowman, L., Drexel, H., Saely, C. H., Marte, T., Benzer, W., Langer, P., Hoefle, G., Moll, W., Aczel, S., Karagiannis, E., Lubben, G., Urquhart, R., Edwards, G., Bruce, S., Howlett, H. S. C., Cugnardey, N., Turner, K. C., Park, J-S, Fiedorek, F. T., Avogaro, A., Gallo, A., Pinton, P., Rizzuto, R., Murphy, E., Ceolotto, G., Caterson, I., Guy-Grand, B., Hill, J., Barone, M., Aiello, A., Allochis, G., Borzi, V., Cannata, F., Caronna, S., D Avanzo, A., Elli, R., Formoso, G., Paroli, A., Scardapane, R., Sorichetti, P., Tatti, P., Viviani, G., Santeusanio, F., Italian Repaglinide Study Group, Manzella, D., Grella, R., Abbatecola, A. M., Paolisso, G., Sondergaard, L. G., Monster, T. B. M., Johnsen, S. P., Olsen, M. L., Mclaughlin, J. K., Sorensen, H. T., Lervang, H. H., Rungby, J., Lyssenko, V., Fredriksson, J., Almgren, P., Anevski, D., Orho-Melander, M., Sjogren, M., Tuomi, T., Groop, L., Jaziri, R., Aubert, R., Tuomilehto, J., Hu, G., Jousilahti, P., Peltonen, M., Lindstrom, J., Laina, A., Alevizaki, M., Philippou, G., Souvatzoglou, A., Anastasiou, E., Alba, S., Metcalf, B. S., Voss, L. D., Jeffery, A. N., Wilkin, T. J., Gluimer, C., Colagiuri, S., Vistisen, D., Borch-Johnsen, K., Haynes, A., Bower, C., Bulsara, M. K., Jones, T. W., Davis, E. A., Mortensen, H. B., Hougaard, P., Holl, R., Swift, P., Pociot, F., Knip, M., Hansen, L., Szadkowska, A., Pietrzak, I., Zmyslowska, A., Wyka, K., Bodalski, J., Holl, R. W., Swift, R., Hougaard, R., Gerstl, E-M, Engelsberger, I., Rabl, W., Rosenbauer, J., Grobe, H., Hofer, S. E., Krause, U., DPV-Wiss-Study Group, Dabelea, D., Morgan, T., Pettitt, D. J., Dolan, L., Mayer-Davis, E. J., Pihoker, C., Hillier, T. A., Imperatore, G., Ruggiero, A., Hamman, R. E., Stylianou, A., Tentolouris, N., Perrea, D., Tselepis, A. D., Lourida, E., Kitsou, E., Katsilambros, N., Vedovato, M., Dodesini, A. R., Lepore, G., Tiengo, A., Trevisan, R., Penno, G., Miccoli, R., Pucci, L., Lucchesi, D., Bandinelli, S., Fotino, C., Triscornia, S., Baldassari, E., Del Prato, S., Reboldi, P., Santeusanio, E., Fuller, J., Langham, R. G., Gow, R. M., Zhang, Y., Kelly, D. J., Christensen, P. K., Parving, H-H, Gilbert, R. E., Chibalin, A. V., Zhong, Z., Kotova, O., Davidescu, A., Ehren, I., Ekberg, K., Wahren, J., Wassef, L., Buckley, A. J., Rooney, K. B., Briody, J., Thompson, M., Ozanne, S. E., Thompson, C. H., Chamson-Reig, A., Summers, K., Arany, E. J. R., Hill, D. J., Solerte, S. B., Gazzaruso, C., Locatelli, E., Precerutti, S., Schifino, N., Ferrari, E., Fioravanti, M., Phenekos, C. V., Ginis, A., Fragaki, I., Chalkiadaki, M., Tzioras, C., Powell, L. A., Mcguire, G. M., Jewhurst, V., Trimble, E. R., Rasmussen, B. M., Vessby, B., Uusitupa, M., Berglund, L., Pedersen, E., Riccardi, G., Rivellese, A. A., Tapsell, L., Hermansen, K., Kanwu, Study Group, Da Silva Xavier, G., Rutter, J., Rutter, G. A., Briaud, I. M., Lingohr, M. K., Dickson, L. M., Mccuaig, J. R., Lawrence, J. C., Rhodes, C. J., Wikstrom, J. D., Katzman, S. M., Shirihai, O. S., Yang, J., Deng, S., Wang, X., Hessner, M. J., Wu, J., Wong, R. K., Sukumvanich, S., Markman, J. F., Naji, A., Wolf, B. A., Gao, Z., Rubi, B., Del Arco, A., Satrustegui, J., Maechler, P., Del Guerra, S., Lupi, R., Bugliani, M., Sbrana, S., Torri, S., Boggi, U., Vistoli, F., Mosca, F., Marchetti, P., Rennings, A. J. M., Smits, P., Stewart, M. W., Tack, C. J. J., Li, L., Nystrom, T., Gutniak, M., Ahren, B., Holst, J., Sjoholm, A., Gomes, M. B., Cailleaux, S., Tibirica, E., Albertini, J-P, Chen, H., Mather, R., Valensi, P. E., Chisalita, S. I., Arnqvist, H. J., Kraenkel, N., Adams, V., Linke, A., Gielen, S., Schuler, G., Humbrecht, R., Cipollone, F., Iezzi, A., Fazia, M., Pini, B., Cucurullo, C., Cesare, D., Schmidt, A. M., Mazurek, T., Zang, L. F., Mannion, J., Diehl, J., Martin, J., Martella, A., Zalewski, A., Shi, Y., Otter, W., Winter, M., Doering, W., Standi, E., Schnell, O., Kragelund, C., Kober, L., Faber, J., Hildebrandt, P., Steffensen, R., Pankowska, E., Szypowska, A., Lipka, M., Herwig, J., Scholl-Schilling, G., Bohles, H., Robertson, K. J., Schonle, E., Gucev, Z., Mordhorst, L., Tamer, S. C., Gall, M-A, Ludvigsson, J., Hoogma, R. P. L., Hammond, P. J., Gomis, R., Kerr, D., Bruttomesso, D., Bouter, P., Wiefels, K. J., La Calle, H., Schweitzer, D. H., Pfohl, M., Torlone, E., Krinelke, L. G., 205-Nations Study Group, Conget, I., Storms, F., Rodriguez, J., Leperlier, C., Davies, M., At Lantus, Study Group, Peter, R., Luzio, S. D., Dunseath, G., Miles, A., Hare, B., Backx, K., Pauvaday, V., Owens, D. R., Caselli, A., Marfia, G. A., Battista, C., Veves, A., Spallone, V., Uccioli, L., Gonzalez, J. S., Peyrot, M. F., Rubin, R. R., Leventhal, H., Scheffler, N., Ulbrecht, J. S., Cavanagh, P. R., Boulton, A. J., Perrin, N. A., Oglesby, A., Bastyr, E. J., Ziegler, D., Siekierka-Kleiser, E., Meyer, B., Schweers, M., Selvarajah, D., Wilkinson, I. D., Emery, C. J., Shaw, P. J., Griffiths, P. D., Tesfaye, S., Obrosova, I. G., Arezzo, J., Phillips, K., Fidarestat Study Group, Gribble, F. M., Williams, L., Reimann, F., Iakoubov, R., Whiteside, C., Brubaker, P. L., Acitores, A., Gonzalez, N., Sancho, V., Valverde, I., Villanueva-Penacarrillo, M. L., Martin-Duce, A., Trigo, M. V., Arnes, L., Burkart, V., Ichino, N., Ohashi, A., Klein, B. S., Paxian, S., Schmid, R., Karlsen, A. E., Heding, P. E., Frobose, H., Ronn, S. G., Kruhoffer, M., Orntoft, T. F., Nerup, J., Mandrup-Poulsen, T., Billestrup, N., Cardozo, A. K., Ortis, F., Feng, Y-M, Rasschaert, J., Eylen, F., Storling, J., Herchuelz, A., Eizirik, D. L., Wang, H., Kouri, G., Wollheim, C. B., Ribaux, P., Hammar, E., Parnaud, G., Rouiller, D., Bosco, D., Halban, P., Midthjell, K., Carlsson, S., Grill, V., Lau, C., Farch, K., Glumer, C., Tetens, I., Jorgensen, T., Tillin, T., Forouhi, N., Mckeigue, P., Chaturvedi, N., Zethelius, B., Hales, C. N., Berne, C., Coleman, R. L., Stevens, R. J., Holman, R. R., Christensen, J. O., Sandbak, A., Lauritzen, T., Irwin, N., Gault, V. A., Green, B. D., Harriott, P., O Harte, F. P. M., Bouman, S. D., Urso, B., Brand, C. L., Rolin, B., Ribel, U., Schaffer, L., Maggs, D. G., Ceriello, A., Frias, J. P., Wang, Y., Ruggles, J. A., Kolterman, O. G., Piconi, L., Weyer, C., Want, L. L., Ratner, R. E., Uwaifo, G. I., Thornberry, N. A., Eiermann, G., Kim, D., Lankas, G., Leiting, B., Li, Z., Lyons, K., Petrov, A., Sinha Roy, R., Woods, A., Woods, J., Zhang, B. B., Fisher, M., Moller, D. E., Weber, A. E., Dreyer, M., Bellin, C., Schmitz, V., Roesen, R., Nescheret, A. P., Bose, A. K., Mocanu, M. M., Carr, R. D., Yellon, D. M., Manolopoulos, K., Born, S., Wagner, A., Jeziorska, M., Ben Drief, A., Bashir, M., Tomlinson, D., Malik, R. A., Zeymer, U., Schwarzmaier-D Assie, A., Petzinna, D., Chiasson, J-L, Stratton, I. M., Af Bjorkesten, C-G, Fagerudd, J., Rosengard-Barlund, M., Forsblom, C., Pettersson-Fernholm, K., Waden, J., Saraheimo, M., Ronnback, M., Thorn, L., Groop, P-H, Mollsten, A., Svensson, M., Kockum, I., Rudberg, S., Brismar, K., Dahlquist, G., Hovind, P., Hansen, T. K., Tarnow, L., Thiel, S., Jensen, B. R., Flyvbjerg, A., Kankova, K., Hertlova, M., Krusova, D., Schwenke, S., Ott, J., Thom, S. A. M., Mistry, P., Sjolie, A., Larsen, B., Witt, N., Hughes, A. D., Samira, H. H., Lahiry, S., Howlader, S. R., Parveen, S., Azad Khan, A. K., Clarke, P. M., Gray, A., Stevens, R., Holman, R., Phillips, L., Phillips, P. J., Chittleborough, C., Baldock, K., Taylor, A., North West Adelaide Health Study Team, Davis, W. A., Davis, T. M. E., Knuiman, M. W., Hendrie, D., Worthley, D., Nicolucci, A., Pellegrini, F., Berardis, G., Franciosi, M., Belfiglio, M., Rossi, M. C. E., Sacco, M., Valentini, M., Richardson, C. C., Jones, P., Persaud, S., Hussain, K., Clark, A., Christie, M. R., Gniuli, D., Hribal, M. L., Accili, D., Khan, M., Zervou, S., Cheung, L., Abouna, S., Ifandi, V., Pelengaris, S., Luco, R. F., Ferrer, J., Ma, D., Shield, J. P. H., Dean, W., Leclerc, I., Knauf, C., Burcelin, R., Kelsey, G., Powers, A. C., Shostak, A., Ferrara, N., Poffenberger, G., Jerome, W. G., Brissova, M., Geloneze, S. R., Tambascia, M. A., Pareja, J. C., Chaim, E., Silveira, H. V., Geloneze, B., Ravikumar, B., Carey, P. E., Snaar, J. E., Dheelchand, D., Cook, D. B., Neely, D., Taylor, G., Morris, P. G., Taylor, R., Stears, A. J., Masding, M. G., Wootton, S. A., Sandeman, D. D., Klimes, I., Wein, S., Gasperikova, D., Ukropec, J., Wiernsperger, N., Sebokova, E., Manco, M., Mingrone, G., Granato, L., Greco, A. V., Nanni, G., Castagneto, M., Vidal, H., Calvani, M., Ferrannini, E., Alvarsson, M., Sundkvist, G., Lager, I., Henricsson, M., Berntorp, K., Fernqvist-Forbes, E., Steen, L., Orn, T., Shutler, S., Bianchi-Biscay, M., Rosenstock, J., Sugimoto, D., Strange, P., Stewart, J., Soltes Rak, E., Dailey, G., Kloos, C., Muller, U., Samann, A., Femerling, M., Risse, A., Jecht, M., Haak, T., Garg, R., Lawrence, I. G., Akinsola, M. O., Davies, M. J., Mcnally, P. G., Garber, A. J., Kim, H., Draeger, E., Aydin, L., Sengul, A., Kurklu, A., Ucak, S., Basat, O., Seber, S., Altuntas, Y., Jin, J., Yu, Y., Yu, H., Zhang, X., Mattoo, V., Eckland, D., Widel, M., Duran, S., Fajardo, C., Strand, J., Knight, D., Oakley, D., Tan, M., Sato, A., Nagao, M., Aki, N., Nakagami, T., Iwamoto, Y., Zhou, Z., Li, X., Huang, G., Yan, X., Yang, L., Peng, J., Wang, J., Tan, S., Tang, W., Furnsinn, C., Brunmair, B., Wagner, L., Gras, F., Artwohl, M., Zierhut, B., Waldhausl, W., Shine, B. L., Hopkins, D., Anand, V., Lim, E., Raval, U., Sharp, P., Corder, R., Lipkin, D., Lahiri, A., Bartnik, M., Ryden, L., Ferrari, R., Malmberg, K., Pyorala, K., Simoons, M. L., Standl, E., Soler-Soler, J., Ohrvik, J., Euro Heart Survey Investigators, Bruce, D. G., Starkstein, S. E., Schauer, U. J. W., Astrup, A. S., Pietraszek, L., Nielsen, F. S., Rossing, P., Ali, S., Smidt, U. M., Yokoyama, H., Pavkov, M. E., Knowler, W. C., Bennett, P. H., Nelson, R. G., Lopez-Alba, A., Morcillo, L., Caballero, A., Montoya, L., Jimenez, A., Maceira, B., Lewis, J. B., Ravid, M., Wajman, A., Tadgell, C., Remuzzi, G., Hunsicker, L. G., Wessman, M., Taskinen, M-R, FinnDiane Study Group, Pugliese, G., Amadio, L., Menini, S., Oddi, G., Ricci, C., Iacobini, C., Pricci, F., Sorcini, M., Pesce, C., Migliaccio, E., Giorgio, M., Pelicci, P., Di Mario, U., Lassila, M., Jandeleit-Dahm, K., Seah, K. K., Calkin, A. C., Allen, T. J., Cooper, M. E., Lopes Faria, J. M., Cavakcanti, T. C., Silva, K. C., Ferrari, A. L., Lopes Faria, J. B., Cellek, S., Foxwell, N. A., Cotter, M. A., Cameron, N. E., Tennagels, N., Jordan, H., Stahl, P., Voss, M. D., Welte, S., Werner, U., Lehmann, R., Moeschel, K., Baumgartner, F., Oeckinghaus, A., Beck, A., Weigert, C., Hennige, A., Schleicher, E. D., Haring, H. U., Mussig, K., Staiger, H., Haring, H-U, Natalicchio, A., Laviola, L., Tullio, C., Renna, L., Giorgino, R., Giorgino, F., Falasca, M., Maffucci, T., Park, D., Kang, S., Song, J., Lee, D., Lee, Y., Hariharan, N., Kunselman, L., Gu, L., Sasseville, V., Harrity, T., Cheng, P. T. W., Pratley, R. E., Schweizer, A., Mills, D., Kim, T-H, Song, X-L, Poelje, P. D., Potter, S. C., Dang, Q., Fujitaki, J. M., Linemeyer, D. L., Landau, B. R., Erion, M. D., Pankop, M., Golay, A., Despres, J., Sjostrom, L., Lawlor, D. L., Legg, K. T., Ur, E., Houweling, S. T., Kleefstra, N., Meyboom-De Jong, B., Bilo, H. J. G., Schlomer, G. J., Meyer, G., Kasper, J., Muhlhauser, I., Young, B., Taylor, J., Friede, T., Hollis, S., Mason, J., Long, A., Gambling, T., Pauline, L., Burns, E., New, J., Gibson, M., Betteridge, D. J., Leiter, L. A., Audit, Investigators, Whitty, P. M., Eccles, M. P., Hawthorne, G., Grimshaw, J., Steen, I. N., Vanoli, A., Wood, L., Speed, C., Mcdowell, D., Rewers, M., Maahs, D., Wadwa, R., Eckel, R., Tracy, R., Pfutzner, A., Strotmann, H-J, Schulze, J., Hohberg, C., Pahler, S., Forst, T., Ambery, P. D., Sydall, H., Cooper, C., Dennison, E., Sayer, A. Aihie, Barker, D., Phillips, D., Lalic, N. M., Ostojic, M., Lalic, K., Zamaklar, M., Jotic, A., Ilic, M., Rajkovic, N., Lukic, L., Milicic, T., Verges, B., Zeller, M., Steg, P. G., Beer, J. C., Brisard, C., Brindisi, M. C., Dentan, G., Laurent, Y., Janin-Manificat, L., Makki, H., Ravisy, J., Cottin, Y., Ajjan, R. A., Grant, P. J., Futers, T. S., Brown, J. M., Carter, A. M., Rasmussen, M. S., Bruun, J. M., Pedersen, S. B., Richelsen, B., Dietze-Schroeder, D., Sell, H., Koenen, M., Eckel, J., Delporte, M-L L., Bauche, I. B., Brichard, S. M., Ait El Mkadem, S., Rezsohazy, R., Tsiotra, P. C., Tsigos, C., Gatsiou, C., Raptis, S. A., Walker, C. G., Bryson, J. M., Hancock, D. P., Caterson, I. D., Takahashi, N., Hatakeyama, H., Kasai, H., Gauthier, B. R., Iezzi, M., Fukuda, M., Duhamel, D. L., Ravier, M. A., Dufer, M., Neye, Y., Krippeit-Drews, P., Hennige, A. M., Sausbier, U., Arntz, C., Sausbier, M., Neuhuber, W., Ruth, P., Drews, G., Beauvois, M. C., Rolland, J-F, Jonas, J-C, Merezak, C., Henquin, J-C, Gilon, P., Jabin