63 results on '"Keil, Claudia"'
Search Results
52. Physiology of substrate-limited bacteria in membrane bioreactors
- Author
-
Keil, Claudia, Szewzyk, Ulrich, and Technische Universität Berlin, Fakultät III - Prozesswissenschaften
- Subjects
ddc:570 - Abstract
Heterotrophe Bakterien sind sowohl in natürlichen wie in technischen Systemen vielfach oligotrophen Bedingungen ausgesetzt, auf die sie speziesspezifisch mit unterschiedlichen Überlebensstrategien reagieren. Eine mögliche Reaktion auf nährstofflimitierende Bedingungen ist das Einstellen der Zellteilung, so dass die zur Verfügung stehenden Substrate hauptsächlich für den Erhalt der Zelle genutzt werden (Erhaltungsstoffwechsel). Unser derzeitiges Verständnis der Anpassungsstrategien entstammt zumeist Untersuchungen an relativ kurzzeitigen Kultivierungen in Batch- oder Chemostatkulturen. Diese eignen sich für die Analyse kurzfristiger Stressantworten und deren Regulation, spiegeln jedoch nicht die langfristig nährstofflimitierenden Bedingungen wider, denen Bakterien in ihren natürlichen Habitaten und artifiziellen Systemen wie in der Abwasserreinigung ausgesetzt sind. In dieser Arbeit wurden die verfahrenstechnischen Voraussetzungen zur langfristigen Untersuchung von substratlimitierten, nicht-wachsenden Bakterien im Erhaltungsstoffwechsel geschaffen und das Wachstumsverhalten einer Reinkultur eines Escherichia coli Umweltisolates erstmals unter diesen Bedingungen detailliert beschrieben und dem von langfristig hungernden Zellen in Batch-Kulturen gegenübergestellt. Dazu wurde ein Membranbioreaktorsystem (MBR) etabliert, das die langfristige Kultivierung der Bakterien bei kontinuierlicher Versorgung mit gering konzentrierten Nährstoffen unter vollständigem Bakterienrückhalt ermöglichte. Die Bakterienpopulation im MBR zeigte nach einer vierwöchigen Wachstumsphase eine gleich bleibende Biomassekonzentration 6,6 g Trockengewicht pro Liter während die Wachstumsphase der Batch-Kultur bereits nach wenigen Tagen bei einer um 90 % geringeren Zellzahl abgeschlossen war. Ein gleich bleibend geringer Anteil an toten Zellen (10 %), ein geringer Gehalt an mikroskopisch detektierbaren Teilungsstadien sowie distinkte C2 und C4 Verteilungen der DNA und das Fehlen von mikroskopisch sichtbaren Lyseprodukten deuten auf ein Nicht-Wachstum der Zellen im MBR ab der fünften Woche hin. Im weiteren Verlauf der zehnwöchigen Kultivierung wurde die Ausbildung von Subpopulationen der nicht-wachsenden Zellen mit unterschiedlicher Aktivität observiert. Während der Anteil vermeintlich lebender Zellen (BacLight) im MBR über den Versuchszeitraum bei 90 % annähernd konstant blieb, nahmen die Anteile potentiell teilungsfähiger Zellen (DVC), der hybridisierbaren Zellen (FISH) und der metabolisch aktiven Zellen (CTC) sowie der kultivierbaren Zellen (KBE) ab. Demgegenüber stieg der Anteil der lebensfähigen, aber nicht kultivierbaren Zellen (VBNC) bis auf 60 % an. Der Batch-Ansatz zeigte einen im Vergleich zum MBR um gut 50 % verminderten Anteil an metabolisch aktiven Zellen (CTC), wohingegen der Anteil an kultivierbaren Zellen am Ende des Experimentes im Batch-Ansatz um gut ein Drittel höher war als im MBR. Mit Hilfe der Durchflusszytometrie wurde im MBR neben den auch im Batch-Ansatz auftretenden C2 und C4 Verteilungen der DNA, eine Subpopulation von Zellen (47 %) mit reduziertem DNA-Gehalt detektiert, die im Batch-Ansatz nicht auftrat. Weitere Hinweise auf eine veränderte Zellphysiologie der Bakterien im Langzeit-Erhaltungsstoffwechsel lieferte der Vergleich der mittels 2D-Gelelektrophorese bzw. mittels MALDI-TOF Massenspektrometrie visualisierten Proteinmuster von wachsenden sowie kurzzeitig und langfristig nicht-wachsenden Zellen im MBR. Insgesamt wurden beim Vergleich von wachsenden und nicht-wachsenden Zellen circa 146 Proteine und beim Vergleich von kurzzeitig und langfristig nicht-wachsenden Zellen circa 73 Proteine unterschiedlich exprimiert. Weiterhin konnten MBR- bzw. Batch-spezifische Proteine im niedermolekularen Bereich mit MALDI-TOF MS nachgewiesen werden. Die in Fraßversuchen ermittelte Verwertbarkeit der Bakterien aus dem MBR für den bakterivoren Ciliaten Tetrahymena thermophila war im Gegensatz zur Verwertbarkeit von Bakterien aus dem Batch-Ansatz und aus einer Übernachtkultur zudem vermindert. Zusammenfassend ist davon auszugehen, dass