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A novel micro-extraction technique for a rapid and sensitive analysis of diclofenac (DCF) in water samples has been developed. DCF was derivatized and extracted simultaneously using vortex-assisted liquid-liquid micro-extraction (VALLME) prior to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection. The effects of extraction solvent volume, extraction and derivatization time and ionic strength of the sample were studied using 23 factorial experimental design. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: 200 μL of chloroform, 25 μL of N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) derivatization reagent, vortex extraction and derivatization time 5 min at 3000 rpm. The extraction recovery for different fortification levels was 98 %. Also, the proposed micro-extraction method exhibited results comparable with the solid phase extraction of real water samples. The proposed one-step VALLME and derivatization method is simpler and faster than the conventional extraction and derivatization methods used for the determination of DCF in real water samples.

The two-photon excitation cross-section of atomic hydrogen is calculated using explicit summation over intermediate states within the framework of dipole approximation. The matrix element for two-photon excitation is transformed into finite sums, consisting of the product of a radial and angular part. Nine intermediate states are employed in the calculation of the transition matrix element. The two-photon excitation cross-section obtained for the transition 1s 2S1/2–2s 2S1/2in atomic hydrogen is a good agreement with the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oscillator strengths for transitions between individual lines belonging to some doublet and quartet terms, and multiplet transition probabilities of atomic fluorine have been calculated using weakest bound electron potential model theory (WBEPMT). In the determination of relevant parameters, we employed numerical non-relativistic Hartree-Fock (NRHF) wave functions for expectation values of radii and the necessary energy values have been taken from experimental energy data in the literature. Oscillator strengths and transition probabilities obtained in this work have been compared to experimental and theoretical values given in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hatice Kilic,1 Nurdan Kokturk,2 Gulcin Sari,3 Mustafa Cakir41Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ankara Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, 2Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Gazi University School of Medicine, 3Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Dr. Nafiz Körez Sincan Devlet Hastanesi, 4Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, TurkeyIntroduction: Little is known about whether there is any sex effect on chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) exacerbations. This study is intended to describe the possible sex-associated differences in exacerbation profile in COPD patients.Methods: A total of 384 COPD patients who were hospitalized due to exacerbation were evaluated retrospectively for their demographics and previous and current exacerbation characteristics.Results: The study was conducted on 109 (28%) female patients and 275 (72%) male patients. The mean age was 68.30±10.46 years. Although females had better forced expiratory volume in 1 second and near-normal forced vital capacity, they had much impaired arterial blood gas levels (partial oxygen pressure [PO2] was 36.28 mmHg vs 57.93 mmHg; partial carbon dioxide pressure [PCO2] was 45.97 mmHg vs 42.49 mmHg; P=0.001), indicating severe exacerbation with respiratory failure. More females had two exacerbations and two hospitalizations, while more men had one exacerbation and one hospitalization. Low adherence to treatment and pulmonary embolism were more frequent in females. Females had longer time from the onset of symptoms till the admission and longer hospitalization duration than males. Comorbidities were less in number and different in women (P

The acid-base properties of 1-amino-5-benzoyl-4-phenyl-1H-pyrimidine-2-one (L1) and 1-amino-5-benzoyl-4-phenyl-1H-pyrimidine-2-thione (L2) were investigated potentiometrically at an ionic strength of 0.10M(LiCl) in 19.8, 33.6 and 55.9 % (v/v) methanol-water mixtures at 25.0 ± 0.1 ºC. The apparent dissociation constants (psKa) were calculated for the di-protonated form (L1H2+2 and L2H2+2) of pyrimidine bases, using a software package TITFIT, which were then extrapolated to pure water to derive the dissociation constants in aqueous solution (pKa). The aqueous pKa constants were found to be: L1, pKa1 = 3.76 and pKa2 = 6.95; L2, pKa1 = 3.57 and pKa1 = 6.90. At pH