Gustafsson, A., Dzabic, M., Islam, M. S., Vaxillaire, M., Cheyssac, C., Dina, C., Vasseur-Delannoy, V., Lepretre, F., Siddiq, A., Froguel, P., Neve, B., Fernandez-Zapico, M. E., Ashkenazi-Katalan, V., Urrutia, R., Melloul, D., Froguel, R., Poulsen, P., Wojtaszewski, J., Richter, E., Vaag, A., Granhall, C., Renstrom, E., Luthman, H., Isomaa, B., Gloyn, A. L., Edghill, E. L., Pearson, E. R., Mackay, D. J. G., Temple, I. K., Noyes, K., Freedenberg, D., Gillespie, K. M., Lambert, A. P., Gale, E. A., Ellard, S., Hattersley, A. T., Fanelli, C. G., Porcellati, F., Rossetti, P., Busciantella, N. R., Billi, C., Burrin, D. G., Bolli, G. B., Bingham, E. M., Dunn, J., Sutcliffe-Goulden, J., Marsden, P., Amiel, S., Davis, R. E., Kennedy-Martin, T., Peters, J. R., Wittrup-Jensen, K. U., Mcewan, P., Morrissey, M., Currie, C. J., Akram, K., Pedersen-Bjergaard, U., Thorsteinsson, B., Pibernik-Okanovic, M., Peros, K., Begic, D., Szabo, S., Metelko, Z., Vlaiculescu, M. V., Calota, I., Busila, T., Bruckner, I., Giannakopoulou, D. F., Lindner, H. D., Hrachovinova, T., Fejfarova, V., Csemy, L., Malcomson, J., Campbell, M., Pandolfi, A., Giardinelli, A., Di Tomo, P., Di Silvestre, S., Di Fulvio, P., Capani, F., Consoli, A., Roesen, P., Patruno, A., Grilli, A., Capani, R., Felaco, M., Boner, G., Mccarroll, K., Brenner, B. M., Zeeuw, D., Kowey, P., Shahinfar, S., Crow, R. S., Iso, K., Kuboki, K., Tada, H., Yoshino, G., Schjoedt, K. J., Andersen, S., Distiller, L. A., Degenhardt, T. P., Szabo, J. R., Khalifah, R. G., Schotzinger, R. J., Achenbach, P., Knopff, A., Naserke, H., Ziegler, A. G., Bonifacio, E., Valera, L., Jardin, B., Roche, S., Lampasona, V., Pugniere, M., Roquet, F., Granier, C., Laune, D., Afifiyan, F., Cheung, R., Yantha, J., Jackowski, G., Dosch, H-M, Nakanishi, K., Kogawa, N., Komatsu, Y., Fontes, G., Imamura, T., Ilic, C., Puech, C., Ktorza, A., Bataille, D., Dalle, S., Sorensen, H., Fosgerau, K., Gelling, R. W., Nishimura, E., Andersen, B., Madsen, P., Lau, J., Streicher, R., Wagner, K., Vettermann, R., Potterat, O., Renard, E., Panteleon, A. E., Kolopp, M., Rebrin, K., Steil, G., Steil, G. M., Hariri, F., Darwin, C., Saad, M. F., Buckingham, B., Kunselman, B., Wong, L., Istoc, E., Leach, J., Purvis, R., Monfre, S. L., Fischer, J. S., Garg, S., Ahmann, A. J., Ruchti, T. L., Gandhi, G. Y., Nuttall, G. A., Mullany, C. J., Schaff, H. V., Williams, B. A., Rizza, R. A., Mcmahon, M. M., Gates, G., Mentel, J., Smith, R., Crook, J., Hosszufalusi, N., Vatay, A., Palik, E., Fust, G., Karadi, I., Romics, L., Panczel, P., Aurich, K., Voelker, U., Braun, A., Muller, U. A., Nguyen, L. L., Kriketos, A. D., Hancock, D., Denver, G. S., Uceyler, N., Schutt, M., Lesch, K-P, Mossner, R., Sommer, C., Seda, O., Liska, F., Kazdova, L., Sedova, L., Krenova, D., Zima, T., Tremblay, J., Kren, V., Hamet, P., Kloting, N., Follak, N., Kloting, I., Dessapt, C., Dei Cas, A., Baradez, M-O, Hayward, A., Thomas, S., Viberti, G., Gnudi, L., Gale, C. P., Jandeleit-Dahm, K. A. M., Thallas, V., Thomas, M. C., Candido, R., Burns, W. C., Forbes, J. M., Shymanskyy, I., Kuchmerovska, T., Klimenko, A., Jaeckel, E., Manns, M. P., Boehmer, H., Hedrich, H. J., Tellez, N., Montolio, M., Estimes, E., Rodriguez-Mulero, S., Soler, J., Montanya, E., Liu, Y., Chen, J., Rowlands, D., Chan, H., Simeonov, I. S., Anthony, K., Bingham, E., Marsden, P. K., Amiel, S. A., Malik, R. J. A., Zelaya, F., Williams, S., Brammer, M., Mountjoy, P. D., Bailey, S. J., Shaw, J. E., Sicree, R., Dunstan, D., Cameron, A., Zimmet, P. Z., Hewitt, S., Graff-Iversen, S., Assah, F. K., Fezeu, L., Kengne, A., Awah, P. K., Mbanya, J. N., Shu, J. A., Kamadjeu, R. K. K., Kiawi, E. C., Mbanya, J., Assah, F., Kerenyi, Z., Peterfalvi, A., Bosnyak, Z., Madarasz, E., Tabak, A. G., Szantho, J., Rakoczi, I., Tamas, G., Di Bartolo, P., Valpiani, G., Di Martino, M., Scaramuzza, A., Saragoni, S., Degli Esposti, E., Gudbjornsdottir, S., Cederholm, J., Nilsson, P., Eliasson, B., Miettinen, M. E., Miettinen, J., Nan, H. R., Dong, Y., Gao, W., Sun, B., Wang, N., Fu, F., Shi, H., Ding, M., Lorenzo, C., Serrano-Rios, M., Martinez-Larrad, M. T., Gonzalez-Sanchez, J. L., Seclen, S., Villena, A., Gonzalez-Villalpando, C., Williams, K., Stern, M. P., Haffner, S. M., Sakurai, M., Miura, K., Kita, Y., Takamura, T., Ota, T., Ishizaki, M., Morikawa, Y., Nakagawa, H., Szybinski, Z., Szurkowska, M., Mardarowicz, G., Lopatynski, J., Gilis-Januszewska, A., Szafraniec, K., Nicer, T., Kwon, H-S, Lee, J-H, Lee, H-J, Park, Y-M, Choi, Y-H, Kim, S-R, Jang, S-A, Song, B-R, Yoon, K-H, Kim, H-S, Lee, W-C, Cha, B-Y, Lee, K-W, Son, H-Y, Kang, S-K, Jorgensen, M. E., Moustgaard, H., Bjerregaard, P., Ebara, F., Dunstan, D. W., Salmon, J., Owen, N., Cameron, A. J., Welborn, T. A., Armstrong, T., Jolley, D., Galtier, F., Deschamps, V., Borys, J-M, Lasfargues, G., Andre, P., Born, C., Royer, B., Wilpart, E., Cailleau, M., Eschwege, E., Timar, R. Z., Serban, V., Vlad, A. R., Diaconu, L. F., Rosu, M., Olari, O., Sima, A. C., Qiao, Q., Chappuis, B., Diem, P., Christ, E. R., Iafusco, D., Prisco, F., Gemma, C., Mattera, S., Sanges, M., Menneila, C., Sommese, L., Jarosz-Chobot, P., Polanska, J., Feltbower, R. G., Mckinney, P. A., Stephenson, C. R., Bodansky, H. J., Icks, A., Du Prel, J-B, Grabert, M., Giani, G., Kyvik, K. O., Skytthe, A., Ioacara, S., Farcasiu, E., Bradescu, O., Guja, C., Scutaru, G., Savu, O., Ionescu-Tirgoviste, C., Ola, T. O., Hawa, M. I., Buzzetti, R., Scherbaum, W., Kolb, H., Thivolet, C., Hunter, S., Hadden, D., Guntram, S., Leiva, A., Mauricio, D., Pozzilli, P., Leslie, R. D. G., Benediktsson, R., Jonsdottir, A. M., Einarsdottir, A. S., Reynisdottir, I., Aspelund, T., Grant, S. F. A., Thorleifsson, G., Sigurdsson, G., Stefansson, K., Gudnason, V., Wollitzer, A. O., Jovanovic, L., Lobo, P. E., Marti, M. L., Preiti, M. C., Urdaneta, R. F., Juarez, S. S., Schober, E., Thon, A., Rami, B., Hofer, S., Tringham, J. R., Buyukbese, M. A., Sakamoto, Y., Inoue, Y., Matsumoto, H., Oono, K., Tokumasa, Y., Gorter, K. J., Janssen, P. G. H., Stolk, R. P., Hessen, P. A. W., Rutten, G. E. H., Niedermayer, D., Murro, A., Geloneze, S., Coghi, C., Federici, M. Orsini, Benedetti, M. Massi, Koehler, C., Henkel, E., Temelkova-Kurktschiev, T., Stier, U., Ott, P., Siegert, G., Bergmann, S., Hanefeld, M., Leonhardt, W., Sayeed, M. A., Mahtab, H., Khanam, P. A., Banu, A., Rashid, M. A., Mulnier, H., Seaman, H., Lovell, D., Soedamah-Mathu, S., Colhoun, H., Lawrenson, R., Diehm, C., Lange, S., Darius, H., Pittrow, D., Haberl, R., Stritzky, B., Tepohl, G., Allenberg, J. R., Trampisch, H-J, Soinio, M., Marniemi, J., Laakso, M., Lehto, S., Ronnemaa, T., Ito, C., Sasaki, H., Ishida, S., Maeda, R., Barengo, N. C., Lakka, T. A., Kohler, C., Benke, I., Raccah, D., Bailleau, C., Vexiau, P., Vaur, L., Aydin, N., Topsever, P., Filiz, T. M., Dayan, A., Bulgurlu, S., Gebeloglu, N., Demirtunc, R., Dagar, A., Skliros, E., Sotiropoulos, A., Vassibosis, A., Xipnitos, C., Liva, E., Chronopoulos, I., Merkouris, P., Skourtis, S., Pappas, S., Charbonnel, B., Baigts, F., Dumenil, V., Paillasson, S., Baleydier, A., Hanaire, H., Sert, C., Chabrier, G., Rodier, M., Fontaine, P., Kim, J-I, Miyake, Y., Sakai, T., Takamatsu, K., Tomioka, Y., Sugano, H., Murao, S., Shimizu, I., Unwin, N. C., Nag, S., Roglic, G., Connolly, V., Roper, N., Goodwin, J., Kelly, W., Lervang, H-H, Thomsen, R. W., Hundborg, H. H., Schonheyder, H. C., Khalangot, M. D., Gang, H., Tajima, N., Bianchi, C., Giovannitti, M. G., Pellegrini, G., Caricato, F., Bertolotto, A., Corfini, M., Guzder, R., Gatling, W., Byrne, C., Varillas, V. F., Boronat, M., Carrillo, A., La Roche, F., Ojeda, A., Lopez, Y., Marrero, D., Novoa, J., Shahidul Alam Khan, A. K. M., Thaware, P. K., Gangat, I., Howlett, T. A., Jenum, A. K., Holme, I., Birkeland, K. I., Sourij, H., Stoschitzky, K., Klein, W., Roth, M., Dittrich, P., Wascher, T. C., Hilding, A., Eriksson, A-K, Agardh, E. E., Efendic, S., Ostenson, C-G, Levitt, N. S., Bradshaw, D., Salzsieder, E., Freyse, E-J, Rutscher, A., Heinke, P., Augstein, P., Makino, H., Kainou, Y., Konoue, E., Ohno, K., Ebisui, O., Fujii, Y., Kondo, S., Fujiyama, M., Tanaka, K., Takemoto, K., Kida, K., Onuma, Y., Osawa, H., Tuomilehto-Wolf, E., Kinnunen, L., Laine, A-P, Kokko, T., Kakko, T., Hermann, R., Veijola, R., Simell, O., Ilonen, J., Guglielmi, C., Galgani, A., Beretta Anguissola, G., D Avola, D., Bakhtadze, E., Weiss, H., Hedrich, H-J, Wedekind, D., Bilbao, J. R., San Pedro, J. I., Vitoria, J. C., Martul, P., Castano, L., Badenhoop, K., Ramos Lopez, E., Usadel, K. H., Wagner, A. M., Cloos, P. A. C., Stahlhut, M., Bergholdt, R., Ramos, E., Taxvig, C., Vella, A., Smyth, D., Cooper, J. D., Undlien, D. E., Ronningen, K. S., Savage, D. A., Dunger, D. B., Strachan, D. P., Ring, S. M., Todd, J. A., Mironczuk, K., Kretowski, A., Kinalska, I., Nutland, S., Guja, L., Nielsen, L. B., Gammeltoft, S., Schwarz, P. E. H., Towers, W. G., Fischer, S., Mcrae, J. F., Willis, J. A., Scott, R. S., Potter, H. C., Merriman, T. R., Frampton, C. M., George, P. M., Spranger, J., Mohlig, M., Hoffmann, K., Muller, S., Osterhoff, M., Ristow, M., Boeing, H., Pfeiffer, A. F. H., Li, Y., Fisher, E., Burwinkel, B., Schrezenmeir, J., Mager, U., Pulkkinen, L., Lindi, V., Xiu, L. L., Sui, Y., Weng, J. P., Kalis, M., Cilio, C. M., Olde, B., Owman, C., Groop, L. C., Leveen, P., Da Ros, R., Assaloni, R., Maier, A., Quagliaro, L., Zuodar, G., Zakja, E., Gu, H. F., Nordman, S., Brookes, A. J., Prince, J. A., Helwig, U., Rubin, D., Hampe, J., Schreiber, S., Folsch, U. R., Doring, F., Porzio, O., Massa, O., Cunsolo, V., Hansen, T., Njolstad, P. R., Terrinoni, A., Melino, G., Federici, M., Colombo, C., Federici, G., Barbetti, F., Herder, C., Bongardt, F., Schopfer, A., Rathmann, W., Martin, S., Holle, R., Thorand, B., Wichmann, H. E., Koenig, W., Illig, T., Kora, Group, Blasiak, J., Arabski, M., Krupa, R., Wozniak, K., Dabrowski, J., Kasznicki, J., Zurawska, M., Drzewoski, J. S., Kose, H., Matsumoto, K., Wilke, B., Kerr-Bayles, L. J., Walder, K., Civitarese, A., Jowett, J., Curran, J., Elliott, K., Trevaskis, J., Bishara, N., Wanyonyi, S., Sanigorski, A. M., Zimmet, P., Blangero, J., Kissebah, A., Collier, G. R., Carlsson, E., Arner, P., Ridderstrale, M., Nitz, I., Lindner, I., Suzuki, S., Hinokio, Y., Hirai, M., Yamada, T., Yoshizumi, S., Tanizawa, Y., Matsutani, A., Ishihara, H., Takahashi, K., Katagiri, H., Oka, Y., Nam, M., Hong, S. B., Kim, H. J., Ahn, C. W., Kim, Y. S., Lee, H. C., Zeggini, E., Parkinson, J., Groves, C. J., Frayling, T. M., Hitman, G. A., Walker, M., Sampson, M., Levy, J. C., Weedon, M. N., Wiltshire, S., Owen, K. R., Halford, S., Mccarthy, M. I., Shehadeh, N., Bakri, D., Gershoni-Baruch, R., Yasuda, K., Okada, T., Sunaga, Y., Kajimoto, Y., Shibasaki, T., Kaburagi, Y., Kadowaki, T., Estalella, I., Rica, I., Vazquez, J. A., Mody, Spanish Group Of, Andrade, P., Den Ouweland, J. M. W., Maassen, J. A., Huoponen, K., Savontaus, M-L, Dimitrijevic Sreckovic, V. S., Djordjevic, P. B., Popovic, S. S., Gostiljac, D., Canovic, F., Sreckovic, B. M., Colak, E., Obrenovic, R., Milic, G., Glisic, B., Etemadi, A., Saadat, N., Azizi, F., Tsur, A., Cohen, Y., Yerushalmi, Y., Wainstein, J., Israel Diabetes Research Group (IDRG), Norberg, M., Eriksson, J. W., Lindahl, B., Andersson, C., Rolandsson, O., Stenlund, H., Weinehall, L., Lecomte, P. J., Vol, S., Caces, E., Chabrolle, C., Halimi, J-M, Nijpels, G., Dekker, J. M., Bouter, L. M., Heine, R. J., Lobner, K., Mollenhauer, U., Baumgarten, A., Com, E., Sargin, M., Karadeniz, S., Suleymanoglu, Y., Pekcanli, N., Yilmaz, T., Cicero, A. F. G., Dormi, A., Miconi, A., D Addato, S., Laghi, L., Brillante, R., Bernardi, R., Grandi, E., Gaddi, A. V., Jones, M., Lacey, L., Bergenheim, K., Yamagata, F., Yamakoshi, M., Takahashi, M., Kawazu, S., Festa, A., Hanley, A. J. G., Otvos, J. D., Goff, D. C., Wajngot, A., Cerasi, E., Baumert, J., Schneider, A., Lowel, H., Roussel, R., Muller-Brandes, C., Ballmann, M., Nahrlich, L., Thalhammer, G., Nastoll, M., Schwarz, J., Johne, U., Erfurth, M., Luddeke, H-J, Liebl, A., Kotowa, W., Maclaine, G., Evers, T., Pontiroli, A. E., Pizzocri, P., Paganelli, M., Folli, F., Lee, K., Jung, D-S, Park, M-K, Henriksen, J. E., Durck, T. T., Rasmussen, M., Weghuber, D., Roden, M., Tura, A., Pacini, G., Bischof, M., Widhalm, K., Sharp, G. W. G., Shanmugam, G., Straub, S. G., Michael, D., Chow, R., Regazzi, R., Gerona, R., Martin, T. F. J., Waselle, L., Tomas, A., Min, L., Pessin, J. E., Halban, P. A., Bjorklund, A., Ma, Z., Portwood, N., Parton, L. E., Smith, E. R., Diraison, F., Tsuboi, T., Lehtihet, M., Webb, D-L, Honkanen, R. E., Knoch, K-P, Meisterfeld, R., Bergert, H., Kolpe, M., Altkruger, A., Saeger, H-D, Solimena, M., Haspel, D., Aguilar-Bryan, L., Bryan, J., Ullrich, S., Berchtold, S., Ranta, F., Seebohm, G., Alexander, D., Wulff, P., Kuhl, D., Lang, F., Speier, S., Yang, S-B, Rose, T., Rupnik, M., Varadi, A., Mitchell, K. J., Schwappach, B., Bleck, C., Wienbergen, A., Rustenbeck, I., Vieira, E., Gylfe, E., Seissler, J., Wohlrab, U., Schmiegelt, D., Ruetter, R., Herten, M., Lechner, A., Nolan, A. L., Blacken, R. A., Habener, J. F., Gao, R., Ustinov, J., Korsgren, O., Mikkola, M., Lundin, K., Otonkoski, T., Jahr, H., Bieback, K., Kern, S., Brendel, C., Brendel, M. D., Bretzel, R. G., Taniguchi, S., Ohgawara, H., Tsuchiya, K., Tsuchiya, M., Okochi, H., Kelter, A-R, Dohrmann, C., Austen, M., Aicher, B., Maedler, K., Schumann, D. M., Iwakura, Y., Donath, M. Y., Peter, A., Opel, A., Seufert, J., Fernandez, E., Serradas, P., Martin, M. A., Plachot, C., Bailbe, D., Gangnerau, M. N., Gavete, M. L., Fajardo, S., Escriva, F., Portha, B., Alvarez, C., Lipsett, M., Jamal, A-M, Hanley, S., Castellarin, M., Rosenberg, L., Bhushan, A., Georgia, S., Calderari, S., Gangnerau, M-N, Meile, M-J, Miettinen, P. J., Palgi, J., Virkamaki, A., Ferris, W. F., Campbell, S. C., Armstrong, L., Hole, N., Lako, M., Macfarlane, W. M., Barbera, A., Altirriba, J., Nadal, B., Larsen, M. O., Gotfredsen, C. F., Holst, J. J., Reusens, B., Sparre, T., Kalbe, L., Leunda, A., Orntoft, T., Remade, C., Dasilva