nicht-wachsende aber kontinuierlich mit geringen Substratkonzentrationen versorgte Bakterien im MBR unter Ausbildung von heterogenen Populationen komplexe Adaptionsstrategien verfolgen, die sich von hungernden Zellen in Batch-Kulturen unterscheiden. Die in dieser Arbeit an Reinkulturen durchgeführten Untersuchungen verdeutlichen die Vielschichtigkeit der bakteriellen Anpassungsmöglichkeiten und bilden die Grundlage für weitere Untersuchungen und das Verständnis der Vorgänge in komplexeren Systemen wie in technischen MBR-Anlagen zur Abwasserreinigung. Heterotrophic bacteria face oligotrophic conditions in natural habitats to which they are able to respond in a species-specific manner. As one possible adaptation to nutrient limitation bacteria stop to proliferate and start using substrates just for maintenance purposes. Our current knowledge of bacterial adaptation to nutrient-limited conditions is primarily based on short-term experiments in batch culture or chemostats. These systems are suitable to study short-termed stress-responses and their regulation, but do not reflect the long-termed nutrient-limited conditions, which bacteria face in their natural habitats or in artificial systems like wastewater treatment MBRs. In this study, the procedural requirements for the long-termed examination of substrate-limited, non-growing bacteria displaying maintenance metabolism were established. A membrane bioreactor system (MBR) was set up, that allowed the cultivation of bacteria under continuous supply of low-concentrated nutrients and complete biomass retention over extended time periods. The growth characteristics of an environmental Escherichia coli A3 strain under these conditions were investigated for the first time over a period of 10 weeks and compared to long-term starving cells of the same strain in a batch system. After four weeks of growth, the biomass of the bacterial population in the membrane bioreactor remainted constant at 6.6 g dry weight l-1, while the growth period of the batch culture lasted for only a few days with a 90 % lower cell density. Dead cells comprised only a minor fraction of 10 % at most in the MBR population as indicated by the LIVE/DEAD® BacLightTM Kit. Only few dividing cells as well as no products of cell lysis were observed. Together with the distinct C2 and C4 subpopulations examined by flow cytometry these findings point to very slow or even no growth of the bacteria in the MBR from the 5th week on. During the following six weeks subpopulations of the non-growing cells displaying different cell activities were observed, which were monitored using different kinds of (fluorescence-) microscopy techniques such as DVC, CTC, BacLight, FISH and compared to the fraction of culturable cells (CFU). While the fraction of living cells (BacLight) remained constant at a high value of over 90 %, the fraction of cells potentially able to divide (DVC) and being culturable (CFU) as well as the fraction of cells showing metabolic activity (CTC) and the fraction of cells giving a positive signal after fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) declined during the experiment. In contrast the fraction of viable but non-culturable cells (VBNC) increased up to 60 % during the continuous cultivation. Although bacteria in the MBR system and in batch culture showed similarities as the high fraction of living and hybridisable cells, some fundamental differences could be observed pointing to different physiological states of the substrate-limited, non-growing cells in the MBR system and the starving cells in batch culture. Compared to the MBR only half of the bacteria in batch culture showed metabolic activity (CTC) whereas the fraction of cells forming colonies on agar plates (CFU) was one third higher than in the MBR system. Flow cytometric analyses revealed, beside the two subpopulations C2 and C4 ermerging in both MBR and batch culture, a fraction of cells displaying a low DNA content of less then the DNA content of C1 cells. This fraction of < C1 cells was only apparent in MBR and increased to a proportion of 47 % at the end of the continuous culture period. Proteomic studies revealed additional arguments for different physiological states in growing and non-growing substrate-limited E. coli cells in MBR and starved E. coli cells from batch culture. 