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The current study investigates the impact of Leadership Styles (LS) and Emotional Intelligence (EI) on Project Success (PS) through underlying mediating mechanism of Job Satisfaction (JS) and trust. Total 160 responses were received from the team leaders (project managers, project leaders, project coordinators) of the NGOs sector of Pakistan. The findings of the research show that the relationship of LS and EI have significantly positive impact on the PS. Further, JS and Trust is positively and significantly influencing the PS and mediate the relationship of both LS and EI with PS. Within leadership styles, transactional leadership and Laissez Faire leadership styles have positive relationship with PS. However, the negative relationship of transformational leadership with PS is somewhat surprising as this relationship was expected to be positive. The findings suggest that project managers in NGOs must be aware of the impact of certain leadership behaviors and level of emotional intelligence for completing the projects successfully.

Criminality has been determined and considered as a behavioral deviation of degeneracy having diverse and dynamic patterns integrated and originated from the individual and the social structure. There exists a hot debate among the social scientists and experts in biology pertaining to the patterns behind criminality especially violence. The Lombroso’s “born criminal” theory has been heavily debated and confounded by the social researchers, drawing the attention towards social forces influencing criminality. This research is an attempt to understand, diagnose and apply the patterns discussed and elaborated in biological perspective regarding formation of the criminal instincts. The study is framed under the argumentative and library research accumulated with the empirical advents, examples and social facts existing in the very society of Pakhtuns. The study finds that the principles of biological theory especially Lombrosian and Sheldon’s approach have marked existence in creation of violent masculinities among Pakhtuns. The article provides an insight about the basic principles of biological theory, along-with criticism of such perspective and contrarily implications of its principles on Pakhtuns’ men.

People are subjected everywhere to violence. The most vulnerable among them are women who have been subjected to violence as most of the family honor is associated with them in a traditional social structure. Violence against women is not something that is individually practiced, but it has become more publicly pronounced and has been a self-sustaining system of any social structure. The current study is also an attempt to reach to the fact that why the women are subjected to such inhuman behavior in the face of upholding the human rights worldly behaviors and posturing. The study was conducted under the framework of qualitative research design. The study area was delimited to jails in two districts i.e., District Mardan and District Malakand respectively. The qualitative tools and methods were used to select the respondents and draw information in these two jails. The study concludes that the cultural background and inability of the deprived segment of Afghan population lead them to not overcome on their aggressive and domestic violence against weak segment of society.

Is crime a matter of choice, is an arguable and debatable phrase and conception about the existence of criminality since the Rational Choice theory emerged in the 18th century. The classical criminologists argue that “human is a calculating animal”, who is “choosy” and “selective” in his/her actions. The analytical quality of human enables them to assess the cost and benefit of their actions, out of which they thoughtfully choose and commit the action, which they consider lucrative and utilitarian. Such debate is framed and analyzed in this study through a qualitative framework to understand the implications and legality of Rational Choice patterns in criminality focusing on property crimes, which are violently committed especially the “robberies”. The cases of violent robberies in the area under study that is a Pakhtun society are selected in which murders have taken place. Alongside, the legal-administrative structure of the area is also taken into account to understand the criminals’ mindset and the role of system in terms of its failure while ensuring the protection of masses from “rationally violent criminals”. The murderous robberies are conveniently selected where the incident-survivors or the co-victims are interviewed and analyzed in relation to the existing literature. The study finds the answer as “yes, criminality is a matter of choice and planning”, which is discussed under the “discussion section”. The overall analysis of the study is undertaken through Thematic Analysis Model for more qualitative elaboration of the issue.