Xavier, G., Motakis, E., Nason, G. P., Leibiger, B., Berggren, P-O, Leibiger, I. B., Uhles, S., Moede, T., Welters, H. J., Senkel, S., Erdmann, S., Thomas, H., Morgan, N. G., Irminger, J-C, Rickenbach, K., Donath, M., Rouiller, D. G., Taylor, J. P., Jackson, D. A., Chan, S. L. F., Dezaki, K., Watanabe, M., Hosoda, H., Kangawa, K., Yada, T., Kuhnen, P., Laubner, K., Hernandez, R., Silvestre, R. A., Egido, E. M., Chatenet, D., Leprince, J., Chartrel, N., Vaudry, H., Marco, J., Zhang, F., Zhang, Q., Tengholm, A., Thore, S., Costes, S., Longuet, C., Broca, C., Baltrusch, S., Dyachok, O., Thams, P., Anwar, M. R., Capito, K., Radu, R. G., Fujimoto, S., Mukai, E., Shimono, D., Nabe, K., Shimodahira, M., Kominato, R., Aramaki, Y., Yamada, Y., Seino, Y., Giroix, M. H., Agascioglu, E., Courtois, P., Malaisse, W. J., Sener, A., Piquer, S., Barcelo-Batllori, S., Julia, M., Li, J., Li, X. J., Lou, M., Zhang, J., Zhou, Q., Zhao, G. Z., Webb, G. C., Dalal, S., Garcia, C., Saxena, P., Houk, M., Nenquin, M., Abdel-Ghany, M., Miele, C., Romano, C., Corbo, V., Maitan, M. A., Andreozzi, F., Ungaro, P., Oriente, F., Raciti, G. A., Formisano, P., Beguinot, F., Mcclenaghan, N. H., Mccluskey, J. T., Patterson, S., Efanov, A., Sewing, S., Bokvist, K., Gromada, J., Frederiksen, A. L., Juhl, C. B., Schwarts, M., Schmitz, O., Andersen, P. H., Valeri, C., Castelli, M. D., Bonfante, R., Beyan, H., Elouil, H., Khaldi, M. Z., Evangelista, S., Zeender, E., Berney, T., Schumann, D., Franklin, I., Sergeev, P., Chervonsky, A. V., Wollheim, C., Nyblom, H., Ahmed, M., Bergsten, P., Sol, E-R, Kharroubi, I., Ladriere, L., Cnop, M., Moffitt, J. H., Fielding, B., Currie, J., Staiger, K., Brandhorst, D., Winter, D., Kellerer, M., Oprescu, A. I., Naassan, A., Klimentova, T., Constantin, S. A., Tang, C., Uchino, H., Lam, L., Wheeler, M. B., Fantus, G. I., Giacca, A., Ortsater, H., Sundsten, T., Youshikawa, H., Winzell, M. S., Montrone, C., Martemucci, S., Perrini, S., Caccioppoli, C., Grassetti, D., Scipioni, A., Dotta, F., Yamamoto, N., Tsunekawa, S., Ito, Y., Oiso, Y., Miura, Y., Niki, I., Scrocchi, L. A., Ha, K. B. N., Wang, F., Chen, Y., Wu, L., Fraser, P. E., Yermen, B., Lilla, V., Kaminski, A., Mathe, Z., Dupraz, P., Zbinden, M., Filo, A., Bucher, P., Rinsch, C., Thorens, B., Pepper, M. S., Estilles, E., Sigrist, S., Rieger, L., Mandes, K., Bohbot, A., Pinget, M., Kessler, L., Parab, P. B., Katdare, M. R., Galande, S., Saha, B., Yoshida, A., Satoh, J., Homo-Dekarche, F., Coulaud, J., Durant, S., Drexhage, H. A., Mabley, J. G., Deb, A., Wallace, R., Pacher, P., Elder, R. H., Szabo, C., Schlosser, M., Mentel, R., Moya-Suri, V., Wassmuth, R., Gurtler, L., Ankelo, M., Westerlund, A., Blomberg, K., Hinkkanen, A. E., Popova, V. V., Gruzov, M. A., Afanasyeva, V. V., Kulikovskaya, A. V., Melnichenko, S. V., Mankovsky, B. N., Zak, K. P., Koczwara, K., Warncke, K., Kawasaki, E., Imagawa, A., Uchigata, Y., Kobayashi, M., Abiru, N., Yamasaki, H., Eguchi, K., Chrul, S., Polakowska, E., Heinrich, A., Walter, M., Pitocco, D., Visalli, N., Crino, A., Costantino, F., Manfrini, S., Spera, S., Suraci, C., Patera, P., Matteoli, M. C., Schiaffini, R., Ghirlanda, G., Leotta, S., Imdiab, Group, Hatziagelaki, E., Tsiavou, A., Degiannis, D., Chaidaroglou, A., Manginas, A., Koniavitou, K., Desai, M., Williams, A. J. K., Horton, V. A., Bingley, P. J., Cull, C. A., Citarrella, R., Richiusa, P., Mattina, A., Criscimanna, A., Mantione, L., Bronte, V., Pizzolanti, G., Galluzzo, A., Giordano, C., Giulietti, A., Stoffels, K., Overbergh, L., Mathieu, C., Bilgic, S., Aktas, E., Salman, F., Yillar, G., Yilmaz, M., Deniz, G., Valorani, G. M., Imdiab, G., Pozzilli, R., Weets, I., Truyen, I., Verschraegen, I., Auwera, B., Schepper, J., Dorchy, H., Lebrethon, M-C, Gaal, L., Rooy, P., Pipeleers, D. G., Gorus, F. K., Belgian Diabetes Registry (Brussels, Belgium), Shtandel, S. A., Atramentova, L. A., Karachentsev, Y. I., Kravchun, N. A., Koval, S. N., Poltorak, V. V., Levchenko, T. P., Snegurakaya, I. A., Miloslavskiy, D. K., Bojko, V. V., Resnik, L. A., Chico, A., Rojas, I., Novials, A., Bendlova, B., Vcelak, J., Vankova, M., Sramkova, D., Samalikova, P., Kvasnickova, H., Vondra, K., Petrone, A., Vania, A., Zavarella, S., Alemanno, I., Di Cola, S., Ribaudo, M. C., Leonetti, F., Angel, B., Carrasco, E., Santos, J., Albala, C., Oyarzun, A., Perez-Bravo, F., Petry, C. J., Ong, K. K., Michelmore, K., Artigas, S., Wingate, D. L., Zegher, F., Ibanez, L., Prestle, J., Adomeit, A., Hammer, E., Zieher, T., Missler, B., Appl, T., Schindler, M., Brodbeck, K., Machicao, F., Haring, H., Just, M., Fargeman, N., Knudsen, J., Quint, M., Tschank, G., Korn, M., Henriksen, E. J., Dokken, B. B., Sloniger, J. A., Dorig, J., Quarre, L., Piatkiewicz, P., Taton, J., Czech, A., Gorski, A., Jebens, E., Brennesvik, E. O., Ktori, C., Ruzzin, J., Shepherd, P. R., Jensen, J., Lakka, H-M, Rankinen, T., Leon, A. S., Skinner, J. S., Wilmore, J. H., Rao, D. C., Bouchard, C., Vendrell, J. J., Chacon, M. R., Garcia-Espana, A., Fernandez-Real, J., Gutierrez, C., Richart, C., Takeshita, Y., Shimizu, A., Hamaguchi, E., Kaneko, S., Hrebicek, J., Orel, M., Lichnovska, R., Gwozdziewiczova, S., Chlup, R., Faturos, I., Tournis, S., Fotinakis, P., Thomakos, P., Manousaki, M., Leontsini, D., Taxildaris, K., Mitrakou, A., Kim, S., Hur, K., Shim, W., Ahn, C., Cho, Y., Lim, S., Kim, K., Lee, H., Cha, B., Beregszaszi, M., Chevenne, D., Sebag, G., Kerdanet, M., Huet, F., Polak, M., Lacombe, D., Paoli, A., Levy-Marchal, C., Mokhort, T., Shishko, E., Shepelkevich, A., Benito, M., Arribas, M., Valverde, A. M., Menghini, R., Marchetti, V., Cardellini, M., Sbraccia, P., Lauro, D., Lauro, R., Ali, A. T., Penny, C., Merwe, M-T, Paiker, J. E., Psaras, G., Ekram, F., Crowther, N. J., Musri, M. M., Corominola, H., Casamitjana, R., Parrizas, M., Renstrom, F., Buren, J., Park, C., Park, Y., Lee, G., Kang, E., Kim, K-S, Sanchez-Margalet, V., Gonzalez-Yanes, C., Diaz-Troya, S., Rodriguez Fonseca, F., Mcnamara, M. R. J., Boschetti, N., Schmid, D., Spinas, G. A., Trub, T., Niessen, M., Kuhlmann, J., Neumann-Haefelin, C., Belz, U., Juretschke, H-P, Kramer, W., Herling, A. W., Markova, I., Oliyarnyk, O., Cahova, M., Manders, R. J. F., Koopman, R., Zorenc, A. H. G., Keizer, H. A., Loon, L. J. C., Straczkowski, M., Kowalska, I., Dzienis-Straczkowska, S., Nikolajuk, A., Gorska, M., Zabielski, P., Baranowski, M., Gorski, J., Tack, C. J., Haan, J., Klomp, D., Heerschap, A., Corpeleijn, E., Budzinski, R. M., Stengele, I., Schuler, M., Selzle, N., Lehmann-Lintz, T., Heckel, A., Vavrinkova, H., Meskhishvili, E., Furier, S. M., Parkes, H. A., Cooney, G. J., Alemzadeh, R., Tushaus, K. M., Nencioni, S., Giovannitti, G., Longo, V., Vries, R., Kerstens, M. N., Tol, A., Dullaart, R. P. F., Mcbride, R., Denke, M. A., Pearson, T., Battisti, W. P., Brady, W. E., Palmisano, J., Tuzova, O. V., Wahl, H. G., Hong, Q., Luz, K., Xu, G., Schmulling, R. M., Liebich, H. M., Oomen, P. H. N., Hattori, H., Smit, A. J., Scheek, L. M., Thomaseth, K., Lajoix, A-D, Gauthey, A., Dietz, S., Jahannault, C., Manteghetti, M., Petit, P., Gross, R., Quynh, N. T. T., Floren, A., Langel, U., Gedulin, B. R., Smith, P., Prickett, K. S., Tryon, M., Barnhill, S., Yeoh, T., Young, A. A., Hiles, R., Carpenter, T., Serota, D., Schafer, K., Ross, P., Nelson, D., Rebelatto, M., Ikeda, H., Nagashima, K., Tsukiyama, K., Todo, T., Trombetta, M., Boselli, L., Cali, A., Cretti, A., Monauni, T., Bifari, F., Bonora, E., Muggeo, M., Bonadonna, R. C., Gredal, C., Rosenfalck, A., Dejgaard, A., Hilsted, J., Rudovich, N. N., Rochlitz, H. J., Ritzel, R. A., Butler, A. E., Butler, P. C., Murphy, M. J., Korner, A., Csillag, J., Pinter, A., Cameron, N., Toman, M., Gray, I. P., Vielwerth, S. E., Rinnov, A., Jensen, R. B. B., Juul, A., Uitterlinden, P., Bruining, G. J., Lamberts, S. W., Rasmussen, E., Malis, C., Ekstrom, C., Arne, A., James, J. L., Thomas, P., Cavan, D. C., Owona, A. M., Ozaki, R., So, W., Tong, P., Chan, M., Wong, G., Cockram, C., Chan, J., Redemann, N. H., Gotz, B., Lahm, P., Mader, G., Tadayyon, M., Oh, Y., Schippmann, V., Kluge, R., Bornstein, S. R., Scherbaum, W. A., Joost, H-G, Bae, H. Y., Kim, S. Y., Lee, B. R., Vertigan, H., Carroll, D., Griffiths, L., Coghlan, M. P., Freeman, S., Toffolo, G., Dalla Man, C., Basu, R., Rizza, R., Cobelli, C., Bertoldo, A., Price, J., Mathis, C. A., Mason, N. S., Holt, D., Kelley, C., Mckolanis, T. M., Kelley, D. E., Whyte, M., Jackson, N., Beale, R., Treacher, D., Carroll, P., Jones, R. H., Umpleby, M., Jaquet, D., Boiko, J., Rigal, O., Czernichow, P., Qvisth, V., Hagstrom-Toft, E., Moberg, E., Bolinder, J., Sjostrand, M., Strindberg, L., Lonnroth, P., Mick, D. D., Sumarac-Dumanovic, M., Cvijovic, G. M., Kendereski, A., Pejkovic, D., Zoric, S., Casanueva, F. F., Dieguez, C. C., Singh, R. J., Basu, A., Chittilapilly, E. G., Johnson, M. C., Abdallah, B. M., Shubeska Stratrova, S., Svendsen, O. L., Dhatariya, K. K., Bigelow, M. L., Nair, K. S., Lundgren, M., Ruge, T., Myrnas, T., Gimeno, R. E., Suri, V., Li, D., Huard, C., Martine PUGNIERE, Vettore, M., Sironi, A. M., Gastaldelli, A., Mari, A., Ciociaro, D., Buzzigoli, E., Pettiti, M., Positano, V., Lombardi, M., Radziuk, J., Pye, S., Brehm, A. R., Krssak, M., Bernroider, E., Anderwald, C., Nowotny, P., Cline, G., Shulman, G. I., Kotsa, K., Papazisi, A., Spanopoulos, I., Giovos, I., Suzuki, A., Sobajima, H., Naruse, S., Kitagawa, M., Ishiguro, H., Futakuchi, S., Goto, H., Hines, G., Kennedy, I., Matthews, D., Levy, J., Radikova, Z., Koska, J., Ksinantova, L., Imrich, R., Huckova, M., Vigas, M., Wallace, T. M., Matthews, D. R., Rajala, U., Hiltunen, L., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Noh, J-H, Kim, D-J, Choi, N-H, Lee, B-W, Chung, J-H, Min, Y-K, Lee, M-S, Kim, K-W, Lee, M-K, Byrne, C. D., Holt, H. B., Phillips, D. I. W., Wood, P. J., Darekar, A. A., Astrup, A., Gross, S., Matthies, K., Weck, M., Malinska, H., Beifort, R. S., Berria, R., Defronzo, R., Cusi, K., Gorshunska, M. Y., Karachenzev, Y. I., Lopez-Bermejo, A., Pratt, K. L., Hwa, V., Recasens, M., Broch, M., Vendrell, J., Rosenfeld, R. G., Fernandez-Real, J. M., Ricart, W., Grunnet, L., Pedersen, B. K., Franke, B., Fleming, S., Lemke, N., Laue, C., Pfeuffer, M., Lecube, A., Hernandez, C., Genesca, J., Garcia, L., Francisco, G., Simo, R., Kraml, P. J., Syrovatka, P., Brunerova, L., Smejkalova, V., Potockova, J., Andel, M., Leshchenko, Z., Poltorack, V., Krasova, N., Gladkih, A., Yang, K., Chamson, A., Thyssen, S. M., Rojo Llobet, A. M., Christoffersen, B. O., Raun, K., Fledelius, C., Svendsen, O., Vinterby, A., Golozoubova, V., Afonso, R. A., Ribeiro, R. T., Macedo, M. P., Guarino, M. P., Yang, G., Kurita, S., Misu, H., Akahori, H., Cerf, M. E., Nkomo, X. I., Muller, C. J., Du Toit, D. F., Louw, J., Wolfe-Coote, S. A., Nikishin, P., Zagayko, A., Taylor, K. D., Guo, X., Langefeld, C. D., Cur, J., Jinagouda, S., Bowden, D., Hokanson, J., Rotter, J. I., Liew, C. F., Wise, S. D., Yeo, K. P., Teng, C. H., Lee, K. O., Fisher, F. M., Trujillo, M. E., Hanif, W., Mcternan, P. G., Barnett, A. H., Scherer, P. E., Kumar, S., Kaltenbach, S., Stumvoll, M., Mlynarski, W., Andrzejewski, W., Shojaee-Moradie, F., Das, S., Stolinski, M., Jefferson, W., Cramb, R., Shahmanesh, M., Lyngso, D., Simonsen, L., Bulow, J., Meinardi, J. R., Sluiter, W. J., Wolffenbuttel, B. H. R., Bonnet, F., Guebre-Egziabher, F., Rabasa, R., Laville, M., Gosby, A. K., Maloney, C. A., Haering, H-U, Patarrao, R. S., Lautt, W. W., Correia, N. C., Santos, A. I., Leite, V., Boavida, J. M., Nanwei, T. N. W., Bobbioni-Harsch, E., Lehmann, T., Sztajzel, J., Morel, P., Huber, O., Chassot, G., Assimacopoulos-Jeannet, F., Gedulin, G., Baron, A., Hendrickx, H., Lane, J., Coverly, J., Simcox, J., Stocks, J., Brown, L., Beha, A., Juretschke, P., Gerl, M., Klebach, M., Biemer-Daub, G., Perez-Del-Pulgar, S., Zorzano, A., Heinsbroek, A. C. M., D Alessio, D., Dijk, G., Tornero, M. P., Bailey, C. J., Mack, C. M., Wilson, J. K., Parkes, D. G., Kusunoki, M., Sakakibara, F., Kato, K., Okabayashi, N., Nakamura, T., Miyata, T., Habu, S., Nakamura, R., Nakasone, Y., Yasaka, T., Ishihara, R., Morikawa, R., Otake, K., Nakaya, Y., Ruzickova, J., Rossmeisl, M., Flachs, P., Sponarova, J., Prazak, T., Matejkova, O., Kopecky, J., Gram, D. X., Liu, W., Bodvarsdottir, T., Hansen, J. B., Sturis, J., Kern, W., Hallschmid, M., Benedict, C., Schultes, B., Born, J., Fehm, H. L., Westerbacka, J., Lammi, K., Hakkinen, A-M, Rissanen, A., Yki-Jarvinen, H., Mayr, P., Mertl-Roetzer, M., Lauster, F., Pohl, M., Lerch, M., Haslbeck, M., Eriksen, J., Rahlfs, V. W., Serhiyenko, V. A., Serhiyenko, A. A., Serhiyenko, L. M., Radulian, G., Vladica, M., Panaite, C., Balas, B., Derosa, G., Dumas, A., Fiorito, A., Prieto, P. G., Cancelas, J., Loba, J., Czupryniak, L., Bialasiewicz, P., Pawlowski, M., Nowak, D., Dupuy, O., Le Berre, J. P., Bordier, L., Rousseau, C., Mayaudon, H., Bauduceau, B., Bossi, A. C., Meregalli, G., Balini, A., Berzi, D., Cremonesi, B., Cerrato, D., Rezzani, C., Tumiati, M., Han, K., Min, K., Kim, E., Ahn, K., Ahn, H., Arguelles, I., Forga, L., Izquierdo, M., Gorostiaga, E., Fuentes, C., Ibanez, J., Rivero, A., Baynes, K., Pentecost, C., Bell, J. D., Thomas, E. L., Jackson, N. C., Umpleby, A. M., Kuhl, J., Ruderman, N. B., Musi, N., Goodyear, L. J., Patti, M. E., Thorell, A., Nygren, J., Ljungkvist, O., Degerblad, M., Stahle, A., Brismar, T. B., Saha, A. K., Bavenholm, P. N., Aydemir, D., Kiran, B., Unal, M., Okumus, N., Kayserilioglu, A., Perkins, J., Salman, S., Ozer, E., Kayserilioǧlu, A., Dinccaǧ, N., Tikkanen, H., Lakka, T., Macdonald, A. L., Harrison, M., Dickinson, H., Bone, A. J., Watt, P. W., Ostergard, T., Short, K., Saltin, B., Nair, K., Di