2D-gelelectrophoresis showed an expected high number of 146 differentially expressed proteins in growing and long-term non-growing E. coli cells in the MBR. But even between bacteria that just had passed into the non-growing state and cells being in that state for about 30 days 73 differentially expressed proteins were observable. Moreover different MBR- and batch-specific proteins in the low molecular range could be observed by means of MALDI-TOF MS. Grazing experiments with the protist Tetrahymena thermophila were performed to examine the quality of E. coli cells in different metabolic states as prey organisms. Growth of T. thermophila was reduced when fed with non-growing E. coli cells from the MBR compared to cells from batch culture or overnight culture. Generally the results of this work indicate that long-term non-growing cells in MBR provided with limiting amount of nutrients display a different physiological mode than long-term starving cells in batch cultures. These findings illustrate the complexity of bacterial adaptations to nutrient limitation and create the basis for further investigations of more complex systems e. g. MBR-units for wastewater treatment.
- Published
- 2007
53. Untersuchungen zur Regulation des Zelltodes durch Wechselwirkungen zwischen Proteinen des Poly (ADP-Ribose) Metabolismus
- Author
-
Keil, Claudia
- Subjects
AIF ,XRCC1 ,poly (ADP-ribose) ,PARG ,500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::540 Chemie::540 Chemie und zugeordnete Wissenschaften - Abstract
Titelblatt und Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung Materialien und Methoden Experimente und Ergebnisse Diskussion und Ausblick Zusammenfassung Summary Literaturverzeichnis Anhang, Bei der Poly (ADP-Ribosyl)ierung handelt es sich um eine posttranslationale Modifikationsreaktion, deren Bedeutung für zahlreiche zelluläre Prozesse wie der Regulation des Zellzyklus, der DNA-Reparatur sowie dem Zelltod gezeigt wurde. Während die Synthese von Poly (ADP-Ribose) (PAR) und die Poly (ADP- Ribose) Polymerasen (PARPs) intensiv untersucht wurden, sind nur wenige Informationen zur Funktion des Polymer-abbauenden Enzyms, der Poly (ADP- Ribose) Glycohydrolase (PARG) vorhanden. Ziel der Arbeit war es, mit der Identifizierung von Interaktionspartnern und in daran anschliessenden funktionellen Studien, das Verständnis für die Funktion der PARG grundlegend zu erweitern. Dafür erfolgte zunächst die Klonierung der humanen PARG- cDNA aus der Krebszelllinie HeLa S3. Die Analyse der Primärstruktur der PARG zeigte, dass alle für die zelluläre Verteilung und den Katalysemechanismus essentiellen Aminosäuren enthalten waren. In den folgenden Experimenten zur heterologen Anreicherung des Proteins in E. coli, wurde zum ersten Mal die Expression sowohl der katalytische Domäne (PARG65) als auch der vollständigen humanen PARG (PARG110) als lösliche Polyhistidinfusionsproteine gezeigt. Die anschliessende Reinigung der katalytischen Domäne durch Ni-NTA- Affinitätschromatographie ermöglichte ausserdem die erstmalige Gewinnung eines polyklonalen Antikörpern, gerichtet gegen die humane PARG. Da eine Reinigung der kompletten PARG110 als Polyhistidinfusionsprotein mittels Ni-NTA- Chromatographie nicht möglich war, wurde als Alternative eine Affinitätsmatrix mit Gallotanninen, beschriebene Inhibitoren der PARG, entwickelt. Die erfolgreiche Immobilisierung der humanen PARG an diese Matrix ermöglichte anschliessende Protein-Protein-Interaktionsstudien. Dabei konnte erstmalig eine spezifische Protein-Protein-Interaktion zwischen den Enzymen PARP-1 und PARG gezeigt werden. Durch den Einsatz von Deletionsmutanten wurde der Bereich der Interaktion auf die katalytische Domäne der PARG und die Automodifikationsdomäne der PARP-1 eingegrenzt. In weiteren Experimenten zeigte sich, dass die PARG in der Lage ist die katalytische Aktivität der PARP-1 in humanen Kernextrakten direkt zu beeinflussen. Ausserdem wurde eine Interaktion der PARG mit X-ray repair cross-complementing 1 (XRCC1), einem für die DNA-Reparatur essentiellen Protein nachgewiesen. Da XRCC1 sowohl mit PARP-1 als auch der PARG interagiert, wurde die zelluläre Funktion dieses Proteins für den PAR-Metabolismus modellhaft in Hamsterovarienzellen mit Expression von XRCC1 (EM9-XH) und ohne Expression von XRCC1 (EM9-V) untersucht. Erfolgte eine