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Volume 1: The Operation of the Slave Trade in Africa John Hawkins, A true declaration of the troublesome voyage of M John Hawkins to the parties of Guynea and the West Indies, in the yeares of our Lord 1567 and 1568 (1569) John Matthews, A Voyage to the River Sierra-Leone (1788) John Adams, Sketches taken during Ten Voyages to Africa between the years 1786 and 1800 (1821) Gomer Williams, excerpt from History of the Liverpool Privateers and Letters of Marque, with an Account of the Liverpool Slave Trade (1897) Volume 2: The Royal African Company Certain Considerations relating to the Royal African Company of England ... (1680) A True State of the present difference between the Royal African Company and the Separate Traders ... written by a true lover of his country (1710) The Case of the Royal African Company of England (1730) Charles Hayes, The importance of effectually supporting the Royal African Company of England, impartially consider'd ... (1744) Malachy Postlethwayt, The African Trade, the Great Pillar and Support of the British Plantation Trade in North America (1745) Malachy Postlethwayt, The National and Private Advantages of the African Trade Considered (1746) Volume 3: The Abolitionist Struggle: Opponents of the Slave Trade Robert Boucher Nickolls, Letter to the Treasurer of the Society for the Purpose of Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade (1787) Thomas Cooper, Letters on the Slave Trade (1787) [William Roscoe], A General View of the African Slave-Trade (1788) James Field Stanfield, Observations on a Guinea Voyage (1788) Thomas Cochrane, Answers to the Fifth Table of Queries (1789) Thomas Clarkson, The Substance of the Evidence of Sundry Persons on the Slave Trade (1789) [William Fox], An Address to the People of Great Britain, on the Utility of Refraining from West India Sugar and Rum (1791) Volume 4: The Abolitionist Struggle: Promoters of the Slave Trade A Planter, Commercial Reasons for the Non-Abolition of the Slave Trade, in the West-India Islands, by a Planter and Merchant of many Years Residence in the West-Indies (1789) [Gilbert Francklyn], Observations, Occasioned by the Attempts made in England to Effect the Abolition of the Slave Trade (1789) William Knox, A Letter from W K Esq To W Wilberforce, Esq (1790) [Capt. Macarty], An Appeal to the Candour and Justice of the People of England in Behalf of the West India Merchants and Planters (1792) Report from the Committee of the Honourable House of [the Jamaican] Assembly (1800) Mercator, Letters Concerning the Abolition of the Slave-Trade and Other West-India Affairs (1807)

Background: Vaporous hyperoxia therapy (VHT), a patented US Food and Drug Administration 510 (k)–cleared technology, is an adjunct therapy used in conjunction with standard wound care (SWC). Vaporous hyperoxia therapy is said to improve the health of wounded tissue by administering a low-frequency, noncontact, nonthermal, ionic, antimicrobial hydrating mist alternating with concentrated topical oxygen therapy. Methods: Vaporous hyperoxia therapy was used to treat 36 subjects with chronic diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) that were previously treated unsuccessfully with SWC. The average age of DFUs in the study was 11 months and the average size was over 3 cm2. Wounds were Wagner grade 2 or 3 and most commonly on the plantar surface around the midfoot. Treatment consisted of twice-weekly applications of VHT and wound debridement. Subjects were followed to wound closure, 20 weeks, or 40 treatments, whichever came first. Results: The combination of SWC and VHT in the group that met and maintained compliance throughout the study period achieved an 83% DFU closure rate within a 20-week period. The average time for DFU closure in this study was 9.4 weeks. Conclusions: Historical analysis of SWC shows a 30.9% healing rate of all wounds, not differentiating chronic wounds. Accordingly, SWC/VHT increases chronic diabetic foot ulcer healing rates by 2.85 times compared with SWC alone. The purpose of this study was two-fold: first, to observe the effect of VHT on healing rates and time to healing in previously nonhealing DFUs; and second, to compare VHT with SWC, topical oxygen therapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and ultrasound therapy.