Mauro, M., Papalia, G., Battiato, R., Giuffrida, D., Boemi, G., Castellino, P., Akter, S., Akhter, A., Pervin, T., Ahmed, S., Ahmed, K. R., Saleh, F., Chaudhury, H. S., Tankova, T., Dakovska, G., Lazarova, M., Dakovska, L., Kirilov, G., Koev, D., Torgerson, J. S., Hauptman, J., Boldrin, M., Shi, Y-F, Pan, C-Y, Gao, Y., Lindgarde, F., Broom, I., Takeda, H., Oana, F., Matsuzawa, A., Hashizume, H., Akahane, S., Howlett, H. C. S., Cornes, M., Lund, S. S., Poulsen, G., Frandsen, M., Pedersen, O., Pankiv, V. I., Yngen, M., Hjemdahl, P., Wallen, N. H., Florow, D., Leyck Dieken, M. G., Kitahara, Y., Mine, T., Konya, H., Hamaguchi, T., Satani, K., Umehara, A., Ishikawa, T., Kohri, K., Hasegawa, Y., Suehiro, A., Kakishita, E., Namba, M., Wang, F. N., Liao, Z. H., Yao, B., Li, Y. B., Hu, G. L., Belcher, G., Mariz, S., Tan, M. H., Moules, I., Pfutzner, A. H., Butzer, R., Langenfeld, M., Koder, C., Cooper, M., Majali, K. Al, Adiseshiah, M., Betteridge, J., Pratipanawatr, T., Chotmongkol, R., Kanhasura, S., Pratipanawatr, W., Miyazaki, Y., Matsuda, M., Defronzo, R. A., Nagasawa, T., Kuroda, J., Dey, D., Chovatia, M., Nag, A., Pandey, B., Nag, B., Thomas, L., Krauth, M., Allgauer, S., Besenfelder, U., Dennenmoser, J., Moon, C-K, Chae, S-H, Kim, M-H, Jo, Y-Y, Shin, J-S, Ahn, S-K, Lee, H-W, Lee, S-J, Panadero Moya, A., Rodriguez, E., Gonzalo, A., Sanchez-Vilar, O., Lara, J. I., Rovira, A., Otto, C., Otto, B., Goke, B., Parhofer, K. G., Juurinen, L., Tiikkainen, M., Graner, M., Bajaj, M., Suraamornkul, S., Argon, D., Canbek, E., Schofl, C., Franzen, C., Gregg, R. E., Swaminathan, A., Frost, C., Nepal, S., Raymond, R., Mosqueda-Garcia, R., Johns, D., Gilmore, K., Perriello, G., Pampanelli, S., Di Pietro, C., Rinaldi, T., Brunetti, P., Oshinyemi, K., Garcia, S., Curtis, P., Zambanini, A., Home, P. D., Pocock, S., Dargie, H., Komajda, M., Jones, N. P., Record, Study Group, Munscher, C., Potthoff, F., Golbach, U., Weidenhammer, J., Kusterer, K., Lundershausen, R., O Neill, M. C., Goldstein, B. J., Wooddell, M. J., Strow, L. J., Waterhouse, B. R., Cobitz, A. R., Wyne, K. L., Porter, L. E., Weston, W. M., Chen, T., James, R. E., Kravitz, B. G., Pinkowski, D., Ruxer, J., Mozdzan, M., Siejka, A., Kaiser, M., Hauser, C., Jacober, S. J., Zagar, A. J., Althouse, S. K., Pinaire, J. A., Becker, R. H. A., Frick, A. D., Rave, K., Moses, R., Ways, K., Krones, R., Basir, S., Klein, C., Sawicki, P. T., Rotella, C. M., Pala, L., Dicembrini, I., Mannucci, E., Annuzzi, G., Natale, C., Bozzetto, L., Patti, L., Cipriano, P., Campaigne, B., Malone, J. K., Bai, S., Reviriego, J., Augendre-Ferrante, B., Schreiber, S. A., Schneider, K., Schweitzer, M-A, Fach, E-M, Busch, K., Karimi Anderesi, Z., Hoe, Study Group, Dunseath, G. J., Sengul, A. M., Haupt, A., Eckert, H., Schweitzer, M. A., Peiker, J., Fritsche, A., Janka, H. U., Plewe, G., Kliebe-Frisch, C., Maxeiner, S., Teng, L., Chan, C., Ernest, C. S., Skrivanek, Z., Brodows, R. G., Soon, D., Pan, C. Y., Chung, K-D, Russmann, A., Ryysy, L., Hanninen, J., Hulme, S., Kauppinen-Makelin, R., Lahdenpera, S., Lehtonen, R., Levanen, H., Nikkia, K., Tulokas, T., Virtamo, H., Vahatalo, M., Fulcher, G. R., Lavalle-Gonzalez, F., Soon, D. K. W., La Pena, A., Lim, M., Scholtz, H. E., Derezinski, T., Gerber, R. A., Hauber, A. B., Bolinder, B., Johnson, F. R., Boehm, B. O., Keiding, J., Home, P., Raastam, J., Moller, M. K., Parkner, T., Chen, J-W, Jorgensen, C., Smedegaard, J., Christiansen, J. S., Mcdougall, A., Fitch, M., Nelson, G., Mueller, U. A., Saemann, A., Ishii, H., Iburi, T., Furuya, M., Yamagami, K., Sekine, O., Yamashiro, S., Ishibashi, R., Tsujii, S., Sauriol, L., Lescrauwaet, B., Heckmann, B., Helbig, C., Franke, I., Schiel, R., Oguzhan, B., Gursoy, N., Turkish Diabetes Centers Study Group, Gutierrez, E., Garcia, P., Rokeya, B., Hossain, M. E., Ali, L., Ivanova, O. V., Gorbenko, N. I., Gladkich, A. I., Leshchenko, Z. A., Gorbenko, N., Ivanova, O., Gorbenko, K., Blase, E., Taylor, K., Nguyen, T., Su, G., Gao, H-Y, Carr, E., Wintle, M., Fineman, M., Calara, F., Han, J., Aisporna, M., Zabala, E., Fehse, F., Trautmann, M. E., Halseth, A. E., Nauck, M. A., Kendall, D. M., Riddle, M. C., Zhuang, D., Kim, D. D., Fineman, M. S., Baron, A. D., Buse, J., Henry, R., Ratner, R., Linnebjerg, H., Kothare, P., Ernest, C. Nd, Atkins, M., Trautmann, M., Bjerre Knudsen, L., Voss, P. V., Nauck, M., Hompesch, M., Filipczak, R., Le, T. T. D., Nielsen, L., Zdravkovic, M., Gumprecht, J., Deacon, C. F., Plamboeck, A., Guivarch, P-H, Dreyfus, J-F, Mathi, S., Castaigne, J-P, Drucker, D. J., Kruger, D., Burrell, T., Gloster, M., Crean, J., Herrmann, K., Maggs, D., Kolterman, O., Kovatchev, B., Cox, D. J., Mccall, A., Whitehouse, F., Kovatchev, B. P., Chapman, I., Parker, B., Doran, S., Feinle-Bisset, C., Wishart, J., Lush, C., Mcintyre, S., Deckhut, D., Horowitz, M., El-Ouaghlidi, A., Rehring, E., Holmes, D., Sallas, W. M., He, Y. L., Watson, C., Ligueros-Saylan, M., Foley, J. E., Narayanan, S., Thomas, A., Shah, D., Gopalan, B., Vakkalanka, S., Arch, J., Ryskjar, J., Krarup, T., Madsbad, S., Vilsboll, T., Ciani, S., Bardini, G., Pezzatini, A., Cappadona, A., Bodvarsdottir, T. B., Joergensen, M. S., Jensen-Holm, H. B., Kristensen, L., Kanstrup, A. B., Mckillop, A. M., Duffy, N., Lindsay, J. R., Bell, P. M., Hansen, B. S., Gronemann, S., Wilken, M., Herman, G. A., Zhao, P-L, Dietrich, B., Golor, G., Schrodter, A., Keymeulen, B., Lasseter, K. C., Kipnes, M. S., Hilliard, D., Tanen, M., Smet, M., Dyck, K., Tanaka, W., Gottesdiener, K. M., Wagner, J. A., Hoffmann, T., V Horsten, S., Demuth, H-U, Paule, S. G., Myers, M. A., Nikolovski, B., Fujiwara, H., Hosokawa, M., Fukuda, K., Nishi, Y., Fujita, Y., Yamada, K., Ueda, N., Jones-Leone, A. R., Yu, T., Barilla, D., He, Y-L, Ho, Y., Foley, J., Makrilakis, K., Panagiotakos, D. B., Dimosthenopoulos, C., Ioannidis, I., Chrysohoou, C., Pitsavos, C., Kuo, S-W, Levendal, R-A, Frost, C. L., Poonsatha, S., Jones, G., Fahey, R., Collier, G., Hoa, N. K., Norberg, A., Liepinsh, E., Phan, D. V., Thuan, N. D., Jornvall, H., Sillard, R., Ostenson, C. G., Tessari, P., Kiwanuka, E., Cristini, M., Zaramella, M., Enslen, M., Garcia-Rodenas, C., Yazawa, M., Imai, Y., Ohmura, E., Tsuchida, A., Matsuda, A., Hosaka, D., Horie, H., Ichita, M., Hisano, Y., Woodhead, S., Xu, W., Chen, X. H., Cavalot, F. L., Bonomo, K., Perna, P., Bacillo, E., Salacone, P., Gallo, M., Gaia, E., Vinik, A. I., Yu, D., Heise, M. A., Freed, M. I., Aguilera, E., Pellitero, S., Naf, S., Bendtzen, K., Nicoletti, F., Hahn, J-U, Bochnig, S., Koenig, H., Sporleder, B., Maisonneuve, P., Lowenfels, A. B., Kerner, W., Lankisch, P. G., Thai, A. C., Mohan, V., Khalid, B. A. K., Yeo, J. P., Asdiab, Study Group, Gasiorowska, A., Talar-Wojnarowska, R., Malecka-Panas, E., Schindler, K., Rieger, A., Gmeinhart, B., Schlembacher, K., Merz, P., Ludvik, B., Muller, N., Rodriguez, F. U., Aas, A-M, Seljeflot, I., Huang, C., Biswas, N., Hashimoto, N., Kamatani, Y., Suzuki, Y., Yagui, K., Saito, Y., Iwai, R., Takahashi, H., Yoshida, S., Skowronski, M., Zozulinska, D., Juszczyk, J., Wierusz-Wysocka, B., Bohles, H. J., Peterkova, V. A., Kuraeva, T. L., Scherbacheva, L. N., Andrianova, E. A., Maximova, V. P., Titovich, E. V., Danne, T., Bittner, C., Hanaire-Broutin, H., Schumicki, D-M, Souhami, E., Morrison, G., Purewal, T. S., Weston, P. J., Smahelova, A., Rusavy, Z., Koznarova, R., Loykova, V., Belobradkova, J., Devries, J. H., Retnakaran, R., Hochman, J., Melki, V., Zinman, B., Corbi, S., Costanza, F., Fioriti, E., Cappa, M., Jaron, M., Martinek, V., Piechatzek, R., Klaff, L., Prager, R., Robinson, A., Penfornis, A., Garg, S. K., Thomas, R., Selam, J. L., Sola-Gazagnes, A., Vitacolonna, E., Canonico, V., Fabietti, P., Iorio, M., Orsini Federici, M., Timi, A., Massi Benedetti, M., Sarti, E., Ashwell, S. G., Gebbie, J., Siebenhofer, A., Plank, J., Berghold, A., Horvath, K., Mrak, P., Jeitler, K. J., Pieber, T. R., Heller, S., Gottlieb, P., Paul, J., Chase, P., Menditto, L., Antuna, R., Grimaldi, A., Brun, J-M, Vialettes, B., Halimi, S., Dubroca, I., Blayo, A., Gomez-Peralta, F., Santos-Mazo, E., Payeras-Mas, F., Abreu-Padin, C., Santos-Palacios, S., Salvador-Rodriguez, J., Burge, M. R., Schroeder, E., Witthaus, E., Johnston, P., Bradley, C., Kudva, Y. C., Jenkins, G., Pons, G., Quandt, L., Gebel, J., Vogelsang, D., Smith, S., Isley, W., Russell-Jones, D., Maier, C., Mustapic, D., Schuster, E., Luger, A., Eher, R., Rubesova, I., Pelikanova, T., Skibova, J., Sanz, F. J., Ampudia-Blasco, F. J., Gabaldon, J., Catala, M., Carmena, R., Heinemann, L., Kronshage, B., Ward, K., Sass, D., Essenpreis, M., Voelkel, D., Lodwig, V., Nguyen, M., Mondok, A., Friedrich, C., Caduff, A., Totonelli, A., Longhitano, S., Agro, F., Edelman, S. V., Morrison, Z., Velazquez, F., Howard, S., Banks, R., Berger, B., Burian, P., Nilsson, K. A., Karlen, M., Rylander, E., Blonde, L., Freemantle, N., Ross, S. A., Duhot, D., Eggertsen, R., Hobbs, F. D. R., Martinez, L., Stridde, E., Skyler, J. S., Tusek, C., Stephan, J-A, Krasner, A., Landschulz, W. H., Sha, S., Bott, S., Bergenstal, R. M., Damge, C., Ubrich, N., Kaltenbacher, M-C, Maincent, P., Wutte, A., Bock, G., Balent, B., Midtgaard, A., Ronn, B. B., Pieber, T., Edgerton, D. S., Cherrington, A. D., Neal, D. W., Scott, M., Glass, D., Bowen, L. E., Wilson, W., Hobbs, C. H., Leach, C., Sivakumaran, S., Strack, T. R., Meyts, P., Aladdin, H., Palsgaard, J., Theede, A-M, Sajid, W., Hinrichsen, J., Klaproth, B., Lademann, J., Ostergaard, J., Andersen, A. S., Boss, A. H., Cheatham, W. W., Pfuetzner, A., Larbig, M., Forst, S., Abdollahnia, R., Grenningloh, M., Leatherdale, B., Bartley, E., Schwartz, S. L., Buchea, O., Shin, J., Hoss, U., Shah, R., Endo, T., Hata, S., Yamazaki, H., Hernandez Campos, S., Busciantella Ricci, N., Kaufman, F., Halvorson, M., Carpenter, S., Cooper, K., Mueller, J., Wasen, H., Brumberg, J., Rduch, K., Mertens, S., Reess, F., Renz, H., Maran, A., Sparacino, G., Pavanini, A., Corazza, S., Crepaldi, M., Poscia, A., Acosta, D., Salcedo, D., Delgado, E., Hawkins, F., Parramon, M., Mesa, J., Parhimovich, R. M., Darko, D. A., Odusanya, P. O. T., Pullen, F., Hopkins, D. F., Mukherjee, S., Child, D. F., Redkin, Y. A., Dreval, A. A., Bogomolov, V. V., Dreval, A. V., Ostgren, C. J., Grodzinsky, E., Lindstrom, K., Borgquist, L., Fegan, G., Hamliton, P., Mccrimmon, R. J., Evans, M. L., Fan, X., Ding, Y., Sherwin, R., Boomsma, F., Pramming, S., Fischer, B. M., Soydan, N., Eckhard, M., Saar, P., Kreuder, J., Linn, T., Holstein, A., Plaschke, A., Ptak, M., Egberts, E-H, El-Din, J., Kirchheiner, J., Hoashi, S., Khamis, A., Kilbane, M. T., Cannon, D. E., Gribben, A. P., Firth, R. G. R., Kinsley, B. T., Cranston, I. C., Galan, B. E., Mol, P., Wennekes, L., Due-Andersen, R., Lundkvist, J., Jonsson, L., Mukhopadhyay, B., Deans, K. A., Kesson, C. M., Jendrike, N., Buck, H., Abicht, A., Haug, C., Freckmann, G., Warren, R. E., Sommerfield, A. J., Allen, K. V., Deary, I. J., Frier, B. M., Hoi-Hansen, T., Wu, A., Holtman, V., Plaschke, A. J., Tenberken, O., Maurer, H. H., Al-Zakwani, I., Bullano, M. F., Baron, J. J., Willey, V. J., Nattrass, M., Kurtzhals, P., Colding-Jorgensen, M., Riddle, M., Massi-Benedetti, M., Murray, F., Lin, Z., Kolendorf, K., Prasek, M., Philotheou, A., Javashvili, L., Virsaladze, D., Kajaia, N., Raposo, J. F., Pratas, S., Fernandes, C., Valadas, C., Duarte, R., Gardete-Correia, L., Boavida, J., Locatelli, M., Patera, I. P., Bottazzo, G. F., Hadjidakis, D., Mylonakis, A., Raptis, A., Papaefstathiou, A., Hedman, C. A., Frystyk, J., Fridell, K., Jonsson, A., Lindstrom, T., Saito, M., Eto, M., Kaku, K., Stotzka, M., Stein, G., Prince, M. J., Kulzer, B., Scholze, A., Hermanns, N., Kubiak, T., Starostina, E. G., Shavrikova, E. P., Furuhashi, N., Hirose, T., Kuroda, M., Kimura, M., Ishizawa, M., Sarui, H., Takeda, N., Furuta, T., Drewelow, S., Lindloh, C., Paddison, C. A. M., Faimalie, M., Flett, R. A., Micheletti, S., Perelli Cippo, P., Mantovani, L. G., Su, M., Trento, M., Bajardi, M., Passera, P., Miselli, V., Tomalino, M., Borgo, E., Cavallo, F., Porta, M., Miclea, S., Bogatean, M., Hancu, N. D., Leppert, K., Rittmeier, H., Hancu, N., Mchorney, C., Myers, J., Reinecker, H., Meier, J. J., Gallwitz, B., Askenas, M., Vollmer, K., Schmidt, W. E., Kyrou, I., Souvatzoglou, E., Cseh, K., Baranyi, E., Kaszas, E., Szocs, A., Melczer, Z., Sikter, M., Szenthe, P., Hajos, P., Pogatsa, G., Winkler, G., Pardo, I. C. G., Barros-Filho, A. A., Jahan, S., Huq, F., Biswas, K. B., Chowdhury, T. A., Khan, A. R., Ritterath, C., Talai Rad, N., Siegmund, T., Heinze, T., Henrich, W., Siebert, G., Dudenhausen, J., Buhling, K., Kautzky-Willer, A., Mustafa, S., Winzer, C., Vukovich, T., Shaat, N., Ekelund, M., Lernmark, A., Ivarsson, S., Zmudzinska, M., Bronisz, A., Pufal, M., Junik, R., Beran, D. H., Toledano, Y., Giveon, S., Kahan, E., Aycheh, S., Guttman, N., Jaffe, A., Alberti, H., Boudriga, N., Nabli, M., Jaiveer, S., Jaiveer, P. K., Lee, J. D., Shaikh, S., Gopinath, A., Morrissey, J. R., Patel, V., Lenz, M., Dvoynishnikova, O. M., Mayorov, A. Y., Galstyan, G. R., Antsiferov, M. B., Dedov, I. I., Rybarczyk, M., Scalone, L., Palmer, A. J., Morgutti, M., Valentine, W. J., Renaudin, C., Roze, S., Morsanutto, A., Berto, P., Lopatriello, S., Voinovich, D., Gelisio, R., Brandie, M., Russ, W., Greiner, R. A., Rubio