Schädigung beider Zelllinien mit einer letalen Dosis des alkylierenden Agenz N-Methy-N´-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidin (MNNG), so wurde eine deutlich stärkere Akkumulation von PAR in den EM9-XH- Zellen beobachtet. Die Relevanz der XRCC1-abhängigen PAR-Induktion wurde anschliessend hinsichtlich der Induktion des Zelltodes untersucht. In den XRCC1-exprimierenden Zellen erfolgte MNNG-abhängig die Translokation des Apoptose induzierenden Proteins AIF (apoptosis inducing factor) vom Mitochondrium in den Zellkern. Die folgende Chromatinolyse (nuclear shrinkage) des Zellkerns führte caspase-unabhängig zum Zelltod. Im Unterschied dazu starben die XRCC1-defizienten EM9-V- Zellen infolge der Absenkung der zellulären ATP- und NAD+-Spiegel nekrotisch, ohne vorhergehende AIF- Translokation und Chromatinolyse. In allen höheren Organismen wird der Erhalt des Genoms durch funktionierende DNA-Reparaturprozesse gewährleistet. Sind diese Mechanismen überlastet, kann eine gezielte Einleitung des Zelltodes erfolgen, um der genetischer Instabilität entgegenzuwirken und die Entwicklung von Krebs zu verhindern. Die Ergebnissse dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass die funktionellen Interaktionen zwischen PARG, PARP-1 und XRCC1 von fundamentaler Relevanz für die genomische Integrität sind., Poly (ADP-ribosyl)ation is a posttranslational modification, known to be involved in several cellular processes as regulation of cell cycle, DNA repair and cell death. While synthesis of poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) and the function of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) were studied extensivly, only little is known about the polymere degrading enzyme Poly (ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). First aim of this study was the identification of PARG interacting proteins. Further characterizations were intended to provide more insightes into the cellular functions of the PARG. Initially, the human PARG cDNA from the cancer cell line HeLa S3 was cloned. The analysis of the primary protein structure revealed the presence of all amino acids, essential for cellular distribution and the mechanism of catalysis. For the first time human PARG, catalytic domain (PARG65) as well as full length protein (PARG110), were expressed as soluble polyhistidin tagged fusion proteins in E. coli. Purification of the catalytic domain of PARG using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography enabled the generation of polyclonal antibodies directed against human PARG. Since purification of the full length PARG using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography was impossible, an affinity matrix composed of sepharose beads covalently linked to gallotannins, which are described as PARG inhibitors, was established. Subsequently, interactions between gallotannin sepharose immobilized PARG and other nuclear proteins were studied. A direct protein protein interaction between the enzymes PARP-1 and PARG was demonstrated. Using deletion mutants of both proteins the automodification domain of PARP-1 and the catalytic domain of PARG were identified as interacting regions. Functional experiments indicated that PARG downregulates the enzymatic activity of nuclear PARP-1. In addition, PARG interacts with X-ray repair cross-complementing 1 (XRCC1), a DNA repair factor which is recruited by PARP-1. To study the impact of XRCC1 on PAR metabolism and regulation of cell death hamster ovary cell lines either deficient in XRCC1 (EM9-V) or overexpressing XRCC1 (EM9-XH) were used. Treatment with supralethal doses of the alkylating agent MNNG caused a considerable accumulation of PAR only in EM9-XH cells. Consequently, MNNG triggered in XRCC1- proficient cells the translocation of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria to the nucleus. This was followed by nuclear shrinkage and caspase-independent cell death. In XRCC1-deficient cells, a same MNNG treatment caused ATP and NAD depletion, resulting in necrotic cell death without AIF translocation and nuclear shrinkage. Efficient progression of both DNA repair and apoptosis are essential for genomic integrity. The results of present study demonstrate, that the interactions between PARG, PARP-1 and XRCC1 are important for the regulation of both processes.