Electrochemical reduction of two recently synthesized pyrimidine compounds 1-amino-5-benzoyil-4-phenyl-1H-pyrimidine-2-one (I), and 1-amino-5-benzoil 4-phenyl-1H-pyrimidine-2-thione (II) were investigated by cyclic volatmmetry at a hanging mercury drop electrode in aqueous methanol (36 % v/v) and in non-aqueous methanol. Aseries of cathodic peaks without the corresponding anodic peaks were observed for I. As the pH of the solution was increased some of the cathodic peaks overlapped resulting in the loss of the previously observed peaks. For II, three cathodic peaks and one anodic peak were observed in addition to those observed for I. The peak potentials shifted in the negative direction with increasing pH. This shift was measured over a large pH range (1.80 – 12.30) to determine the pKa values of the compounds. The acidity constants related to the amino groups were 4.80 and 9.80 for I and 5.50 and 9.80 for II. Athiol-thione tautomerization was observed for II which was more pronounced in the non-aqueous methanol medium. The pK values for both protonation and deprotonation of the thiocarbonyl group were also determined. The pK values were 5.80 and 9.80 for protonation and deprotonation in aqueous methanol and 6.80 and 10.80 in non-aqueous methanol.

Abstract Background Serum leptin level is associated with appetite and energy expenditure in healthy individuals. We aimed to evaluate the serum leptin concentration and the other factors which may be associated with weight loss in patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer. Methods Forty-four patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer (25 gastric and 19 colorectal cancer) and 25 healthy controls were enrolled. Serum leptin levels were measured as ng/ml via enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) method in all subjects. The difference in serum leptin concentration between cancer and control group, the factor associated with its serum level and the relationship between serum leptin concentration and weight loss was evaluated. Results Serum leptin concentration of cancer group was significantly lower than controls (p = 0.002). Female subjects had significantly higher serum leptin concentration than male subjects in control group (p = 0.01), while not in cancer group (p > 0.05). Serum leptin concentration was significantly related with gender in controls (p = 0.023, β = 0.479), while no gender difference was observed in cancer group (p > 0.05). No relationship was found between serum leptin concentration and weight loss percentage in cancer group in linear regression analysis (p > 0.05). No significant difference was observed in serum leptin concentrations between colon and gastric cancer sub-groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion Independently from the site of gastrointestinal tract, serum leptin concentration in advanced gastrointestinal cancer is lower than controls and it is not a determinant factor in weight loss. In contrast to healthy subjects, gender does not effect the serum leptin concentration in patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer.

The kinetics of uncatalyzed and metal-catalyzed oxidation of ascorbic acid (AA) in aerated aspartame solutions was studied at 0.1 ionic strength; AA was estimated with CUPRAC spectrophotometry. At fixed pH, the AA oxidation rate constants decreased with increasing aspartame content for a fixed Cu(II) concentration and increased with increasing Cu(II) or Fe(II) ratio for a fixed aspartame level. The stability of copperaspartame complex inhibited the catalytic activity of copper in AA oxidation. Aspartame, with or without citrate, protected the AA from catalytic oxidation. The protective level of aspartame should be in excess of Cu(II), and close to the AA concentrations to prevent a prooxidative effect of AA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between cognitive intrusion of pain, fear of surgery, and comfort in the perioperative period., Design: This was a descriptive study conducted with 180 patients hospitalized for surgery in a training and research hospital., Methods: A sociodemographic questionnaire, Surgical Fear Questionnaire, General Comfort Questionnaire, and Experience of Cognitive Intrusion of Pain Scale were administered to the participants prior to surgery, while General Comfort Questionnaire and Experience of Cognitive Intrusion of Pain Scale were administered after surgery., Results: Of the participants with a mean age of 49.94 ± 17.26 years, 62.2% were male and 31.1% had at least one chronic disease. The mean preoperative and postoperative pain scores were 2.65 and 3.47, respectively. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between perioperative experience of cognitive intrusion of pain and perioperative comfort and a positive correlation between perioperative experience of cognitive intrusion of pain and preoperative fear of surgery (p < .05)., Conclusions: Cognitive intrusion of pain does not change in the perioperative period. As the cognitive intrusion of pain increases, patient comfort decreases and surgical fear increases. Our study contributes to the literature since it is the first study evaluating the cognitive intrusion of pain in the perioperative period., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Introduction: It is known that the use of inhaled corticosteroids increases the incidence of pneumonia in patients followed up with the diagnosis of chronic asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study aimed to investigate the contribution of inhaled steroid use to pneumonia severity and mortality in cases with COVID-19 pneumonia., Materials and Methods: The study is a retrospective, observational study. Among the cases admitted to the pandemic clinic, patients diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia were included. The plan was to compare cases who received and did not receive inhaled corticosteroids in terms of pneumonia severity and mortality. In order to define risk factors for mortality, univariate and multivariable negative binomial regression analyses were performed., Result: In our study, it was observed that n= 540 (75%) cases did not receive inhaled corticosteroids (group 1), and 180 (25%) cases used inhaled corti costeroids (group 2). Group 1 and group 2 cases were compared in terms of pneumonia severity with no significant difference between the two groups (p= 0.11). Then, risk factors affecting mortality in all cases were examined with univariate analyses. Increasing age, applying mechanical ventilation, having severe pneumonia, having interstitial lung disease, and applying prone position were found to be statistically significant factors in mortality (p < 0.05)., Conclusions: In conclusion, in our study, it was observed that the use of inhaled corticosteroids did not increase the severity of pneumonia and mortality. It was thought that the treatment they received could be continued when the patients treated with inhaled corticosteroids due to asthma and COPD had COVID-19 pneumonia.