Terres, C., Pablos, P., Smith, I. C., Wittrup-Jensen, K., Morgan, C. L., Tsutskiridze, L., Haag, B., Delbuono, B., Silva, C., Fox, A., Padilla, V., Naraine, K., Cypryk, K., Szymczak, W., Szosland, K., Sobczak, M., Zawodniak-Szalapska, M., Lewinski, A., Schvarcz, E., Lindqvist, A., Stenninger, E., Ostlund, I., Aman, J., Lapolla, A., Dalfra, M., Di Benedetto, A., Dolci, M., Franzetti, I., Masotti, M., Napoli, A., Salietti, G., Santini, C., Tortul, C., Di Cianni, G., Popow, C., Waldhor, T., Horn, W., Biermann, E., Rihl, J., Riedl, M., Kastner, P., Kollmann, A., Pusch, W., Schreier, G., Hearnshaw, H. M., Lowe, P., Griffiths, F. E., Stapperfend, M. C., Baehring, T. U., Cosson, E., Benchimol, M., Carbillon, L., Paries, J., Lormeau, B., Valensi, P., Pharisien, I., Tourel, E., Uzan, M., Attali, J-R, Zabarovskaya, Z. V., Mulyarchik, O. V., Shepelkevich, A. P., Barsukov, A. N., Guseva, T. K., Begum, K., Haque, L., Bokor, A., Rigo, J., Garamvolgyi, Z., Pusztai, P., Somogyi, A., Hanson, U., Nystrom, L., Blohmo, G., Ekbom-Schnell, A., Ostman, J., Persson, B., Parretti, E., Cioni, R., Marzari, C., Masin, M., Scarselli, G., Mello, G., Seghieri, G., Bellis, A., Anichini, R., Alviggi, L., Franconi, F., Breschi, C. M., Dworacka, M., Wender-Ozegowska, E., Winiarska, H., Macugowska, M., Zawiejska, A., Bobkiewicz-Kozlowska, T., Pietryga, M., Brazert, J., Bousboulas, S., Politakis, P., Papadimitriou, P., Lyu, R., Yin, D. D., Green, A., Kristensen, J. K., Rodriguez-Saldana, J., Clark, C. M. Jr, Morales Teresa, M., Escorza-Dominguez, A. B., Ortiz-Gress, A. A., Monroy-Mayorga, A., Mejia-Pedraza, B. J., Seeliger, S., Kaiser, J., Muller, E., Maxion-Bergemann, S., Bergemann, R., Goertz, A., Shearer, A., Bagust, A., Schoeffski, O., Mayorov, A., Shestakova, M., Antsiferov, M., Balabolkin, M., Chugunova, L., Shamkhalova, M., Zaytseva, N., Naumenkova, I., Brevnova, N., Dedov, I., Tsibina, L., Rosak, C., Petzoldt, R., Stammer, H., Dehmel, B., Seidel, D. K., Roth, W., Fennenkotter, U., Gottschall, V., Kanatsuka, A., Lauenborg, J., Mathiesen, E., Hornnes, P., Wagner, O. F., Zajdenverg, L., Halfoun, V. L. C., Oliveira, J. E. P., Lencioni, C., Volpe, L., Chatzianagnostou, K., Cuccuru, I., Ghio, A., Pardini, E., Salvadorini, M., Saltiki, A., Korakovouni, A., Stavrianos, H., Zapanti, E., Antsaklis, A., Pithova, P., Sporna, M., Bustani, R., Todd, D. M., Lawrence, I., Guerrero, R., Vazquez, M., Amaya, M., Dios, E., Quijada, D., Garcia-Hernandez, N., Astorga, R., Gandhi, R. A., Jayawarna, C., Fernando, D. J. S., Hill, R. P., Lloyd-Mostyn, R. H., Thomson, G. A., Rewers, A., Bothner, J., Klingensmith, G., Sysoyeva, O., Karlovich, N., Rankins, D., Wellard, M., Werther, G., Northam, E., Kordonouri, O., Haberland, H., Hauschild, M., Kapellen, T., Kraft, V., Wiemann, D., Lange, K., Witte, D. R., Fuller, J. H., Eurodiab Pcs, Group, Laude, D., Dabire, H., Hadj Brahim, F., Papanas, N., Papatheodorou, K., Christakidis, D., Papazoglou, D., Giassakis, G., Piperidou, H., Monastiriotis, H., Maltezos, E., Barrett, C., Serghides, H., Tindali, H., Kelly, F., Chiheb, S., Chen, Q., Brahimi, M., Cynober, L., Delaporte, C., Scionti, L., Conti, M., Vermigli, C., Galimberti, G., Cazzetta, G., Bosi, E., Sugimoto, K., Shoji, M., Yasujima, M., Suda, T., Yagihashi, S., Mabley, J., Zsengeller, Z., Charniauskaya, T., Abatan, O. I., Kimura, I., Tsuneki, H., Hara, S., Sasaki, K., Nangle, M. R., Gibson, T. M., Yorek, M. A., Hirooka, H., Stevens, M. J., Tarhzaoui, K., Cohen-Boulakia, F., Smith, G., Lestrade, R., Behar, A., Komori, H., Oi, K., Takahashi, D., Kunitou, T., Moroi, M., Philips, J-C, Marchand, M., Geronooz, I., Scheen, A. J., Gambardella, S., Ciampittiello, G., Bracaglia, D., Cicconetti, E., Gigli, F., Verri, C., Baroni, A., Frontoni, S., Szabo, M., German, M., Farkas, L., Szentendrei, D., Maiello, M. R., Mandica, S., Morganti, R., Menzinger, G., Bernardi, L., Aso, Y., Wakabayashi, S., Takebayashi, K., Takemura, Y., Inukai, T., Kalter-Leibovici, O., Lifshitz, A., Yerushalmy, Y., Stern, E., Ogawa, K., Nanjo, K., Kawamori, R., Katayama, S., Shirai, M., Fonseca, V., Seftel, A., Denne, J., Fredlund, P., Buvat, J., Schmitt, H., Ahlen, H., Varanese, L., Lips, J., Hoekstra, J. B. L., Banga, J-D, Legros, J-J, Lufuma, M., Bouter, K. P., Fan, L. F., Lu, J. M., Zheng, Y. G., Zhang, X. Q., Spruce, M. C., Jones, C., Coppini, D. V., Lavery, L. A., Holtz-Neiderer, K., Mohler, M. J., Wendel, C. S., Nixon, B. P., Jurado, J., Bataller, F., Dorca, A., Garcia, F., Brossa, N., Barnera, T., Pou Torello, J. M., Bregovski, V. B., Karpova, I. A., Hedetoft, C., Rasmussen, A., Fabrin, J., Driver, V. R., Thoms, T. L., Jeffcoate, W. J., Monaghan, J., Game, F. L., Dalla Noce, S., Cimmino, M., Caruso, S., Manes, C., Mikoudi, K., Sossidou, E., Pigas, G., Karagianni, D., Skoutas, D., Fotiadis, S., Pruna, S., Eroshkin, I. A., Vasiljev, Y. G., Udovichenko, O. V., Udovichenko, A. E., Bondarenko, O. N., Dang, C. N., Prasad, Y. D. M., Anwar, R., Thomas, G., Malik, R., Lobmann, R., Motzkau, M., Pittasch, D., Lehnert, H., Piaggesi, A., Marsocci, A., Fanara, M. G., Rizzo, L., Palumbo, F., Campi, F., Tedeschi, A., Scatena, A., Goretti, C., Baicchi, U., Chipchase, S., Treece, K., Pound, N., Hill, N. R., Cyganek, K., Mirkiewicz-Sieradzka, B., Malecki, M., Wolkow, P., Skupien, J., Naskalska, A., Sieradzki, J., Tapp, R. J., Tonkin, A. M., Harper, A., Mccarty, D. J., Soderberg, S., Taylor, H. R., Chitson, P., Alberti, G. K. M., Sheetz, M. J., Aiello, L. P., Davis, M. D., Milton, R. C., Arora, V., Hu, K., Girach, A., Vignati, L., Tyrberg, M., Melander, A., Lindblad, U., Giannarelli, R., Coppelli, A., Sartini, M., Aragona, M., Fletcher, E. L., Ninkovic, S., Foster, L. E., Jones, D., Gooyer, T., Stitt, A., Vingrys, A. J., Wilkinson-Berka, J. L., Lewandowska, A. B., Randeva, H. S., Komorowski, J., Lewandowski, K. C., Jurowski, P., Sankar, S., Gos, R., Kowluru, R. A., Odenbach, S., Shinn, S., Oh, Y-S, Kim, J., Agardh, C-D, Hultberg, B., Agardh, E., Segura, R. M., Fonollosa, A., Berrone, E., Beltramo, E., Solimine, C., Ubertalli, A., Islam, N., Esteve, E., Fernandez, M., Recas, I., Mauri, S., Biarnes, F., Junca, E., Fernadez-Real, J., Rossner, S., Stenlof, K., Levy, B., Perry, B., Fitchet, M., Chrysos, G., Kamaratos, A., Lepeniotis, G., Kokkoris, S., Varytimiadis, K., Stasini, F., Mikros, S., Gianneli, D., Tryfinopoulou, K., Melidonis, A., Nikolopoulou, C., Harley, K., Ryder, R., De, P, Vannieuwenhoven, F. A., Rossing, K., Oliver, N., Goldschmeding, R., Jacobsen, P. K., Tan, F., Liew, S., Mukherjee, J. J., Lim, P., Frojdo, S., Sjolind, L., Parkkonen, M., Makinen, V., Tikellis, C., Nieuwenhoven, F. A. V., Macisaac, R. J., Tsalamandris, C., Mcneil, K. J., Panaiotopoulos, S., Smith, T. J., Ho, M., Matthews, P. G., Jerums, G., Hut, H., Den Meiracker, A. H., Nakhjavani, M., Behjati, J., Esteghamati, A., Esfahanian, F., Aghamohamadzadeh, N., Abbasi, M., Kohnert, K-D, Zander, E., Krabbe, S., Stehouwer, C. D., Schalkwijk, C. G., Saraheimo, M. T., Krarup Hansen, T., Teppo, A-M, Ebeling, P., Hansen, B. V., Abdella, N. A., Mojiminiyi, O. A., Al Dahi, W. A., Al Mohammedi, H., Al Jebely, S., Neugebauer-Baba, S., Baba, T., Ohashi, H., Nakajima, S., Hesselmann, C., Watanabe, T., Nargis, M., Zaid, R. B., Voronko, O. E., Shestakova, M. V., Shamkhalova, M. S., Tchugunova, L. A., Vikulova, O. K., Nosikov, V. V., Liu, L., Zheng, T., Li, M., Zhang, R., Xiang, K., Hadjadj, S., Jeunemaitre, X., Vervoort, G., Veldman, B., Berden, J., Wetzels, J., Singh, B. M., Holland, M. R., Baskar, V., Oh, J., Seo, J., Choi, K., Baik, S., Choi, D., Kim, N., Matsumoto, S., Suetsugu, M., Matsutomo, R., Pisarczyk-Wiza, D., Banaszak, A., Wysocki, H., Usui, H., Shikata, K., Okada, S., Ogawa, D., Yozai, K., Kido, Y., Nagase, R., Ohga, S., Tone, A., Sasaki, M., Wada, J., Unno, Y., Horiuchi, S., Mclennan, S. V., Kamarinos, M., Kelly, D., Waltham, M., Dy, V., Yue, D., Langham, R., Gilbert, R., Zdychova, J., Komers, R., Cresci, B., Giannini, S., Manuelli, C., Giunti, S., Pinach, S., Ianni Palarchio, A., Arnaldi, L., Vittone, F., Camussi, G., Cavallo Perin, P., Gruden, G., Marshall, S. M., Jones, S. E., White, K. E., Brizzi, M., Dentelli, P., Rosso, A., Calvi, C., Gambino, R., Cassader, M., Salvidio, G., Deferrari, G., Pegoraro, L., Pagano, G., Cavallo-Perin, P., Oates, R., Ellery, C., Beebe, D., Coutcher, J., Qian, Y-Z, Lowe, V., Appleton, T., Raunig, D., O Neil, S., Mylari, B., Amazonas, R. B., Fujita, A., Doi, A., Matsuno, S., Okamoto, K., Matsumoto, E., Furuta, H., Nishi, M., Tsuno, T., Taniguchi, H., Bessho, H., Wasen, E., Isoaho, R., Mattila, K., Vahlberg, T., Kivela, S-L, Irjala, K., Rigalleau, V., Lasseur, C., Perlemoine, C., Barthes, N., Raffaitin, C., Chauveau, P., Combe, C., Baillet-Blanco, L., Beauvieux, M-C, Gin, H., Heinrich, S., Steiner, T., Ott, U., Holdass, H., Fellstrom, B., Jardine, A., Staffler, B., Logan, J. O., Gimpelewicz, C., Stanciu, C. C., Pena, C. M., Serafinceanu, C. C., Gonzalez-Posada, J. M., Hernandez, D., Perez-Tamajo, L., Lo, A. J., Herna Alarco, M., Meneses, M., Barsotti, M., Rizzo, G., Schmauss, S., Havrdova, T., Saudek, F., Boucek, P., Adamec, M., Invitti, C., Gilardini, L., Parati, G., Mazzilli, G., Pontiggia, B., Sartorio, A., Lutgers, H. L., Groenier, K. H., Zasadzinska, G., Saryusz-Wolska, M., Temelkova-Kurktschiev, T. S., Kurktschiev, D. P., Majdrakova, I., Varbanova, T., Todorova, B., Bajo-Martinez, A., Bernal, E., Sanchez, O., Ugalde-Canitrot, A., Sanchez-Largo, E., Coca-Robinot, D., Fabregate, R., Calbacho, M., Marquez, J., Saban-Ruiz, J., Penesova, A., Cizmarova, E., Blazicek, P., Jongh, R. T., Serne, E. H., Ijzerman, R. G., Vries, G., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Poulsen, P. L., Andersen, N. H., Knudsen, S. T., Helleberg, K., Mogensen, C. E., Walus, M., Idzior-Walus, B., Sztefko, K., Cieslik, G., Fedak, D., Wozniakiewicz, E., Lin, S. D., Guo, M. Y., Lin, C. J., Liu, X. C., Francisco, M-M J., Rodriguez-Rosas, H., Peiro-Martinez, I., Macias-Batista, A., Harte, A. L., Rodriguez-Cuenca, S., Valsamakis, G., Chetty, R., Anderson, L. A., Roca, P., Matyka, K., Lasalle, J., Hershon, K., Berman, L., Gibson, E., Gillen, D., Maroni, J., Simmons, D., Hiukka, A., Forder, P., Leinonen, E., Hilden, H., Fruchart, J., Fruchart, J-C, Keech, A., Farnier, M., Freeman, M., Macdonell, G., Perevozskaya, I., Mitchel, Y., Gumbiner, B., Didangelos, T. P., Athyros, V. G., Mikhailidis, D. P., Papageorgiou, A. A., Bouloukos, V. I., Pehlivanidis, A. N., Symeonidis, A. N., Elisaf, M., Mckenney, J., Insull, W. Jr, Lewin, A., Maccubbin, D., Lee, M., Kush, D., Schuster, H., Barter, P. J., Stender, S., Cheung, R. C., Bonnet, J., Morrell, J. M., Watkins, C., Kallend, D., Stalenhoef, A. F. H., Ballantyne, C. M., Murin, J., Tonstad, S., Rose, H., Wilpshaar, W., Jenkins, A., Karschimkus, C., Dragicevic, G., Rowley, K., Wolthers, T., Best, J. D., Voet, B., Murdoch, S. J., Marcovina, S. M., Chen, H. C., Brunzell, J. D., Caparevic, Z. V., Kostic, N. D., Ilic, S. M., Sartore, G., Piarulli, F., Cantaro, S., Reitano, R., Fiore, C., Marin, R., Bassan, S., Manzato, E., Fedele, D., Solini, A., Santini, E., Thornalley, P. J., Babaei-Jadidi, R., Karachalias, N., Kupich, C., Ahmed, N., Fowler, A. E., Baker, A. R., Starczynski, J., O Hare, P., Szepietowska, B., Szelachowska, M., Puch, U., Glebocka, A., Quinn, D. W., Da Silva, N. F., Mcternan, C. L., Bonser, R. S., Mcternan, P., Dimitriou, K., Apostolou, O., Kontela, E., Devangelio, E., Gould, E. M., Serri, O., Roussin, A., Buithieu, J., Mamputu, J-C, Renier, G., Giordanetti, S., Amici, E., Poggi, G., Turpini, C., Fratino, P., Garzaniti, A., Yin, D., Banu, I., Roman, G., Negrean, M., Bala, C. G., Nita, C., Kistorp, C., Gustafsson, F., Chong, A., Lip, G., Galatius, S., Shearer, A. T., Ari, N., Sahilli, M., Ceylan-Isik, A., Ozansoy, G., Karasu-Yilmaz, C., Matteucci, E., Rosada, J., Pallini, M., Evangelista, I., Cassetti, G., Giusti, C., Giampietro, O., Capaldo, B., Galderisi, M., Cicala, S., Turco, A., Imbroinise, A., Nosso, G., D Errico, A., Divitiis, O., Klimontov, V. V., Korolyova, E. A., Jeltova, L. I., Bondar, I. A., Tarkun, I., Arslan, B., Canturk, Z., Tarkun, P., Agacdiken, A., Komsuoglu, B., Meneveau, N., Pierre-Justin, E., Alsayed, M., Sabbah, R., Paulin, S., Marcu, S., Tauveron, I., Zimmermann, C., Schiele, F., Seronde, M-E, Vautrin, P., Lusson, J-R, Thieblot, P., Bernard, Y., Mistry, A., Pye, M. P., Peovska, I., Maksimovic Pavlovic, J., Vavlukis, M., Pop Gorceva, D., Bosevski, M., Scognamiglio, R., Negut, C., Kreutzenberg, S., Madonna, R., Caterina, R., Willerson, J. T., Geng, Y-J, Vahsen, S., Ledwig, D., Ramrath, S., Frantz, S., Schmidt, I., Calvillo, L., Dienesch, C., Elbing, I., Bischoff, H., Ertl, G., Bauersachs, J., Davydov, A. L., Mkrtum