- Published
- 2006
54. Thermally Induced Degradation of Aliphatic Glucosinolates: Identification of Intermediary Breakdown Products and Proposed Degradation Pathways
- Author
-
Hanschen, Franziska S., primary, Bauer, Anna, additional, Mewis, Inga, additional, Keil, Claudia, additional, Schreiner, Monika, additional, Rohn, Sascha, additional, and Kroh, Lothar W., additional
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
55. Effect of surface modified liposomes on the aggregation of platelets and tumor cells
- Author
-
Keil, Claudia, primary, Fichtner, Iduna, primary, and Zeisig, Reiner, additional
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
56. Tannins elevate the level of poly(ADP–ribose) in HeLa cell extracts
- Author
-
Keil, Claudia, primary, Petermann, Eva, additional, and Oei, Shiao Li, additional
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
57. Poly(ADP-ribosylation) and genomic stability.
- Author
-
Shiao Li Oei, Keil, Claudia, and Ziegler, Mathias
- Subjects
- *
DNA repair , *BIOCHEMICAL genetics , *RIBOSE , *POLYMERS , *ADENOSINE diphosphate - Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) catalyze the synthesis of ADP-ribose polymers and attach them to specific target proteins. To date, 6 members of this protein family in humans have been characterized. The best-known PARP, PARP-1, is located within the nucleus and has a major function in DNA repair but also in the execution of cell death pathways. Other PARP enzymes appear to carry out highly specific functions. Most prominently, the tankyrases modify telomere-binding proteins and thereby regulate telomere maintenance. Since only a single enzyme, poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), has been identified, which degrades poly(ADP-ribose), it is expected that this protein has important roles in PARP-mediated regulatory processes. This review summarizes recent observations indicating that poly(ADP-ribosylation) represents a major mechanism to regulate genomic stability both when DNA is damaged by exogenous agents and during cell division. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
58. Systematic studies on the antioxidant capacity and volatile compound profile of yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor L.) under different drying regimes.
- Author
-
Keil, Claudia, Grebenteuch, Sandra, Kröncke, Nina, Kanzler, Clemens, Kulow, Fenja, Pfeif, Sebastian, Boeck, Georg, Haase, Hajo, and Benning, Rainer
- Subjects
OXIDANT status ,TENEBRIO molitor ,DRYING ,INSECT larvae ,LIPOPHILICITY ,ANTIOXIDANTS - Abstract
The yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L., Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is an edible insect and due to its ubiquitous occurrence and the frequency of consumption, a promising candidate for the cultivation and production on an industrial scale. Moreover, it is the first insect to be evaluated by EFSA following the novel food application. Drying is an important preservation step in industrial insect mass production and processing. Currently, information on the stability of nutritionally relevant, functional and sensory components of mealworms during drying is still scarce. The focus of the present study was to analyze the antioxidant capacity and volatile profile of mealworm larvae dried in various regimes (freeze-dried, microwave-dried, infrared-dried, oven-dried and high frequency-dried). To summarize 1) Fresh mealworm larvae do have slow and fast acting lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants. 2) The drying process was decisive with regard to the extraction efficiency of these antioxidants. 3) The highest antioxidant capacities were found in the microwave or oven-dried larvae, while the extracts obtained from the freeze-dried larvae had the lowest values. 4) By analyzing the volatile components, the present study provides insights into the extent to which Maillard reaction and lipid oxidation take place in the course of drying, and the results underpin the impact of the drying procedure. Deepening the knowledge of process-induced changes of mealworm quality will contribute to improving Tenebrio molitor L. processing technologies, a basic prerequisite for utilizing mealworms as novel food or animal feed in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