Introduction: Acupressure and cold application are nonpharmacologic methods that midwives can use for labor pain. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of ice massage applied to the SP6 acupressure point during labor on labor pain, labor comfort, labor duration, and anxiety., Methods: A single-masked, randomized controlled trial was conducted with 100 nulliparous women, including 50 in the intervention group and 50 in the control group. Rotational ice massage was applied to the SP6 point on both legs of the pregnant women in the intervention group at 4 to 5 cm, 6 to 7 cm, and 8 to 9 cm dilation amounts during 3 contractions. Routine oxytocin was administered to all pregnant women to promote progress of labor. Standard midwifery care was provided to the control group. Data were collected using a Personal Information Form, the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), a partograph form, the Childbirth Comfort Questionnaire (CCQ), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory State subscale., Result: The VAS pain scores of the pregnant women in the intervention group were significantly lower compared with the control group following the intervention at dilatations of 4 to 5 cm, 6 to 7 cm, and 8 to 9 cm (P = .001, P = .003, P <.001, respectively). The total CCQ and comfort level scores of the pregnant women in the intervention group at 8 to 9 cm cervical dilatation were significantly higher than the control group (P = 0.044, P = .027, respectively). Additionally, as the anxiety levels of the pregnant women increased, their total comfort scores decreased (P <.05)., Discussion: Ice application to the SP6 point during stage 1 of childbirth reduced labor pain, increased comfort, and reduced anxiety levels. No adverse events were found in the intervention group with ice massage applied to the SP6 point. Therefore, this method can be used as a safe and effective midwifery intervention in childbirth., (© 2024 The Authors. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Nurse Midwives (ACNM).)

Aim: The aims of this study were to: (i) determine antibiotic susceptibility of clinical Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates, (ii) investigate the presence of different classes of integrons and sul genes responsible for sulphonamide resistance, (iii) assess the molecular epidemiology of the isolates by determining their clonal relatedness, and (iv) investigate the potential sources of infection by collecting environmental samples when necessary., Methods: 99 S. maltophilia isolates from clinical specimens of hospitalized patients were screened by PCR for sul1 , sul2 , sul3 genes, and integron-associated integrase genes: intI1 , intI2 , and intI3 . PFGE was used to determine the clonal relatedness of the isolates., Results: Susceptibility rates for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, levofloxacin, and ceftazidime were 90.9%, 91.9%, and 53.5% respectively. All trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistant isolates were positive for intI1 and sul1 . PFGE analysis revealed that 24 of the isolates were clonally related, clustering in seven different clones. Five of the nine trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistant isolates were clonally related. The first isolate in this clone was from a wound sample of a patient in the infectious diseases clinic, and the other four were isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage samples of patients in the thoracic surgery unit. The patient with the first isolate neither underwent bronchoscopy nor stayed in the thoracic surgery unit. Although clustering was observed in bronchoalveolar lavage samples, no S. maltophilia growth was detected in environmental samples., Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that the sul1 gene carried by class 1 integrons plays an important role in trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance in S. maltophilia isolates. PFGE analysis revealed a high degree of genetic diversity. However, detection of clonally related isolates suggests the acquisition from a common source and/or cross-transmission of this microorganism between the patients., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 Parkan et al.)