This work proposes a novel multi-output neural network for the prediction of aerodynamic coefficients of aerofoils in two dimensions and wings in three dimensions. Contrary to existing neural networks that are often designed to predict aerodynamic quantities of interest, the proposed network considers as output the pressure at a number of selected points on the aerodynamic shape. The proposed multi-output neural network is compared with other approaches found in the literature. Furthermore, a detailed comparison of the proposed neural network with the popular proper orthogonal decomposition method is presented. The numerical results, involving high dimensional problems with flow and geometric parameters, show the benefits of the proposed approach.

An artificial viscosity suitable for use in the simulation of multidimensional high-speed compressible flows by the finite element method is proposed. The form adopted is a consistent extension of the method due to Lapidus.

A practical finite element-based solution procedure for high-speed inviscid compressible flow problems is described. The method provides time-accurate solutions to the coompressible Euler equations, and is computationally more efficient than the one-step Taylor-Galerkin approach and better suited for implementation on the modern generation of vector computers. The method is coupled to an adaptive mesh refinement process that enables steady state solutions of improved quality to be obtained.

The extension of flux-corrected transport (FCT) schemes to unstructured grids is presented. The spatial discretization is performed via finite elements. In particular, triangular elements in two dimensions have been chosen. The limiting procedure is based on Zalesak's (1979) extension to more than one dimension of the FCT schemes developed by Boris and Book (1973). The resulting scheme, FEM-FCT, is capable of resolving moving and stationary shocks within two elements, and several examples are given that demonstrate the accuracy attainable, even for complicated geometries.

The Yee finite difference time domain (FDTD) algorithm is widely used in computational electromagnetics because of its simplicity, low computational costs and divergence free nature. The standard method uses a pair of staggered orthogonal cartesian meshes. However, accuracy losses result when it is used for modelling electromagnetic interactions with objects of arbitrary shape, because of the staircased representation of curved interfaces. For the solution of such problems, we generalise the approach and adopt an unstructured mesh FDTD method. This co-volume method is based upon the use of a Delaunay primal mesh and its high quality Voronoi dual. Computational efficiency is improved by employing a hybrid primal mesh, consisting of tetrahedral elements in the vicinity of curved interfaces and hexahedral elements elsewhere. Difficulties associated with ensuring the necessary quality of the generated meshes will be discussed. The power of the proposed solution approach is demonstrated by considering a range of scattering and/or transmission problems involving perfect electric conductors and isotropic lossy, anisotropic lossy and isotropic frequency dependent chiral materials.

Coronary sinus thrombosis is a rare phenomenon, most commonly occurring following invasive cardiac procedures. Spontaneous thrombosis is extremely rare and little is known about the natural history or optimal management. We present a case of coronary sinus thrombosis occurring in the context of myocardial infarction with concealed ventricular wall rupture.

This article argues that the connections between the maritime explorer Matthew Flinders, the hydrographer Alexander Dalrymple, the mapmaker Aaron Arrowsmith, and the President of the Royal Society,...

This work presents a highly accurate and efficient methodology for the computation of electromagnetic resonant frequencies and their associated modes in cavities. The proposed technique consists of a high–order discontinuous Galerkin time-domain solver combined with a signal processing algorithm for extracting the frequency content. The methodology is capable of incorporating the CAD boundary representation of the domain. The numerical results demonstrate that incorporating the exact boundary representation results in a improved convergence rate, a phenomenon that has not been previously reported. Several numerical examples in two and three dimensions show the potential of the proposed technique for cavities filled with non-dispersive or dispersive media.

Summary An excessive number of Steiner points may be inserted during the process of boundary recovery for constrained tetrahedral mesh generation, and these Steiner points are harmful in some circumstances. In this study, a new flip named shell transformation is proposed to reduce the usage of Steiner points in boundary recovery and thus to improve the performance of boundary recovery in terms of robustness, efficiency and element quality. Shell transformation searches for a local optimal mesh among multiple choices. Meanwhile, its recursive callings can perform flips on a much larger element set than a single flip, thereby leading the way to a better local optimum solution. By employing shell transformation properly, a mesh that intersects predefined constraints intensively can be transformed to another one with much fewer intersections, thus remarkably reducing the occasions of Steiner point insertion. Besides, shell transformation can be used to remove existing Steiner points by flipping the mesh aggressively. Meshing examples for various industrial applications and surface inputs mainly composed of stretched triangles are presented to illustrate how the improved algorithm works on difficult boundary constrained meshing tasks.