59. Rolle von Zink im Tryptophan-Weg:In-vivo- und In-vitro-Studien
- Author
-
Probst Purnhagen, Louise Rubia, Haase, Hajo, Branco Filippin Monteiro, Fabíola, Technische Universität Berlin, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina in Florianópolis, Brazil, Keil, Claudia, Creczynski Pasa, Tânia Beatriz, and Hatanaka, Elaine
- Subjects
ddc:610 ,ddc:664 - Abstract
Fettleibigkeit, eine multifaktorielle Störung, die mit Lebensstil-, Erb- und Umweltfaktoren verbunden ist, wurde von der Weltgesundheitsorganisation als globale Epidemie beschrieben. Die nachteiligen Auswirkungen sind nicht nur sozial und psychisch, sondern hängen auch mit der Entwicklung von Komorbiditäten wie Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen, Typ-2-Diabetes und neurologischen Störungen zusammen. In den letzten Jahren wurde in mehreren Studien ein Zusammenhang zwischen Zinkmangel (Zn) und Fettleibigkeit beim Menschen festgestellt. Fettleibigkeit bedeutet eine übermäßige Expansion des weißen Fettgewebes und eine Hypertrophie der Adipozyten, Zustände, die zu einer chronischen, leicht entzündlichen Erkrankung und einem erhöhten Spiegel an zirkulierenden proinflammatorischen Zytokinen führen können. Eine übermäßige Produktion von proinflammatorischen Zytokinen kann die Expression und Aktivierung von Indoleamin-2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) sowohl im Zentralnervensystem als auch in den peripheren Organen fördern, was zu einer Tryptophan (Trp) -Verarmung und erhöhten Kynurenin (Kyn) -Spiegeln führt, was letztendlich dazu führt zu neurobehavioralen Veränderungen. Diese Studie verwendete In-vivo- und In-vitro-Tests, um die Rolle von Zn in verschiedenen Aspekten der metabolischen Trp-Umwandlung zu untersuchen. Im ersten Experiment erhielten Schweizer Albino-Mäuse eine Standarddiät (SD), eine Standarddiät mit Zn-Mangel (SD-ZD), eine Diät mit hohem Fettgehalt (HFD) oder eine Diät mit hohem Fettgehalt mit Zn-Mangel (HFD-ZD) für 8 Wochen. Es wurde festgestellt, dass HFD-Gruppen erhöhte Adipositas-Marker, Bauchumfang, Hypertrophie der weißen Adipozyten und Serum-Leptin-Spiegel aufwiesen. Der periphere Kyn-Trp-Abbau wurde in HFD-Gruppen nicht verändert. Der Einfluss von HFD auf das Verhalten wurde mit dem Splash-Test untersucht. Während HFD-Mäuse keine Verhaltensänderungen zeigten, zeigten HFD-ZD-Mäuse im Splash-Test anhedonisches Verhalten. Diese Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass zumindest bei Mäusen Fettleibigkeit in Kombination mit Zn-Mangel die Impulse für das Selbstpflege- und Motivationsverhalten bis zu einem gewissen Grad verlangsamt. Die Behandlung mit Fluoxetin war in der Lage, das anhedonische Verhalten im Spritztest umzukehren, das Serum-Leptin zu senken und die Serum-Adiponektin-Spiegel bei Tieren zu erhöhen, die HFD-ZD erhielten. Die Rolle von freiem Zn bei der Regulierung des Kyn-Trp-Signalwegs wurde in vitro untersucht. Es gab eine Zunahme von Kyn und eine Abnahme der Trp-Spiegel im Überstand von T98G- und A172-Hirngliomzellen, die unter Zn-ausreichenden oder defizienten Bedingungen gehalten und mit Überstand von Lipopolysaccharid (LPS) -stimulierten THP-1-Makrophagen behandelt wurden. Daher wurde der Schluss gezogen, dass Zn keinen direkten Einfluss auf den Kyn / Trp-Abbau hat. In einem anderen Experiment wurden jedoch indirekte Effekte beobachtet. Wenn T98G-Zellen mit Überstand von LPS-stimulierten Zn-defizienten THP-1-Makrophagen behandelt wurden, gab es einen Anstieg der Kyn-Spiegel und des Kyn/Trp-Verhältnisses im Kulturüberstand. Wie in der Literatur beschrieben, aktiviert LPS die NF-κB-Signalkaskade, was zur Produktion und Sekretion von proinflammatorischen Zytokinen in das Kulturmedium führt. Tatsächlich zeigte die RT-PCR, dass Gene, die für proinflammatorische Zytokine (IL6, TNFA und IFNG) kodieren, in LPS-stimulierten THP-1-Makrophagen sowohl unter ausreichenden als auch unter unzureichenden Zn-Bedingungen exprimiert wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigten erhöhte IL-6-Überstandsspiegel und erhöhte IFNG-Expression in LPS-stimulierten Zn-defizienten THP-1-Makrophagen im Vergleich