An original series of bipyrimidine-based chromophores featuring alkoxystyryl donor groups bearing short chiral (S)-2-methylbutyl chains in positions 4, 3,4 and 3,5, connected to electron-accepting 2,2-bipyrimidine rings, has been developed. Their linear and non-linear optical properties were studied using a variety of techniques, including one- and two-photon absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence measurements, as well as Hyper-Rayleigh scattering to determine the first hyperpolarizabilities. Their electronic and geometrical properties were rationalized by TD-DFT calculations. The thermal properties of the compounds were also investigated by a combination of polarized light optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry measurements and small-angle X-ray scattering experiments. The derivatives were found not to have mesomorphic properties, but to exhibit melting temperatures or cold crystallization behavior that enabled the isolation of well-organized thin films. The nonlinear optical properties of amorphous or crystalline thin films were studied by wide-field second harmonic generation and multiphoton fluorescence imaging, confirming that non-centrosymmetric crystal organization enables strong second and third harmonic generation. This new series confirms that our strategy of functionalizing 3D organic octupoles with short chiral chains to generate non-centrosymmetric organized thin films enables the development of highly second order nonlinear optical active materials without the use of corona-poling or tedious deposition techniques., (© 2024 The Authors. Chemistry - An Asian Journal published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

New synthesized bipyrimidine-based chromophores presenting alkoxystyryl donor groups carrying aliphatic achiral and chiral chains in the 4 position, connected to electron-accepting 2,2-bipyrimidine cores have been synthesized. Their linear and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties were investigated as well as their mesomorphic properties by various techniques (light-transmission measurements, polarized-light optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry measurements and two-photon excited fluorescence). The derivatives with achiral linear carbon chains were found to exhibit liquid-crystal properties with the formation smectic phases over large temperature ranges, which were confirmed by small-angle X-ray scattering analysis via stacking models. The nonlinear optical properties in the solid state for derivatives with C14 and the citronellol chains have been studied by wide-field second-harmonic generation and multi-photon fluorescence imaging, confirming centrosymmetry for these achiral mesogens and their excellent third-order nonlinearity whereas the chiral compound exhibits non-centrosymmetric organization resulting in a strong Second Harmonic Generation at the crystal state., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

It is necessary and important for quality of care to ensure the comfort of patients during the procedure, as well as before and after surgery. According to literature, it is necessary to know what patients experience and how they perceive the care they receive. This study aimed to investigate the quality of care perceived by patients during cystoscopy and the factors affecting it. This descriptive study was conducted in the surgical clinic of a teaching and research hospital, with 105 patients who underwent cystoscopy in 2022. Data collection forms consisting of a Sociodemographic and Disease Characteristics Questionnaire and the Good Perioperative Nursing Care Scale (for Patients) (GPNCS) were used for data collection, with face-to-face interviews on the first day after the procedure. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study included patients with urinary tract stones, transurethral prostatectomy, and transurethral bladder resection. Of the participants, 72.4% were male, and 81.9% were married. The mean age of the patients was 50.09 ± 16.79 years. The mean total score was 143.56 ± 16.62. It was higher in single patients and those who had not previously undergone surgery. It was found that the mean of the environment sub-dimension was the highest at 18.57 ± 2.51 and the mean of the support sub-dimension was the lowest at 16.01 ± 3.44. The results of this study showed that patients undergoing cystoscopy have a good perception of the quality of their peri-operative nursing care., Competing Interests: The authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