Yan, A. M., Baranova, L. Y., Ikeda, Y., Suehiro, T., Osaki, F., Ota, K., Arii, K., Kumon, Y., Hashimoto, K., Doney, A. S. F., Fischer, B., Morris, A. D., Palmer, C. N. A., Ahn, Y-M, Lee, B-C, Kim, S-I, Byun, S-H, Ahn, S-Y, Doo, H-K, Pagnin, E., Calo, L. A., Fadini, G., Kubaszek, A., Chai, S., Chai, Q., Rasmussen, L., Ledet, T., Wogensen, L., Lengyel, C., Varro, A., Virag, L., Magyar, J., Biro, T., Jost, N., Skoumal, R., Nanasi, P., Toth, M., Horkay, F., Papp, J. G., Zacharopoulou, O., Athanaselis, S., Tsokos, N., Doupis, J., Psallas, M., Cokkinos, D., Pavlatos, S., Liatis, S., Akhobadze, T., Dzneladze, L., Samarguliani, I., Taskiran, M., Rasmussen, V., Rasmussen, B., Jensen, G. B., Fisher, A. A., Petrovsky, N., Davis, M. W., Srikusalanukul, W., Budge, M. M., Trifunovic-Zamaklar, D. D., Zivkovic, M., Jelic, V., Vukomanovic, G., Ristic, A. D., Seferovic, P. M., Costa, J. V., Duarte, S., Manley, S. E., Sailesh, S., Venkataraman, A., Haider, Y., Groza, I., Oprean, M., Ardelean, A., Morosanu, A., Darkow, T., Vanderplas, A., Mamas, M. A., Mcelduff, P., Burns, J., Edwards, R., Fitchet, A., Young, R. J., Gibson, J. M., New, J. P., Lichiardopol, R., Niculescu, N., Totora, A., Pencea, C., Tomescu, I., Cinteza, M., Manicardi, V., Coscelli, C., Navazio, A., Catellani, E., Michelini, M., Dall Asta, D., Guberti, A., Piazza, A., Gasparini, E., Pantaleoni, M., Guiducci, U., Manari, A., Sejil, S., Janand-Delenne, B., Avierinos, J-F, Habib, G., Labastie, N., Vague, P., Lassmann-Vague, V., Luzniak, P., Wojciechowska Luzniak, A., Zairis, M., Lyras, A., Patsourakos, N., Tsirimbis, V., Foussas, S., Lupon, J., Urrutia, A., Herreros, J., Gonzalez, B., Coll, R., Altimir, S., Prats, M., Valle, V., Abreu-Padi, C., Rabago, G., Ivanova, L. A., Brasacchio, D., Calkin, A., Jandeleit-Dahm, K. A., Harno, E., Keenan, A. K., Li, H. L., Yu, Y. R., Lu, Z. M., Zhang, X. E., Ke, L., Liu, H., Zhang, X. X., Jeong, I-K, Chae, M-K, Choi, M-H, Yoo, H-J, Kim, C. D., Yun, M. R., Na, M. A., Kang, Y. H., Kong, O. N., Son, S. M., Kim, I. J., Kim, Y. K., Tanaka, N., Hosoi, M., Matsuyama, Y., Fukumoto, M., Yamakita, T., Yoshioka, K., Ishii, T., Sato, T., Fujii, S., Aoki, T., Shibata, T., Mizutani, N., Suzuki, J-Y, Fowelin, J. H. R., Samuelsson, P., Brandrup-Wogsen, G., Okumura, K., Tokmakova, A. Y., Staroverova, D. N., Antcieferov, M. B., Shutichina, I. V., Kuntchevich, G. I., Vriesendorp, T. M., Morelis, Q. J., Legemate, D. A., Schaper, F., Mainas, E. I., Gkioulmpasanis, I., Panagiotou, I., Vassilikos, G., Skorda, L., Sidira, M., Christoforidou, M., Alaveras, A., Artikis, V., Evdemon, E., Lechleitner, M., Koch, T., Ebenbichler, C., Sturm, W., Moretti, L., Moruzzo, D., Boldrini, E., Pandolfo, C., Kameyama, M., Iwasa, R., Cho, M-H, Nam, J-Y, Kim, C-S, Kim, D-M, Ahn, C-W, Cha, B-S, Lim, S-K, Kim, K-R, Lee, H-C, Huh, K-B, Kaplar, M., Paragh, G., Erdei, A., Csongradi, E., Garai, I., Varga, J., Galuska, L., Udvardy, M., Higa, M., Kaneko, Y., Hiroi, N., Koziarska, D., Nowacki, P., Majkowska, L., Wojciechowska-Luzniak, A., Tushuizen, M. E., Nieuwland, R., Snoeck, D. P., Sturk, A., Diamant, M., Aguiar, L. G. K., Bahia, L., Villela, N., Laflor, C., Conde, C., Bottino, D., Dorigo, D., Bouskela, E., Pu, S., Yu, H. L., Luo, Z. T., Lam, K. S. L., Dan, Q., Xu, A., Shen, J., Cheng, K., Xu, J. Y. U., Thamer, C., Stefan, N., Haap, M., Heller, E., Tschritter, O., Prado, A., Ortiz, A., Ybarra, J., Gich, I., Pou, J. M., Ehren, M., Meyer, M. F., Roggenland, D., Reinsen, B., Klein, H. H., Rittig, K., Stock, J., Kocher, B., Balletshofer, B., Lee, J., Shon, H. S., Chung, D. S., Nakatani, Y., Matsuhisa, M., Kaneto, H., Hatazaki, M., Yoshiuchi, K., Katakami, N., Kawamori, D., Ohtoshi, K., Sakamoto, K., Matsuoka, T-A, Ozawa, K., Ogawa, S., Hori, M., Yamasaki, Y., Zitouni, K., Harry, D., Nourooz-Zadeh, J., Betteridge, J. D., Earle, K. A., Rasmussen, L. M., Olesen, P., Franco, L., Corvaja, C., Semplicini, A., Rosen, P., Lee, I-K, Kim, M-J, Park, K-G, Jung, E-D, Shin, D-W, Jo, S-R, Obuobie, K., Prakash, P. K., Hanna, F. W., Evans, M., Lazarus, J., Varadhan, L., Gurushankar, J., James, D., Sheikh, S., Gaede, P., Li, H., Zou, D., Lee, S. J., Choi, M. G., Kim, D. S., Kim, T. W., Vilarrasa, N., Perez-Maraver, M., Mena, E., Perez, D., Setti, G., Buckingham, R., Urbancic, V., Stefanovska, A., Bernjak, A., Azman-Juvan, K., Kocijancic, A., Glowania, A., Filters, T. S., Fosmark, D. S., Torjesen, P. A., Kilhovd, B., Berg, T. J., Sandvik, L., Hanssen, K. F., Mentink, C. J. A., Kilhovd, B. K., Kuchmerovska, T. M., Shymanskyy, I. O., Donchenko, G. V., Stepanenko, S. P., Klimenko, A. P., Park, J., Maingrette, F., Deng, H. C., Lindenmair, A., Waldhausl, W. K., Freudenthaler, A., Baumgartner-Parzer, S. M., Nizheradze, K., Khoruzhenko, A., Tronko, N., Sheu, W. H. H., Ou, H-C, Shen, H-M, Lin, T-M, Wu, H-S, Yang, C-H, Mogylnytska, L., Mankovsky, B., Schmoelzer, I., Davies, J. I., Band, M., Morris, A., Struthers, A. D., Prazny, M., Skrha, J., Kasalova, Z., Neelotpol, S., Jahan, P., Kauschke, S. G., Harrop, C. A., Schafer, A., Widder, J., Eigenthaler, M., Walter, U., Uchimura, I., Ikebukuro, M., Kaibara, M., Hirata, M., Helal, R., Pervin, F., Khan, A. K. A., Yang, X., Jansson, P-A, Nagaev, I., Jack, M. M., Carvalho, E., Sunnerhagen, K. Stibrant, Cam, M. C., Cushman, S. W., Smith, U., Creely, S. J., Farmer, J., Creely, S., Gustafson, B., Kusminski, C. M., Krusinova, E., Wohl, P., Klementova, M., Lanska, V., Mcdougall, C., Thomas, S. J., Kelly, I., Abbas, Z. G., Lutale, J. K., Archibald, L. K., Karunajeewa, H., Stingemore, N., Stuccio, G., Mcgechie, D., Muller, L. M. A., Hak, E., Goudzwaard, W. L., Montorsi, F., Homering, M., Sprenger, K., Goldstein, I., Asnaghi, V., Ferrari, G., Rastaldi, M., Gabellini, D., Antonio, G., Maestroni, A., Ruggieri, D., Luzi, L., Piemonti, L., Zerbini, G., Anafaroglu, I., Tutuncu, N. B., Sultana, M., Siddiqua, N., Iwasaki, T., Nakajima, A., Yoneda, M., Mukasa, K., Tanaka, S., and Sekihara, H.
60. Acetate causes endothelium-independent increases in cyclic AMP in rat caudal artery
- Author
-
Daugirdas, J. T., primary, Swanson, V., additional, Islam, S., additional, Nutting, C., additional, Kim, D. D., additional, Wang, X. A., additional, and Fiscus, R. R., additional
- Published
- 1988
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
61. Dual-controlled transdermal delivery of levonorgestrel and estradiol: enhanced permeation and modulated delivery
- Author
-
Chen, G.-S., Kim, D.-D., and Chien, Y. W.
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
62. Generating pedestrian training dataset using DCGAN
- Author
-
Yunseong Kim, Kwang Nam Choi, Hyun Chul Song, Muhammad Tanseef Shahid, Daeun Kim, Francesco Piccialli, Wonjun Lee, Kim, D. D., Shahid, M. T., Kim, Y., Lee, W. J., Song, H. C., Piccialli, F., and Choi, K. N.
- Subjects
Image generation ,Training set ,business.industry ,Computer science ,Process (engineering) ,Pedestrian detection ,ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION ,Training (meteorology) ,Pedestrian ,Machine learning ,computer.software_genre ,Convolutional neural network ,Task (project management) ,Deep Convolutional GAN ,Generative Adversarial Network ,Image Generation ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,computer ,Dataset - Abstract
Recently, as autonomous cars are developing very fast, it is the most crucial task to detect pedestrians for autonomous driving. Convolution neural network based on pedestrian detection models has gained enormous success in many applications. However, these models need a large amount of annotated and labeled datasets for training process which requires lots of time and human effort. For training samples, the diversity and quantity of datasets are very important. The proposed framework is based on Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks (DCGAN), able to generate realistic pedestrians. Experimental results show that DCGAN framework is able to synthesize real pedestrian images with diversity. The synthesized samples can be included in training data to improve the performance of pedestrian detectors. 24,770 images including PETA dataset, Inria dataset were used for the training process.
- Published
- 2019
63. Integrating Palliative Care Into Physiatric Care: Perspective of the Association of Academic Physiatrists Physiatry Palliative Care Task Force.
- Author
-
Tolchin DW, Kaplan NM, Smith SR, Barker KDD, and Cheville AL
- Subjects
- Humans, Palliative Care, Physiatrists, Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
- Abstract
Abstract: There are opportunities for physiatrists to apply a palliative care lens within clinical encounters across rehabilitation settings. The expanding population of patients with serious illness and injury cared for by physiatrists and the anticipated shortage of specialty palliative care clinicians make it important that physiatrists hone and apply basic palliative care skills as part of comprehensive physiatric care. In this article, four clinical vignettes highlight relevant palliative care communication skills and demonstrate the value of integrating these skills within physiatry encounters. Resources to support physiatrists in applying basic palliative skills are provided throughout., Competing Interests: Financial disclosure statements have been obtained, and no conflicts of interest have been reported by the authors or by any individuals in control of the content of this article., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
64. A comparison of the effects of clozapine and its metabolite norclozapine on metabolic dysregulation in rodent models.
- Author
-
Yuen JWY, Wu C, Wang CK, Kim DD, Procyshyn RM, Honer WG, and Barr AM
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Insulin Resistance, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Antipsychotic Agents administration & dosage, Clozapine administration & dosage, Clozapine analogs & derivatives, Glucose metabolism, Insulin metabolism
- Abstract
Rationale: The second generation antipsychotic drug clozapine is a psychotherapeutic agent with superior efficacy for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Clozapine is associated with a low likelihood of neurological side-effects, but a high propensity to induce weight gain and metabolic dysregulation. The primary metabolite of clozapine is norclozapine (N-Desmethylclozapine), which has psychoactive properties itself, but its effects on metabolic function remains unknown. The goal of the present study was to determine whether directly administered norclozapine could cause metabolic dysregulation, similar to clozapine., Methods: Adult female rats were treated with a range of doses of clozapine and norclozapine (0.5, 2, 8 & 20 mg/kg, i.p.) and then subjected to the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IGTT), where glucose levels were recorded for 2 h following a glucose challenge. In parallel, rats were tested with two doses of clozapine and norclozapine (2 & 20 mg/kg, i.p.) in the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HIEC), to measure whole body insulin resistance., Results: In the IGTT, clozapine demonstrated dose-dependent effects on fasting glucose levels and total glucose area-under-the-curve following the glucose challenge, with the two highest doses strongly increasing glucose levels. Only the highest dose of norclozapine increased fasting glucose levels, and caused a non-significant increase in glucose levels following the challenge. By contrast, both doses of clozapine and norclozapine caused a potent and long-lasting decrease in the glucose infusion rate in the HIEC, indicating that both compounds cause whole body insulin resistance., Abstract: While not as potent as its parent compound, norclozapine clearly exerts acute metabolic effects, particularly on insulin resistance. This article is part of the issue entitled 'Special Issue on Antipsychotics'., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
65. Image Gallery: Cerebral and subcutaneous sparganosis.
- Author
-
Adler BL, Kim GH, and Kim DD
- Subjects
- Humans, Subcutaneous Tissue, Sparganosis diagnosis
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
66. Effect of soil pH on as hyperaccumulation capacity in fern species, Pityrogramma calomelanos.
- Author
-
Anh BT, Kim DD, Kuschk P, Tua TV, Hue NT, and Minh NN
- Subjects
- Arsenic chemistry, Biodegradation, Environmental, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Mining, Arsenic metabolism, Ferns metabolism, Soil chemistry
- Abstract
Arsenic uptake by hyperaccumulator plant species depends on many different environmental factors. Soil pH is one of the most important factors due to its combined effect on both chemical and biological processes. In greenhouse experiment, the effect of pH (within the pH range 3.6 - 8.9) on As uptake as well as biomass of Pityrogramma calomelanos was evaluated. The plants were grown in mining soil containing 645.6 mg As kg(-1) for 14 weeks. Within this time, the plant biomass growth was 3.78 - 8.64 g d. wt. per plant and the removal amounted 6.3-18.4 mg As per plant. Translocation factor (ratio of As in fronds to roots) of the fern was 3.6 - 9.7, indicating its potential in phytoremediation of As contaminated soil. Influence of pH on As bioavailability was visible as the available As concentration was higher in acidic soil compared to alkaline soil. Furthermore, it was found that As accumulation by Pityrogramma calomelanos was optimum in the soil of pH 3.6. Nevertheless, the results of this study demonstrate that remediation of As-contaminated mining soils, by this fern, can be improved by changing the soil pH from 4.6 to 6.8.
- Published
- 2013
67. The effect of protein and calorie intake on prealbumin, complications, length of stay, and function in the acute rehabilitation inpatient with stroke.