This article analyses the methods deployed for finding longitude on the Investigator’s expedition to circumnavigate Australia, made under the command of Matthew Flinders in the period 1801–1803. Timekeeping and astronomy were complementary methods for ascertaining longitude; they were carried out using chronometers and by taking lunar observations. The article explains who was responsible for handling the astronomical readings on the expedition; the performance of the chronometers used; Flinders’s comparisons of the longitudinal readings with the work of previous navigators; and the reasons why dissemination of the longitudes taken during the voyage was delayed. The article shows how the combined use of chronometers and lunar observations helped Flinders to achieve scientific accuracy in his charting of coastal Australia in the atlas to his major work entitled A Voyage to Terra Australis.

In this paper, we develop numerical methods for modeling blast and fragments generated from explosive detonation and apply them to scenarios representing improvised explosive devices in confined spaces. The detonation of condensed phase explosives is modeled with a programmed burn method in a three-dimensional multimaterial flow solver. This solver has been coupled with a Lagrangian particle solver to model the acceleration of explosive-driven fragments. We first simulate an explosion in a long cylindrical tube to validate the fluid solver for a partially-confined blast. We then simulate explosions on a subway train platform for 10 kg and 30 kg C4 charges. The maximum shock overpressure and impulse are used to predict the risk of common blast injuries. To represent improvised explosive threats, we model C4 charges with spherical, cylindrical, and disk shapes that are surrounded by a layer of spherical fragments. We find that the explosive charge shape plays an important role in the acceleration of the spherical fragments. Finally, a realistic scenario of an improvised explosive detonation near a bomb technician is investigated to assess fragment trajectory and blast loads in the near field.

The algorithm introduced in Part I of this paper is applied in its explicit form to a variety of problems in order to demonstrate its wide range of applicability and excellent performance. Examples range from nearly incompressible, viscous, flows through transonic applications to high speed flows with shocks. In most examples linear triangular elements are used in the finite element approximation, but some use of quadratic approximation, again in triangles, indicates satisfactory performance even in the case of severe shocks.

This paper contributes to the literature on payments for slave sales in the later phase of the British slave trade. It analyses the procedures used in the ‘guarantee’ system in transatlantic slaving whereby merchants in British ports forged close connections with African factors in British America and with British businessmen who guaranteed to pay the factors’ bills presented as payments for slave sales. This was an important institutional procedure in the history of the transatlantic slave trade. Though the ‘guarantee’ system has been explained in outline in previous studies, the case study presented here offers the most detailed appraisal of this system. Examining the British slave trade to Jamaica in 1790s, then the most significant disembarkation centre for enslaved people taken on British vessels, the paper explains the coordination necessary between groups of British merchants, their African factors in Jamaica and their British guarantee in order to secure payments for slave sales at a time ...

Summary In this paper, a method is proposed for modeling explosive-driven fragments as spherical particles with a point-particle approach. Lagrangian particles are coupled with a multimaterial Eulerian solver that uses a three-dimensional finite volume framework on unstructured grids. The Euler–Lagrange method provides a straightforward and inexpensive alternative to directly resolving particle surfaces or coupling with structural dynamics solvers. The importance of the drag and inviscid unsteady particle forces is shown through investigations of particles accelerated in shock tube experiments and in condensed phase explosive detonation. Numerical experiments are conducted to study the acceleration of isolated explosive-driven particles at various locations relative to the explosive surface. The point-particle method predicts fragment terminal velocities that are in good agreement with simulations where particles are fully resolved, while using a computational cell size that is eight times larger. It is determined that inviscid unsteady forces are dominating for particles sitting on, or embedded in, the explosive charge. The effect of explosive confinement, provided by multiple particles, is investigated through a numerical study with a cylindrical C4 charge. Decreasing particle spacing, until particles are touching, causes a 30–50% increase in particle terminal velocity and similar increase in gas impulse. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An efficient method for the simulation of compressible multimaterial flows with a general form of equation of state is presented for explosive detonation and airblast applications. Multimaterial flows are modeled with a volume-fraction type approach for immiscible fluids governed by the compressible Euler equations on three-dimensional unstructured grids. The five-equation quasi-conservative system is discretized in space using an edge-based finite volume approach with a second-order accurate HLLC approximate Riemann solver and temporal discretization with an explicit multistage Runge–Kutta method. The computational model is robust enough to handle flows with strong shocks, while being general enough to model materials with different equations of state and physical states. Numerical tests demonstrate the accuracy of the method for strong shock and interface interactions. A program burn method is implemented to describe the conversion of solid unreacted explosive to reacted gases in condensed phase detonations. The accuracy of the burn model is validated by comparison with published numerical results of flow profiles during detonation and for near-field airblast. Numerical simulations of hemispherical and plate-shaped explosive charge detonations are performed to investigate the influence of charge shape on airblast. The predicted pressure and impulse from simulation compare well with published experimental data.