This study was a descriptive-correlational design which evaluated the relationship between compassion and spirituality levels and attitudes toward organ donation among Turkish nursing students. A sample of 296 participants studying in the nursing department of a foundation university in the spring semester of the 2021-2022 academic year was formed. A descriptive information form, Spirituality Scale, Compassion Scale, and Organ Donation Attitude Scale were used for data collection. Pearson correlation and multivariate regression analysis were used to evaluate scale scores. The compassion levels of students were high, their attitudes toward organ donation were positive and strong, and their level of spirituality ([Formula: see text]= 18.71 ± 6.10) was slightly above average. Higher levels of spirituality and compassion were positively correlated with positive attitudes toward organ donation (p < 0.05). The compassion and spirituality of nurses should be high for raising public awareness of organ donation., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

In this work, we present an original stereolithography strategy based on multibranched Ru-complexes with a high two-photon initiating ability allowing the 'one-pot' direct laser writing of ECL-active materials deposited onto electro-active surfaces at the μm scale.

New ligand based on p - tert butyltetrathiacalix[4]arene blocked in 1,3-alternate conformation, was achieved via a multistep synthesis with the introduction of thiomethylpropoxy groups on the lower rim which leads to a neutral tecton. The combination of this p - tert butyltetrathiacalix[4]arene ( p -TCA-2 ), in 1, 3-alternate imposed conformation, with tetrahedral Ag(I)SbF 6 salt, leads to the formation of neutral, new 2-D coordination network, which was structurally investigated in the solid state by X-ray diffraction methods on a single crystal., (© TÜBİTAK.)

The combination of four iso- nicotinate appended tetrathiacalix[4]arene ( TCA-1 ) in 1,2-alternate imposed conformation behaving as neutral tectons with Co(II)Cl 2 and Hg(II)Cl 2 metallic salts, leads to the formation of neutral, new coordination networks. Indeed, the tetrasubstituted TCA-1 derivative leads to a 1D coordination polymer with Co(II)Cl 2 and a 2D grid-like network with, Hg(II)Cl 2 . The effect of the nature of the metal used on the dimensionality was demonstrated by X-ray diffraction studies on a single crystal., (© TÜBİTAK.)

One- and two-photon characterizations of a series of hetero- and homoleptic [RuL 3-n (bpy) n ] 2+ ( n = 0, 1, 2) complexes carrying bipyridine π-extended ligands (L), have been carried out. These π-extended D-π-A-A-π-D-type ligands (L), where the electron donor units (D) are based on diphenylamine, carbazolyl, or fluorenyl units, have been designed to modulate the conjugation extension and the donating effect. Density functional theory calculations were performed in order to rationalize the observed spectra. Calculations show that the electronic structure of the π-extended ligands has a pronounced effect on the composition of HOMO and LUMO and on the metallic contribution to frontier MOs, resulting in strikingly different nonlinear properties. This work demonstrates that ILCT transitions are the keystone of one- and two-photon absorption bands in the studied systems and reveals how much MLCT and LLCT charge transfers play a decisive role on the two-photon properties of both hetero- and homoleptic ruthenium complexes through cooperative or suppressive effects.

This randomized controlled experimental study was conducted with an intervention group ( n  = 61) and a control group ( n  = 63) consisting of primipara pregnant women. The pregnant women in the intervention group were asked to focus their attention on Maryam's flower opening its leaf buds and imagine the labor's progress during the course of their labor. The VAS was administered to each group at specific times (at 4-5 cm, 6-7 cm, 8-9 cm cervical dilatation) to determine their level of labor pain. A statistically significant difference was found between the groups' mean pain scores at 4-5 cm, 6-7 cm, and 8-9 cm cervical dilatation ( p  < .05). The labor duration of the pregnant women in the intervention group was significantly shorter than that of the pregnant women in the control group ( p  = .017). The physical comfort level of the intervention group was significantly higher than that of the control group at 8-9 cm cervical dilatation ( p  = .039).