- Author
-
Pellicane AJ, Millis SR, Barker KD, Temme KE, Sayyad A, Oswald MC, and Roth EJ
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, C-Reactive Protein, Disability Evaluation, Female, Humans, Inpatients, Male, Middle Aged, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Stroke Rehabilitation, Treatment Outcome, Energy Intake physiology, Length of Stay, Prealbumin metabolism, Proteins metabolism, Stroke diet therapy, Stroke metabolism
- Abstract
Background: Nutrition's impact on stroke rehabilitation outcomes is controversial. Existing studies utilize albumin without correcting for inflammation in nutritional assessments. Here, prealbumin was used and inflammation assessed to determine if nutrition impacts rehabilitation outcomes., Objective: Determine the effect of dietary intake on prealbumin level, number of complications, length of stay, and Functional Independence Measure (FIM) efficiency in rehabilitation stroke inpatients., Methods: Patients had admission and discharge prealbumin and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels drawn; and, weekly protein and calorie counts obtained. Patients were followed for number of complications, length of stay, and FIM efficiency., Results: Mean protein and calorie intake was 57.6 ± 16.2 g/d and 1452.2 ± 435.8 kcal/d, respectively. 77.6% of patients had normal prealbumin on admission with 94.9% on discharge. Prealbumin increased significantly from admission to discharge (22.3 ± 6.2 mg/dL vs. 24.6 mg/dL ± 5.1 mg/dL, P = 0.007). Number of complications and length of stay were predicted by CRP in regression models. Total, motor, and cognitive FIM efficiencies were not universally affected by prealbumin levels, protein intake, or calorie intake., Conclusions: Nearly all hypoprealbuminemic stroke rehabilitation inpatients correct their levels eating a non-supplemented diet. Number of complications, length of stay, and functional outcomes in this patient are not affected by prealbumin levels, protein intake, or calorie intake.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
68. Variations in the course of the hypoglossal nerve: a case report and literature review.
- Author
-
Kim DD, Caccamese JF Jr, and Ord RA
- Subjects
- Dissection, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Neck anatomy & histology, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell surgery, Hypoglossal Nerve anatomy & histology, Jugular Veins anatomy & histology, Neck surgery, Tongue Neoplasms surgery
- Abstract
The extracranial hypoglossal nerve has a well described course as it traverses the neck, and is frequently identified during neck dissection, carotid endarterectomy and other procedures involving the deep spaces of the neck. A case is presented which demonstrates aberrancy of its anatomic position. Variations of its course are well documented, however none have demonstrated a course lateral to the internal jugular vein. This serves to alert the surgeon to be mindful of such atypical presentations as the consequences of iatrogenic injury to such structures may be significant.
- Published
- 2003
69. Influence of temperature and pH on the stability of dimethoxy biphenyl monocarboxylate HCl solutions.
- Author
-
Choi WC, Kim DD, Shin YH, and Lee CH
- Subjects
- Drug Stability, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Kinetics, Pharmaceutical Solutions, Temperature, Biphenyl Compounds chemistry
- Abstract
The accelerated stability of dimethoxy biphenyl monocarboxylate x HCl (DDB-S) was investigated in 6 mg/mL water solution in the pH ranging 2-10 and the temperature of 45-85 degrees C. The observed rate of degradation followed first-order kinetics. The energy of activation for DDB-S degradation was calculated to be 14.1 and 16.5 Kcal/mole at pH 5 and in distilled water, respectively. The degradation rate constant (K(25 degrees C)) obtained by trending line analysis of Arrhenius plots for DDB-S was 5.3 x 10(-6) h(-1). The times to degrade 10% (t10) and 50% (t50) at 25 degrees C were 829 and 5,416 days, respectively. DDB-S exhibited the fastest degradation at pH 10 and the slowest rate at pH 5. In addition, at 65 degrees C, degradation rate constants of DDB-S were 0.066, 0.059, 5.460, 32.171, and 1.41 x 10(6) h(-1) at pH 2, 5, 8, 10 and in distilled water, respectively. These observations indicated that the rate-pH profile of DDB-S showed general acid-base catalysis reaction in the range of pH 2-10.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
70. The interaction of 1,4-benzoquinone, a bioreactive intermediate of benzene, with three proteins essential for differentiation/maturation of the mouse myeloid stem cell.
- Author
-
Kalf GF, Hazel BA, Hoffmann MJ, Kim DD, and Snyder R
- Subjects
- Animals, Antioxidants pharmacology, Apoptosis, Benzene metabolism, Caspase 3, Cell Differentiation, Hydroquinones pharmacology, Mice, Myeloid Cells cytology, Myeloid Cells drug effects, Antioxidants metabolism, Benzoquinones metabolism, Caspases metabolism, DNA Topoisomerases, Type II metabolism, Hydroquinones metabolism, Membrane Proteins, Receptors, Leukotriene metabolism
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
71. The potential role of topoisomerase II inhibition in hydroquinone-induced alterations in the maturation of mouse myeloblasts.
- Author
-
Hoffmann MJ, Kim DD, Akbar MG, Kalf GF, and Snyder R
- Subjects
- Animals, Cell Differentiation drug effects, Cell Line, Mice, Myeloid Cells cytology, Myeloid Cells drug effects, Myeloid Cells enzymology, Antioxidants pharmacology, Hydroquinones pharmacology, Mutagens pharmacology, Topoisomerase II Inhibitors
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
72. A case of suspected alphagan-induced psychosis.
- Author
-
Kim DD
- Subjects
- Acute Disease, Adrenergic alpha-Agonists therapeutic use, Aged, Brimonidine Tartrate, Glaucoma, Open-Angle drug therapy, Hallucinations chemically induced, Humans, Intraocular Pressure, Male, Quinoxalines therapeutic use, Visual Acuity, Adrenergic alpha-Agonists adverse effects, Delirium chemically induced, Psychoses, Substance-Induced etiology, Quinoxalines adverse effects
- Published
- 2000
73. Skin permeation of testosterone and its ester derivatives in rats.
- Author
-
Kim MK, Lee CH, and Kim DD
- Subjects
- Animals, Chemical Phenomena, Chemistry, Physical, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Esters, Ethanol pharmacology, Lipids chemistry, Male, Permeability drug effects, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Skin drug effects, Solubility, Testosterone analogs & derivatives, Testosterone chemistry, Skin metabolism, Skin Absorption, Testosterone pharmacokinetics
- Abstract
To establish the optimum conditions for improving the transdermal delivery of testosterone, we studied the relationship between the lipophilicity of testosterone ester derivatives and the rat skin permeation rate of testosterone. We performed a rat skin permeation study of testosterone and its commercially available ester derivatives, testosterone hemisuccinate, testosterone propionate and testosterone-17beta-cypionate, using an ethanol/water co-solvent system. The aqueous solubility and rat skin permeation rate of each drug, saturated in various compositions of an ethanol/water system, was determined at 37 degrees C. The aqueous solubility of testosterone and its ester derivatives increased exponentially as the volume fraction of ethanol increased up to 100% (v/v). The stability of testosterone propionate in both the skin homogenate and the extract was investigated to observe the enzymatic degradation during the skin permeation process. Testosterone propionate was found to be stable in the isotonic buffer solution and in the epidermis-side extract for 10h at 37 degrees C. However, in the skin homogenate and the dermis-side extract testosterone propionate rapidly degraded producing testosterone, implying that testosterone propionate rapidly degraded to testosterone during the skin permeation process. The steady-state permeation rates of testosterone in the ethanol/water systems increased exponentially as the volume fraction of ethanol increased, reaching the maximum value (2.69+/-0.69 microg cm(-2)h(-1)) at 70% (v/v) ethanol in water, and then decreasing with further increases in the ethanol volume fraction. However, in the skin permeation study with testosterone esters saturated in 70% (v/v) ethanol in water system, testosterone esters were hardly detected in the receptor solution, probably due to the rapid degradation to testosterone during the skin permeation process. Moreover, a parabolic relationship was observed between the permeation rate of testosterone and the log P values of ester derivatives. Maximum flux was achieved at a log P value of around 3 which corresponded to that of testosterone (log P = 3.4). The results showed that the skin permeation rate of testosterone and its ester derivatives was maximized when these compounds were saturated in a 70% ethanolic solution. It was also found that a log P value of around 3 is suitable for the skin permeation of testosterone related compounds.
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
74. Platelet-activating factor modulates microvascular dynamics through phospholipase C in the hamster cheek pouch.
- Author
-
Kim DD, Ramírez MM, and Durán WN
- Subjects
- Administration, Topical, Animals, Arterioles drug effects, Arterioles physiology, Biological Transport drug effects, Carbamates administration & dosage, Cricetinae, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Enzyme Activation drug effects, Estrenes administration & dosage, Male, Mesocricetus, Microcirculation drug effects, Permeability, Phospholipases antagonists & inhibitors, Platelet Activating Factor pharmacology, Pyrrolidinones administration & dosage, Type C Phospholipases antagonists & inhibitors, Vasoconstriction drug effects, Cheek blood supply, Microcirculation enzymology, Phenylcarbamates, Platelet Activating Factor metabolism, Type C Phospholipases metabolism
- Abstract
We studied the interactions between platelet-activating factor (PAF) and phospholipase C (PLC) in the modulation of microvascular responses in the hamster cheek pouch using intravital microscopy and computer-assisted image analysis. Changes in arteriolar diameter and in integrated optical intensity (IOI, an index of vascular permeability) were measured. Fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labeled dextran 150 (FITC-Dx 150) served as a tracer for macromolecular transport. 2-Nitro-4-carboxyphenyl N,N-diphenylcarbamate (NCDC) and 1-(6-((17beta-3-methoxyestra-1,3, 5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5,-dione (U-73122), two PLC inhibitors, were applied topically in separate experiments. PAF at 10(-7) M elevated IOI from baseline to a mean +/- SEM value of 70. 7 +/- 8.9 units. Pretreatment with 10(-4) and 10(-5) M NCDC and with U-73122 at 10(-5) and 10(-6) M attenuated the maximal increment in mean IOI (+/-SEM) induced by PAF at 10(-7) M to mean +/- SEM values of 30.6 +/- 6.5, 39.3 +/- 6.0, 12.1 +/- 4.8, and 41.5 +/- 6.0, respectively. The simultaneous vasoconstrictor action of 10(-7) M PAF was expressed as the experimental-to-baseline ratio, with the baseline diameter adjusted to a value of 1. PAF constricted the arterioles to a mean +/- SEM ratio of 0.30 +/- 0.07. Pretreatment with the PLC inhibitors NCDC at 10(-4) and 10(-5) M NCDC and with U-73122 at 10(-5) and 10(-6) M attenuated 10(-7) M PAF-induced vasoconstriction to mean +/- SEM diameter ratios of 0.55 +/- 0.05, 0. 48 +/- 0.06, 0.55 +/- 0.08, and 0.58 +/- 0.06, respectively. Our results demonstrate that PLC is an element of the biochemical pathway involved in PAF modulation of microvascular permeability and in PAF modulation of arteriolar diameter., (Copyright 2000 Academic Press.)
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
75. Transpupillary argon laser cyclophotocoagulation in the treatment of traumatic glaucoma.
- Author
-
Kim DD and Moster MR
- Subjects
- Adult, Cataract Extraction, Ciliary Body injuries, Eye Injuries etiology, Glaucoma etiology, Humans, Hyphema etiology, Hyphema surgery, Intraocular Pressure, Lens Subluxation etiology, Lens Subluxation surgery, Male, Pupil, Visual Acuity, Vitrectomy, Wounds, Nonpenetrating etiology, Ciliary Body surgery, Eye Injuries surgery, Glaucoma surgery, Laser Coagulation, Wounds, Nonpenetrating surgery
- Abstract
Purpose: A patient with traumatic glaucoma who underwent transpupillary argon laser cyclophotocoagulation for management of uncontrolled intraocular pressure (IOP) despite maximally tolerated medical therapy is discussed., Methods: In this patient, pars plana vitrectomy, lensectomy, and removal of 180 degrees of necrotic iris had been performed after a blunt trauma with a bungee cord. Six weeks after surgery, the patient presented with an IOP of 40 mmHg despite therapy with three aqueous suppressants. The patient refused further surgical intervention and opted for transpupillary argon laser cyclophotocoagulation (TALC). The laser setting was 1,000 mW, with a 50-micron spot size for 0.1 second. A total of 293 laser exposures through a Goldmann contact lens was administered to all visible ciliary processes over 180 degrees where iris structures were absent., Results: Ten weeks after TALC, the patient's IOP remained controlled with medications at 16 mmHg, and visual acuity had improved to 20/25 with an aphakic contact lens., Conclusion: In selected patients whose ciliary processes are visible with indirect gonioscopy due to the defect in the iris, TALC may be an effective alternative cyclodestructive procedure to lower IOP when conventional medical or laser treatments are not successful.
- Published
- 1999
76. Intraocular pressure reduction following phacoemulsification cataract extraction with posterior chamber lens implantation in glaucoma patients.
- Author
-
Kim DD, Doyle JW, and Smith MF
- Subjects
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Treatment Outcome, Visual Acuity, Glaucoma, Open-Angle complications, Intraocular Pressure, Lens Implantation, Intraocular, Phacoemulsification
- Abstract
Background and Objective: To evaluate changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) following uneventful phacoemulsification cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation (Phaco/PC IOL) in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients., Patients and Methods: The authors retrospectively reviewed preoperative and postoperative IOP in 31 consecutive medically-controlled POAG patients who underwent uneventful Phaco/PC IOL. None of the patients had prior intraocular surgery., Results: The mean preoperative IOP in the POAG group was 18.1+/-3.1 mm Hg with patients receiving a mean of 1.7 antiglaucoma medications. With a mean follow-up of 16.4 months, the average postoperative IOP in the POAG group was 15.2+/-2.9 mm Hg (P < .001, Student's t test) with patients receiving a mean of 0.7 antiglaucoma medication (P < .001)., Conclusion: Phaco/PC IOL may be associated with a significant decrease in IOP in POAG patients, allowing for decreased postoperative antiglaucoma medication.
- Published
- 1999
77. Microvascular transport is associated with TNF plasma levels and protein synthesis in postischemic muscle.
- Author
-
Takenaka H, Oshiro H, Kim DD, Thompson PN, Seyama A, Hobson RW 2nd, and Duran WN
- Subjects
- Animals, Biomarkers blood, Dactinomycin pharmacology, Male, Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors pharmacology, Protein Synthesis Inhibitors pharmacology, Rats, Rats, Inbred WF, Reperfusion Injury blood, Muscle Proteins biosynthesis, Reperfusion Injury metabolism, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha metabolism
- Abstract
To better understand the mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, we tested the hypothesis that protein synthesis is involved in the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and in the microvascular transport changes in I/R. To evaluate the hypothesis, we inhibited protein synthesis with topically applied actinomycin D (AMD), measured I/R-induced changes in microvascular transport, and bioassayed the venous plasma levels of TNF. The rat cremaster muscle I/R model consisted of 4 h of ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion. Changes in transport were determined by integrated optical intensity (IOI) using FITC-Dextran 150 as tracer. Animals were separated into four groups: 1) control (C), 2) control treated with AMD (C + AMD), 3) I/R, and 4) I/R treated with AMD (I/R + AMD). The mean (+/-SE) maximal IOI in C and C + AMD were 3.0 +/- 1.0 and 3. 7 +/- 0.7 units, respectively. I/R elevated mean maximal IOI to 21.8 +/- 1.9 units (P < 0.05 vs. C, C + AMD, I/R + AMD). Treatment with AMD reduced the I/R-induced mean maximal IOI to 9.7 +/- 2.0 units (P < 0.05 vs. I/R). In I/R group, plasma TNF levels increased (relative to preischemia baseline) immediately after the release of the vascular occlusion to 250 pg/ml and reached a peak value of 342 pg/ml at 60 min of reperfusion. In the I/R + AMD group, AMD reduced TNF increase to 44 pg/ml. The C and C + AMD groups showed no differences in TNF values during the 6 h of observation. We conclude that protein synthesis and TNF generation are at least partially involved in I/R-induced changes in microvascular transport.
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
78. Glow discharge plasma deposition (GDPD) technique for the local controlled delivery of hirudin from biomaterials.
- Author
-
Kim DD, Takeno MM, Ratner BD, and Horbett TA
- Subjects
- Antithrombins chemistry, Biocompatible Materials, Delayed-Action Preparations, Drug Carriers chemistry, Drug Delivery Systems, Hirudins chemistry, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Antithrombins administration & dosage, Hirudins administration & dosage, Methacrylates chemistry
- Abstract
Purpose: Biomaterials which release locally high concentrations of antithrombotic agents should lessen the thrombogenicity of the materials. To evaluate this approach, we prepared novel polyurethane matrices loaded with hirudin and coated them with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) by glow discharge plasma deposition (GDPD) to reduce the release rate., Methods: Polyurethane (BioSpan) matrices containing hirudin and pore former (d-mannitol or BSA) were prepared by the solvent casting method. HEMA plasma deposition was then applied using GDPD technique to create a diffusional barrier film on the surface of the matrices. The effect of pore former and HEMA plasma coating on the release of hirudin was systematically investigated. Surface properties of matrices was also studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA)., Results: The release of hirudin from BioSpan matrix could be controlled by changing the weight fraction and particle size of pore former. HEMA plasma treatment of matrices produced a thin, highly cross-linked film on the surface. The initial burst and subsequent release of hirudin was significantly reduced after HEMA plasma coating, which suggested that the plasma disposition acted as a diffusional barrier and limited the release of hirudin incorporated in the polyurethane matrix., Conclusions: The plasma coating served as a diffusional barrier, and could work to control the release kinetics of hirudin by changing the various plasma coating conditions. Local delivery of hirudin using these biomaterials at the site of cardiovascular diseases can have the advantage of regional high levels of hirudin, as well as lowering systemic hirudin exposure, thereby minimizing the possibility of side effects.
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
79. The needs of Asians and Pacific Islanders living with HIV in New York City.
- Author
-
Eckholdt HM, Chin JJ, Manzon-Santos JA, and Kim DD
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections epidemiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections ethnology, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome transmission, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Asia ethnology, Data Collection, Family, Female, HIV Seropositivity psychology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, New York City epidemiology, Pacific Islands ethnology, Social Support, United States epidemiology, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ethnology, Asian, Health Services Needs and Demand
- Abstract
This article familiarizes the reader with AIDS among Asians and Pacific Islanders (A&PIs) in New York City. The first section describes the epidemiology of AIDS among A&PIs in the United States and in New York City. In the United States 4,131 A&PIs have been diagnosed with AIDS. The age at diagnosis in the United States has been relatively stable over the past decade, although the proportion of diagnoses represented by older A&PIs (aged 40 to 49) has been increasing in New York City. The proportion of heterosexual diagnoses have been relatively stable over the past 6 years, whereas other racial groups have shown increases in the proportion of heterosexual transmissions. Data on defining opportunistic infections suggest that a different clinical pattern exists among A&PIs when compared with other racial groups diagnosed in New York City and the United States whereby A&PIs exhibit the highest proportion of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia of all groups. The second section provides a discussion of some of the issues facing HIV positive A&PIs and their families in the process of accessing services at community-based HIV service organizations in New York City. One broad concept emerged from the client focus group that served to organize the analysis: family--a compelling case for HIV service organizations to initiate, expand, and maintain family services, however family is defined. The location of A&PI AIDS service organizations and its implications for recentering families in the caregiving process is discussed.