This paper introduces developments in modified techniques for the generation of unstructured, non-uniform, dual orthogonal meshes which are suitable for use with co-volume solution schemes. Two new mesh generation techniques, a modified advancing front technique and an octree-Delaunay algorithm, are coupled with a mesh optimisation algorithm. When using a Delaunay–Voronoi dual, to construct mutually orthogonal meshes for co-volume schemes, it is essential to minimise the number of Delaunay elements which do not contain their Voronoi vertex. These new techniques provide an improvement over previous approaches, as they produce meshes in which the number of elements that do not contain their Voronoi vertex is reduced. In particular, it is found that the optimisation algorithm, which could be applied to any mesh cosmetics problem, is very effective, regardless of the quality of the initial mesh. This is illustrated by applying the proposed approach to a number of complex industrial aerospace geometries.

This paper analyses the ways in which Sir Joseph Banks served as an informed and energetic patron for the preparations for the Investigator’s expedition, and for the dissemination of its scientific and geographical knowledge. This was the first voyage to circumnavigate Australia, under the command of Matthew Flinders. Banks was an essential facilitator for Flinders’ ambitions: he drew up plans to promote the voyage and mustered the support of relevant officials in the Admiralty, Navy Board, East India Company and Board of Longitude. With his knowledge of sailing on Cook’s Endeavour voyage and his understanding of the expedition’s scientific requirements, Banks took a leading role in recruiting personnel. Banks recognised in Flinders someone who had the ambition and the nautical skill to carry out the Investigator’s expedition with full commitment. Banks and Flinders combined a passion for improving geographical, nautical and scientific knowledge of the last inhabitable continent discovered by explorers. Banks played a crucial role in ensuring that the achievements of the Investigator’s voyage were not lost. He made repeated attempts to have Flinders released from his confinement in the Ile de France. He was updated from time to time on Flinders’ situation through letters received from that island. He corresponded with Flinders and his scientific associates to ensure that the achievements of the expedition—the charts and the natural history specimens—were not abandoned. After Flinders and his ship’s company returned to England, Banks ensured their findings from the voyage were prepared for public dissemination by persuading the Admiralty to pay their salaries and by personally overseeing their work during the several years necessary to complete the tasks required. Banks was closely involved with the production of Flinders’ voyage account and atlas, published in A Voyage to Terra Australis, and with the dissemination of the scientific and artistic achievements of the Investigator expedition. The research for this paper was made possible by an Australian Bicentennial Scholarship from the Menzies Centre for Australian Studies, King’s College, London, and a Scouloudi Foundation Historical Award from the Institute of Historical Research, University of London.

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Journal for Maritime Research on 09/08/2016, available online: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21533369.2016.1172839 This article examines the early career of Matthew Flinders (1774–1814) to determine the ways in which his training as a navigator, hydrographer and cartographer prepared him for undertaking the first circumnavigation of Australia in the Investigator between 1801 and 1803. Two main questions are answered in relation to this theme. First, why was such a young naval officer as Flinders (he was 26) selected to lead such an important voyage of discovery? And, second, in what ways did the choice of Flinders as the commander of the Investigator reflect the training he had received? The article argues that the making of Flinders as a maritime explorer was forged through his successive nautical achievements in the 1790s, partly in relation to William Bligh’s second breadfruit voyage to the Pacific in 1791–1792 and partly in relation to voyages along the coasts of New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land that Flinders undertook between 1795 and 1800. During that period, Flinders jointly discovered Bass Strait and circumnavigated Van Diemen’s Land: these were the two most significant geographical discoveries in Australia since the era of Captain Cook. The article shows that when he returned from Port Jackson to London in 1800, Flinders was the most experienced candidate with knowledge of Australian waters who was available to lead the Investigator expedition. It also argues that Flinders placed himself in a highly favourable position to be selected as the leader of the circumnavigation through demonstrating to Sir Joseph Banks, his patron, that he had a thorough, up-to-date knowledge of what needed to be discovered about Australia through maritime exploration. Throughout, there will be an emphasis on the nautical skills Flinders acquired rapidly as a young midshipman and lieutenant and on his determination and initiative to devote his career to Australian discovery. The research was supported by an Australian Bicentennial Fellowship, Menzies Centre for Australian Studies, King’s College, London.

