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In designing a new drug, considering the preferred route of administration, various requirements must be fulfilled. Active molecules pharmacokinetics should be reliable with a valuable drug profile as well as well-tolerated. Associated with the old/traditional of method of drug delivery are several limitation ranging from first-pass effect, low tolerance, minimal bioavailability, fluctuation of plasma drug concentration which result to less or no desired effect produced. This call for the demand for a more efficient drug administration technique. Over the past 20 years, nanotechnologies have provided alternative and complementary solutions to those of an exclusively pharmaceutical chemical nature since scientists and clinicians invested in the optimization of materials and methods capable of regulating effective drug delivery at the nanometer scale. Among the many drug delivery carriers, lipid nano vesicular ones successfully support clinical candidates approaching such problems as insolubility, biodegradation, and difficulty in overcoming the skin and biological barriers such as the blood-brain one. In this review, the authors discussed the structure, the biochemical composition, and the drug delivery applications of lipid nanovesicular carriers, namely, niosomes, proniosomes, ethosomes, transferosomes, pharmacosomes, ufasomes, phytosomes, catanionic vesicles, and extracellular vesicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to determine the causes of pediatric ocular morbidity in the in-patient department of a tertiary-care hospital in eastern India. Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study done on admitted patients in the age group of 0-12 years between July 1, 2019, to December 31, 2019, in a tertiary-care hospital in eastern India. Results: During the study period, a total of 5775 patients were admitted to the hospital, out of which 447 were children belonging to 0-12 years, the prevalence being 7.74%. Out of the 447 children, 276 were males (61.74%) and 171 were females (38.26%) with a male:female ratio of 1.6:1. A total of 31.77% patients were reported from urban areas and 23% from rural areas. The mean age of the children was 5.5 years (range: 20 days-12 years). The highest frequency of admission was found in the age group of zero to 4 years (61.74%). Ocular trauma (44.07%) was found to be the most common ocular morbidity, followed by cataract (32.21%) and infectious ocular diseases (7.61%). The average duration of stay in the hospital was 4.9 days ranging from 2 to 56 days. Conclusion: Timely intervention with early diagnosis and regular follow-up are essential in the management of pediatric ocular morbidity as well as childhood blindness. In our study, ocular trauma was found to be most common ocular morbidity leading to poor visual outcome and hospital admission, which can be prevented by safe home practices and parental education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of fast communication, being connected has become a necessity for all of us due to various reasons. Everyone needs high-speed spontaneous connectivity. This led to exponential growth in the field of information technology. A mobile ad hoc network plays a key role in establishing communication on the fly without any fixed infrastructure. The flexibility and dynamism offered by the mobile ad hoc network made this unique. QoS is one of the key issues whenever the performance of the network is measured. Next-Generation Network ensures better QoS with minimum delay or latency. QoS and QoE are the two faces of the same coin. Like the major two issues of the Next-generation Network can be speed and reliability, which needs to be addressed in a next-generation network. The purpose of this paper is to explore the significance of End-to-End Delay or Latency to provide a fast network and improve reliability also, in the context of Next Generation Ad hoc Network on which other parameters are directly or indirectly dependents. It proposed to measure the values of one of the key parameters such as End-to-End Delay in existing RAT and for E-RAT under different scenarios. To carry out critical analysis NS-3 is used. Apart from the other parameters, the emphasis is on the delay. Thus the results obtained would play a significant role to understand the importance of delay and also help to provide better QoE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The charge transfer complex (CT complex) formed in ethanol with 1,2-dimethylimidazole (DMI, donor) and picric acid (PA, π- acceptor) at room temperature (RT) and spectrophotometric studies have been performed in various solvents. CT complex was characterised using different analysis like – 1H NMR, FTIR spectra and UV-vis spectra which designates that CT interaction is connected to proton relocation to DMI from PA followed by the formation of N+–H···O− type bonding. Spectrophotometric data helps in calculating various physical parameters (such as KCT, εCT, ΔGo, ID, RN, ECT, μEN and f) were also obtained through Benesi–Hildebrand equation. From these parameters it was observed that [(DMIH)+(PA)−] formation dependents on type of solvent used. 1:1 stoichiometry of [(DMIH)+(PA)−] was found by a straight-line method. Antimicrobial activity of the CT complex was demonstrated. Molecular docking study give us the information of binding of [(DMIH)+(PA)−] with B-DNA which has substantial application for drug designing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing countries such as India, Pakistan and Bangladesh have diverse cultural bases due to different regions, religions and resources. These countries have large numbers of small-scale industries which consist of a vast variety of traditional industries that have flourished and have become even more diverse following British rule in India. The advent of mechanised finished goods and laws and taxes has led to the decline of these industries, which continued even after the independence of India. Urban or rural communities have grown naturally without any planning or development norms. The concept of urban local government came into existence in India in 1992 after the 74th amendment of the constitution. Most of the urban centres had an industrial economic base, generally comprisimg cottage-based industries that existed in clusters inside the city. For example, Bhagalpur has been known for its silk products, Kanpur for its leather products and Moradabad for its brass industry. The rural area also had diverse small-scale traditional industries that used to cater to the unique demands of the community and reflected the craftsmanship and ethos of the community, hence becoming the identity of the place. The absence of planning in these industrial clusters has led to the decline of these industries, which has affected the socio-economic aspects of these communities. These urban/rural clusters of small-scale industries or cottage industries are in a state of decay either because of adverse government policies or because business has dried up as a result of mechanised goods being readily available on the market; the absence of community planning and basic amenities could also be a reason. The skilled artisans who were once employed and were masters of beautiful art are now working as daily labourers. More and more people are leaving their traditional jobs and hence the future of art and craft is at stake. This paper aims at identifying the issues facing these clusters, especially for cottage-based industries, so that further research can be carried out to solve the issues facing these communities. It focuses on the different dynamics that affect these communities and their relationship to better understand the problems. It also aims to understand the reason why most of the plans or programmes introduced by the Government have failed until now. The weaver community in Bhagalpur will be used as a case study in this paper. By considering different aspects, including infrastructure, raw materials, finance, social linkages to understand the issues, the paper can also be used as a reference for other studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]