- Published
- 1997
80. Mutual hairless rat skin permeation-enhancing effect of ethanol/water system and oleic acid.
- Author
-
Kim DD, Kim JL, and Chien YW
- Subjects
- Animals, In Vitro Techniques, Permeability, Rats, Water, Ethanol pharmacology, Oleic Acid pharmacology, Skin metabolism, Skin Absorption drug effects
- Abstract
The mutual hairless rat skin permeation-enhancing effect of ethanol (EtOH)/water systems and oleic acid (OA) was investigated with model lipophilic (estradiol, progesterone, levonorgestrel) and hydrophilic drugs (zalcitabine, didanosine, zidovudine). The aqueous solubility and hairless rat skin permeation rate of each drug, saturated in various compositions of EtOH/water system (with and without OA), was determined at 37 degrees C. The hairless rat skin permeation rates of ethanol from EtOH/water systems (with and without OA) were also measured to investigate the skin permeation-enhancing mechanism of EtOH/water systems and OA. Both saturated solubility and steady-state permeation rates of each drug in EtOH/water systems increased exponentially as the volume fraction of ethanol increased, reached the maximum value, and then decreased with further increases in the ethanol volume fraction. Moreover, the hairless rat skin permeation rate of each drug had a good linear relationship with that of ethanol up to 70% (v/v) of ethanol in the EtOH/water system. The addition of OA in the EtOH/water system (70:30 and 60:40 for lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs, respectively) further enhanced the skin permeation rate of both ethanol and drugs. However, > 2.0% (v/v) OA was required to achieve the plateau level in the skin permeation rate of lipophilic drugs, whereas only 0.3% (v/v) OA was required for hydrophilic drugs. The skin permeation rate of ethanol also increased with the addition of OA in the EtOH/water systems (70:30 and 60:40), reached the plateau level with < 1.0% (v/v) OA, and did not significantly change with higher OA concentration. These results suggest that the addition of OA in the EtOH/water system is a useful method to enhance the hairless rat skin permeation rate of both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, with more enhancement for hydrophilic drugs.
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
81. Spontaneous disengagement of the Optimed implant.
- Author
-
Kim DD and Memmen JE
- Subjects
- Aged, Anterior Chamber pathology, Cataract Extraction, Female, Foreign-Body Migration pathology, Humans, Intraocular Pressure, Trabeculectomy, Drainage, Foreign-Body Migration etiology, Glaucoma, Open-Angle surgery, Prostheses and Implants adverse effects
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
82. Transdermal delivery of dideoxynucleoside-type anti-HIV drugs. 2. The effect of vehicle and enhancer on skin permeation.
- Author
-
Kim DD and Chien YW
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Rats, Antiviral Agents chemistry, Didanosine chemistry, Drug Delivery Systems, Skin drug effects, Zalcitabine chemistry, Zidovudine chemistry
- Abstract
The effects of vehicles and enhancers on the skin permeation of the dideoxynucleoside-type anti-HIV drugs Zalcitabine (DDC), Didanosine (DDI), and Zidovudine (AZT) were studied using hairless rat skin at 37 degrees C. After each drug was saturated in various volume fractions of ethanol (EtOH)/water or EtOH/tricaprylin (TCP) cosolvent system for 48 h at 37 degrees C, an in vitro skin permeation study was conducted using Valia-Chien permeation cells for 30 h. The skin permeation rates of DDC, DDI, and AZT from both EtOH/water and EtOH/TCP cosolvent systems increased as the volume fraction of ethanol was increased, reached maximum values at 50-60% (v/v) of ethanol, and then decreased with further increase of ethanol volume fraction. The EtOH/water cosolvent system seems to enhance the skin permeation of these drugs by increasing both the solubility of drug in the vehicles and partitioning of drug into the skin. The skin permeation enhancing effect of EtOH/TCP seems to be solely due to the increase in partitioning of drug into the skin. Addition of 1.0% (v/v) of permeation enhancers, such as oleic acid (OA) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), in the EtOH/TCP (50:50) cosolvent system could not significantly increase the permeation rate of these drugs. Incorporation of viscous TCP into ethanol probably reduced the thermodynamic activity of enhancers to distribute from the vehicle to the skin. However, incorporation of 1.0% (v/v) of OA in the EtOH/water (60:40) cosolvent system dramatically enhanced the skin permeation of these drugs while reducing the lag time. The permeation rates of these drugs increased as OA concentration was increased up to 0.3% (v/v) in the EtOH/water (60:40) cosolvent system and reached a plateau with further addition of OA. Using a saturated solution in the EtOH/water (60:40) cosolvent system containing 1.0% (v/v) OA, DDC, and AZT reached the target permeation rate required to maintain a therapeutic system level across hairless rat skin. Although only DDC reached the target permeation rate across human cadaver skin, these results suggest that the mutual enhancement effect of ethanol and OA may make transdermal delivery of dideoxynucleoside-type anti-HIV drugs feasible.
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
83. Transdermal delivery of zalcitabine: in vitro skin permeation study.
- Author
-
Kim DD and Chien YW
- Subjects
- Administration, Cutaneous, Animals, Drug Compounding, Drug Synergism, Ethanol pharmacology, Female, Oleic Acid, Oleic Acids pharmacology, Permeability drug effects, Rats, Rats, Inbred Strains, Antiviral Agents administration & dosage, Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors administration & dosage, Skin Absorption drug effects, Zalcitabine administration & dosage
- Abstract
Objective: To study the feasibility of transdermal delivery of anti-HIV drugs in order to maintain blood concentration within the therapeutic range for longer duration and to reduce the side-effects associated with high dose administration., Design and Methods: The effects of vehicles and enhancers on the skin permeation rate of zalcitabine (ddC) were investigated to determine the maximum permeation rate attainable. In vitro skin permeation of ddC, saturated in various compositions of ethanol/tricaprylin or ethanol/water cosolvent system, with and without enhancer, was studied at 37 degrees C using freshly excised hairless rat skin and human cadaver skin as model skins., Results: The skin permeation rate of ddC from both ethanol/tricaprylin and ethanol/water cosolvent system increased when increasing the volume fraction of ethanol and reached maximum values at 50-60% (vol/vol) of ethanol. Addition of 1.0% (vol/vol) of permeation enhancer, such as oleic acid or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, to the ethanol/tricaprylin (50:50) cosolvent system could not significantly increase the permeation rate of ddC. However, addition of 1.0% (vol/vol) of oleic acid in ethanol/water (60:40) cosolvent system dramatically enhanced the skin permeation rate of ddC with reduced lag time. Permeation rate of ddC increased with increasing oleic acid concentration up to 0.7% (vol/vol) in the ethanol/water (60: 40) cosolvent system, and reached a plateau with further addition of oleic acid. Although permeation rate of ddC across human cadaver skin (0.61 mg/cm2/h) was three times lower than that across hairless rat skin (1.88 mg/cm2/h), the maximum permeation rate of ddC attainable, using ddC saturated solution in ethanol/water (60: 40) cosolvent system containing 1.0% (vol/vol) oleic acid, was 4-5 times higher than the target rate (0.14 mg/cm2/h) to maintain the therapeutic blood level., Conclusion: The synergistic enhancement effect of ethanol and oleic acid can make transdermal delivery of ddC feasible.
- Published
- 1995
84. Transdermal delivery of dideoxynucleoside-type anti-HIV drugs. 1. Stability studies for hairless rat skin permeation.
- Author
-
Kim DD and Chien YW
- Subjects
- Administration, Cutaneous, Animals, Anti-Infective Agents, Local pharmacology, Antiviral Agents pharmacokinetics, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Didanosine administration & dosage, Didanosine pharmacokinetics, Dideoxynucleosides pharmacokinetics, Enzyme Inhibitors pharmacology, Female, Half-Life, In Vitro Techniques, Rats, Rats, Nude, Zalcitabine administration & dosage, Zalcitabine pharmacokinetics, Zidovudine administration & dosage, Zidovudine pharmacokinetics, Antiviral Agents administration & dosage, Dideoxynucleosides administration & dosage, HIV-1 drug effects, Skin Absorption drug effects
- Abstract
The stability of dideoxynucleoside-type anti-HIV drugs in solution when in contact with hairless rat skin was investigated in order to study the feasibility of their transdermal delivery. The freshly excised dorsal region of hairless rat skin was mounted on Valia-Chien skin permeation cells, and both epidermis (donor) and dermis (receptor) were extracted with isotonic phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees C for 24 h. Zalcitabine (DDC), didanosine (DDI), and zidovudine (AZT) were found to be stable in the extract of the epidermis at 37 degrees C for at least 30 h. However, DDC and DDI degraded in the extract of the dermis following first-order kinetics at both 25 and 37 degrees C, while AZT was stable at 37 degrees C for at least 30 h. The degradation mechanism(s) of DDC and DDI was (were) studied by analyzing HPLC chromatograms and by evaluating the drug stability in the extract which was filtered to remove any microbes. An unidentified peak produced by DDC in the dermis extract did not appear when the drug was added to the filtered extract, which suggested a bacterial degradation of DDC. On the other hand, DDI was unstable even in the filtered extract and produced a degradation product which corresponded to hypoxanthine, which suggested that a cutaneous enzyme is also involved in the degradation of DDI. DDC was stabilized by the addition of 0.01% (w/v) of an antibacterial agent, such as thimerosal or gentamicin, in the receptor solution, while DDI was stabilized by 0.01% (w/v) purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor, i.e., p-chloromercuribenzoic acid. These results show the importance of stability studies when designing skin permeation experiments using hairless rat since compounds with similar chemical structures can have different stability profiles when in contact with hairless rat skin.
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
85. Indocyanine green angiographic findings in pseudoxanthoma elasticum.
- Author
-
Kim DD, Pulido JS, and Wipplinger WA
- Subjects
- Female, Fundus Oculi, Humans, Middle Aged, Angioid Streaks diagnosis, Fluorescein Angiography methods, Indocyanine Green, Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum diagnosis
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
86. Intravenous regional anesthesia for outpatient foot and ankle surgery: a prospective study.
- Author
-
Kim DD, Shuman C, and Sadr B
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Ambulatory Surgical Procedures, Anesthesia, Intravenous, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pain diagnosis, Pain, Postoperative, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Prospective Studies, Time Factors, Tourniquets, Anesthesia, Conduction, Ankle surgery, Foot surgery
- Abstract
A prospective study was undertaken in 39 patients undergoing 48 foot and ankle procedures using intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA). IVRA was administered using 35 cc of 0.33% or 0.5% lidocaine. Single tourniquets inflated to 250 mm Hg were used at the ankle level. No supplemental analgesia or sedation was used. Those requiring supplemental local anesthetic infiltration were defined as IVRA failures. Thirty-one of the 39 patients (79.5%) tolerated the procedures with little or no discomfort, and 8 (20.5%) required additional local infiltration with 1% lidocaine. All 39 patients completed the procedures at the outpatient surgical unit without requiring conversion to other forms of anesthesia. Patchy non-anesthetic areas were noted in 14 patients (36.8%). In 7 patients, because the non-anesthetic areas were excluded from the operative fields, the procedures were completed without discomfort. However, in 8 patients where the non-anesthetic areas were directly involved in the operative fields, supplemental local anesthesia was required. Only 1 of the 39 patients complained of tourniquet pain. IVRA compared favorably with other methods of regional anesthesia in the lower extremity with respect to ease of technique, speed of onset, safety, and patient acceptance. However, it appears that it is less reliable than IVRA in the upper extremity. The reasons for this difference will require further investigation.
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
87. Posterior segment changes in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.
- Author
-
Kim DD, Mieler WF, and Wolf MD
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Bruch Membrane pathology, Female, Fluorescein Angiography, Fundus Oculi, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pigment Epithelium of Eye pathology, Retinal Diseases complications, Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative complications, Retinal Diseases pathology
- Abstract
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis is a renal disorder characterized by proliferation of cells and changes in the basement membrane of the glomerulus. The disease is divided into three subtypes: type I, characterized by the presence of subendothelial electrondense deposits; type II, characterized by deposition of electrondense material of unknown origin in the lamina densa of the glomerular basement membrane; and type III, characterized by lesions having both type I and type II qualities. Specific posterior segment changes have been reported with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II. We examined three patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II and two patients with type III disease. All three patients with type II disease had Bruch's membrane and retinal pigment epithelial changes, whereas both patients with type III disease had normal posterior segments.
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
88. Congenital bowing of the ulna and aggressive fibromatosis.
- Author
-
Eady JL, Lundquist JE, Grant RE, Nagel A, and Kim DD
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Bone Neoplasms diagnostic imaging, Bone Neoplasms pathology, Female, Fibroma diagnostic imaging, Fibroma pathology, Humans, Male, Radiography, Ulna diagnostic imaging, Bone Neoplasms complications, Fibroma complications, Ulna abnormalities
- Abstract
The association of skeletal anomalies and aggressive fibromatosis has been documented. Isolated bowing of the ulna is rare, yet its occurrence, particularly in conjunction with congenital dislocation of the radial head, has been documented. This article presents two cases of ulnar bowing in which the patients subsequently developed aggressive fibromatosis. We feel that aggressive fibromatosis may be a latent manifestation of congenital bowing of the ulna. The course of the disease appears to be of an aggressive nature, and patients who present with bowing of the ulna should be followed for the potential development of this disease.
- Published
- 1991
89. Recombinant BCG as a candidate oral vaccine vector.
- Author
-
Barletta RG, Snapper B, Cirillo JD, Connell ND, Kim DD, Jacobs WR, and Bloom BR
- Subjects
- Administration, Oral, Animals, BCG Vaccine administration & dosage, Genes, Bacterial, Genetic Vectors, Humans, Mycobacterium bovis genetics, Plasmids, Vaccines, Synthetic administration & dosage, Vaccines, Synthetic genetics, BCG Vaccine genetics, Mycobacterium bovis immunology
- Abstract
Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), currently the most widely used vaccine in the world, was originally administered for many years as an oral vaccine. The low frequency of serious complications, inexpensive production, and adjuvanticity make BCG an ideal candidate for a recombinant vaccine vehicle. Although mycobacteria are slow growing and not yet well characterized genetically, we have recently developed technology for the genetic manipulation of BCG and other mycobacteria. Phage and plasmid systems based on a shuttle strategy to manipulate DNA in Escherichia coli and transfer it to mycobacteria have been developed. We have established that the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase gene can be used as an effective selectable marker in the mycobacteria and that a foreign antigen from Mycobacterium leprae can be expressed in BCG. Furthermore, a thorough analysis of mycobacterial expression sequences has been undertaken to optimize the expression of foreign antigens in BCG. We constructed an expression probe shuttle plasmid with beta-galactosidase as reporter gene, and have used it successfully to identify multiple mycobacteriophage DNA sequences with varying levels of constitutive or regulable promoter activity. Further genetic advances required for development of recombinant BCG into an effective recombinant vaccine vehicle, including possibilities for oral administration, are adumbrated.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
90. The acute effects of hematoporphyrin derivative photoradiation on tumor and liver capillary blood flow.
- Author
-
Jacobs R, Ackerman NB, Bloom ND, and Kim DD
- Subjects
- Animals, Capillaries drug effects, Female, Hematoporphyrin Derivative, Hematoporphyrins radiation effects, Lasers, Microcirculation drug effects, Photochemistry, Photochemotherapy, Rats, Rats, Inbred Strains, Regional Blood Flow drug effects, Ultrasonics, Carcinoma 256, Walker blood supply, Hematoporphyrins pharmacology, Liver blood supply, Liver Neoplasms blood supply, Radiation-Sensitizing Agents pharmacology, Vasoconstriction drug effects
- Abstract
The acute effects of photoradiation after administering hematoporphyrin derivative (Hpd) on capillary blood flow were studied in intrahepatic tumors and normal liver. The tumors were solitary Walker carcinosarcomas implanted within the livers of Sprague-Dawley rats. Capillary flow was measured by a laser doppler monitor with its probe positioned over the tumor or over normal liver. Within a minute after intraportal Hpd injection (1.7 mg), capillary flow in the tumors began to decrease. Minimal levels of flow were maintained for as long as 15 minutes after Hpd injection with no observed recovery of flow back to control levels. Ratio of minimal flow/control flow averaged 0.36. Similar results were seen in studies on normal liver tissue. These studies demonstrate the extremely rapid vasoactive effects caused by photoradiation of Hpd. Vasoconstriction, vascular stasis and ischemia have proven to be important mechanisms in producing tumor cell destruction by photodynamic therapy.
- Published
- 1990
91. Recurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma presenting as a focal neurologic deficit.
- Author
-
Parker LN, Wu SY, Kim DD, Kollin J, and Prasasvinichai S
- Subjects
- Adenocarcinoma diagnosis, Adenocarcinoma therapy, Aged, Brachytherapy, Brain Neoplasms diagnosis, Brain Neoplasms therapy, Combined Modality Therapy, Craniotomy, Humans, Iodine Radioisotopes therapeutic use, Male, Nervous System Diseases diagnosis, Adenocarcinoma secondary, Brain Neoplasms secondary, Thyroid Neoplasms pathology
- Abstract
Papillary-follicular thyroid carcinoma usually remains localized to the thyroid bed and, in cases of metastasis, almost always involves the lung, bone, or liver. The two patients described here presented with papillary carcinoma and neurologic dysfunction. Total body iodine 131 scans disclosed cerebral uptake, and cerebral masses were confirmed by computed tomographic scan. Both patients presented diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas, and ultimately underwent craniotomy. One patient's cerebral metastasis recurred and was treated by a second craniotomy. The other patient received postoperative external cerebral radiotherapy and a novel intraoperative treatment: implantation of 22 iodine 125 seeds in the tumor bed, estimated to yield 16,000 rad (160 Gy) in one year. To date, cerebral metastases have not recurred in the latter patient, although tumor has reappeared in other sites. There is little reported in the medical literature concerning cerebral metastases of thyroid carcinoma, and the present report reviews this experience and discusses treatment alternatives.
- Published
- 1986
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.