Objective: Currently, environmental problems have reached alarming levels, constituting a serious problem for public health. This study was conducted in order to evaluate the environmental awareness and sensitivity of nursing students., Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 286 nursing students of a foundation university in Northern Cyprus in the fall term of the 2016-2017 academic year. Data were collected by using the personal information form and Environmental Awareness and Sensitivity Scale. Participants had moderate levels of environmental awareness and sensitivity. Nonsmoking nursing students had higher environmental awareness. Besides, participants who attended lectures on the environment, stayed in dormitories, participated in the activities of environmental organizations, and warned people who polluted the environment had higher environmental awareness and sensitivity., Conclusion: These findings suggest that the number of lectures and social activities on the environment could be increased in order to promote the environmental awareness of nursing students., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Health literacy is individuals' motivation and ability to obtain, understand, evaluate and use health information. Health literacy is very important during university education when students have the ability to acquire and accumulate knowledge of the best way. The aim of this study was to determine the health literacy of university students. The sample of this descriptive cross-sectional study was composed of 365 students who were first-time visitors at the health center of a private university in Northern Cyprus between May and July 2017. An introductory information form and the Adult Health Literacy Scale (AHLS) were used as data collection tools. The mean AHLS score of the students was found as 13.91 ± 2.90. Health literacy was found to be lower for male students and students with more years of study. The students with low daily alcohol use had higher AHLS scores. The results of the study suggest that curricula should be revised to raise the health literacy of university students to the highest level. It is important to organize conferences, seminars and scientific activities to improving the health literacy of male students and students with more years of study. Due to the limitations of studies of health literacy in North Cyprus, future studies should be conducted with larger samples and different measurement tools., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Local or spinal anesthesia methods can be used during radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of the great saphenous vein. There is a gap in the literature regarding comparing and contrasting the side effects of the mentioned two methods. This study aims to retrospectively compare the spinal anesthesia method with the local tumescent anesthesia method during RFA of the great saphenous vein that also includes mini-phlebectomy., Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients who underwent RFA and mini-phlebectomy divided in two groups according to the anesthesia applied method, i.e. spinal anesthesia combined with tumescent anesthesia versus local tumescent anesthesia. Pain scores, the time length of preparation interval of anesthesia and the operation time, anesthesia-related side effects such as headache, nausea-vomiting, urinary retention, quality of life scores, postoperative occlusion rates, and complications related to the intervention such as phlebitis, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) were analyzed and compared by Mann Whitney U test, Wilcoxon signed ranks test, and χ 2 test., Results: Between June 2015 and June 2019 a great saphenous vein RFA ablation was performed in 175 patients. A total of 103 limbs were performed under spinal anesthesia combined with tumescent anesthesia and a total of 72 limbs were performed under local tumescent anesthesia. Mini phlebectomy was applied to all patients. Pain scores of the spinal anesthesia group were lower than the other group, and there was a significant difference. There was no significant difference between the operation lengths of both groups, but the preparation phase of anesthesia was shorter in local tumescent anesthesia patients, and the difference was significant. Anesthesia related side effects such as headache, nausea-vomiting, and urinary retention showed a significant difference between the two groups, and they were lower in the local tumescent anesthesia group. Preoperative quality of life scores of both groups decreased postoperatively. The postoperative occlusion rate of group 1 was 96.1%, and group 2 was 100% at three months, but the difference was not significant. We encountered three cases of phlebitis, two cases of DVT and two cases of bruising in group 1, and one case of bruising in group 2. There was no postoperative paresis or paresthesia in either groups., Conclusions: This monocenter and retrospective report of 175 GSV RFA using tumescent local anesthesia or spinal anesthesia combined with local tumescent anesthesia demonstrated that both methods of anesthesia are effective. Although the pain scores are better with spinal anesthesia, the local tumescent anesthesia method is more efficient, requiring a shorter time, and is associated with fewer complications such as headache, nausea-vomiting, or urinary retention and deep venous thrombosis.