The standard Yee algorithm is widely used in computational electromagnetics because of its simplicity and divergence free nature. A generalization of the classical Yee scheme to 3D unstructured meshes is adopted, based on the use of a Delaunay primal mesh and its high quality Voronoi dual. This allows the problem of accuracy losses, which are normally associated with the use of the standard Yee scheme and a staircased representation of curved material interfaces, to be circumvented. The 3D dual mesh leapfrog-scheme which is presented has the ability to model both electric and magnetic anisotropic lossy materials. This approach enables the modelling of problems, of current practical interest, involving structured composites and metamaterials.

This article takes issue with a recent argument, made by the late Rupert Gerritsen, that Matthew Flinders deliberately concocted a myth about a north-south strait dividing Australia in order to gain the attention and patronage of Sir Joseph Banks to support the first circumnavigation of Terra Australis in HMS Investigator in 1801-3. The paper argues that Flinders did not create a myth but based his arguments on contemporary views that such a dividing strait might exist, backed up with cartographic evidence. Flinders’ achievements in connection with the circumnavigation, it is further argued, reflected the analytical mind that led him to search for a strait

This article contributes to the scholarly literature on labour relations in the transition from slavery to freedom in Jamaica. Based on the plantation papers of the Goulburn family, who owned Amity Hall sugar estate in Vere parish, it traces the contested negotiations between apprentices and free blacks on the one hand and the absentee owner and his manager on the other in a period of two transitions, from slavery to apprenticeship in 1834 and from apprenticeship to a restricted freedom in 1838. This enables one to document the variety of ways in which this crucial period affected the conditions, hours and remuneration for work. Though Amity Hall had a less fractious transition out of slavery than some other Jamaican plantations, the article reveals the difficulties faced by planters in overcoming labour shortages, the bargaining power of Jamaicans at crop time, and the contests over wages, rents and provision grounds that shaped labour relations after 1838. By 1840, the owner and manager and the workers ...

SUMMARY A new mesh optimisation scheme, reduced order mesh optimisation, is introduced. The technique uses proper orthogonal decomposition to reduce the number of dimensions in a mesh optimisation problem. This reduction in dimensionality allows the expression of the optimisation problem globally rather than the more traditional local mesh optimisation or smoothing algorithms. To perform the optimisation, the recently developed gradient-free technique modified cuckoo search is applied. The effectiveness of the algorithm is shown by considering the problem of optimising meshes for use in co-volume techniques. Co-volume techniques require the existence of two mutually orthogonal meshes; this is achieved by utilising the Delaunay–Voronoi dual. A combination of considering the problem globally and the use of a gradient-free technique results in a scheme that significantly outperforms previous methods in solving this particular problem. Although the examples presented in this paper are specific to optimising dual meshes, the technique is general and can be simply modified to any mesh optimisation problem. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article explains why and how the six main Australian symphony orchestras were established on a permanent basis in the five years after the end of World War II. It analyses the role of the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) in fostering radio orchestras and classical concerts from 1932 as part of its broadcasting and cultural remit, and explains why federal music policies implemented on a state-by-state basis were seen as the way in which orchestras could progress. The article examines Eugene Ormandy's report on the state of Australia's orchestras, written in 1944 and promoted by the federal government, as the main catalyst for action over the formation of permanent orchestras. The article then explores the reactions to the report and the reasons why such ensembles needed to be shared between the ABC, the municipal authorities of leading state cities and state governments. The final part of the article investigates the financial, cultural and political complexities that needed to be surmounted a...