zu Zn-adäquaten Zellen. Es wird vermutet, dass eine Kombination von proinflammatorischen Zytokinen signifikant an der Potenzierung des Kyn/Trp-Abbaus in T98G-Zellen beteiligt war. Insgesamt liefern diese Ergebnisse weitere Hinweise auf einen Zn-Mangel und eine niedriggradige Entzündung bei der Entwicklung von mit Fettleibigkeit verbundenen neurologischen Störungen. Obesity, a multifactorial disorder associated with lifestyle, hereditary, and environmental factors, has been described by the World Health Organization as a global epidemic. Its adverse effects are not only social and psychological but also related to the development of comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and neurological disorders. In recent years, several studies reported a relationship between zinc (Zn) deficiency and obesity in humans. Obesity denotes excessive white adipose tissue expansion and adipocyte hypertrophy, conditions that may lead to chronic low-grade inflammation and increased levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines. Excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines may promote the expression and activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), in both the central nervous system and peripheral organs, resulting in tryptophan (Trp) depletion and increased kynurenine (Kyn) levels, which ultimately leads to neurobehavioral alterations. This study used in vivo and in vitro assays to examine the role of Zn in different aspects of metabolic Trp conversion. In the first experiment, Swiss albino mice were fed a standard diet (SD), standard Zn-deficient diet (SD-ZD), high-fat diet (HFD), or high-fat Zn-deficient diet (HFD-ZD) for 8 weeks. It was found that HFD groups had increased adiposity markers, abdominal circumference, white adipocyte hypertrophy, and serum leptin levels. Peripheral Kyn–Trp breakdown was not altered in HFD groups. The effect of HFD on behavior was investigated using the splash test. Whereas HFD mice did not show behavioral alterations, HFD-ZD mice showed anhedonic behaviors in the splash test. These findings suggest that, at least in mice, obesity combined with Zn deficiency decelerates impulses for self-care and motivation behaviors to a certain extent. Fluoxetine treatment was able to reverse anhedonic behavior in the splash test, decrease serum leptin, and increase serum adiponectin levels in animals receiving HFD-ZD. The role of free Zn in regulating the Kyn–Trp pathway was investigated in vitro. There was an increase in Kyn and a decrease in Trp levels in supernatant from T98G and A172 brain glioma cells maintained under Zn-sufficient or deficient conditions and treated with supernatant from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated THP-1 macrophages. Thus, it was concluded that Zn does not have a direct effect on Kyn/Trp breakdown. However, indirect effects were observed in a different experiment. When T98G cells were treated with supernatant from LPS-stimulated Zn-deficient THP-1 macrophages, there was an increase in Kyn levels and Kyn/Trp ratio in culture supernatant. As described in the literature, LPS activates the NF-κB signaling cascade, resulting in the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines into the culture medium. Indeed, RT-PCR revealed that genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines (IL6, TNFA, and IFNG) were expressed in LPS-stimulated THP-1 macrophages, under both Zn sufficient and deficient conditions. The results showed increased IL-6 supernatant levels and increased IFNG expression in LPS-stimulated Zn-deficient THP-1 macrophages as compared with Zn-adequate cells. It is suggested that a combination of proinflammatory cytokines were significantly involved in potentiating Kyn/Trp breakdown in T98G cells. Overall, these results provide further evidence implicating Zn deficiency and low grade-inflammation in the development of obesity-associated neurological disorders. A obesidade é um distúrbio multifatorial que envolve fatores hereditários e ambientais e estilo de vida; seus efeitos adversos não são apenas sociais ou psicológicos, mas também relacionados a presença de comorbidades como diabetes tipo 2 e distúrbios neurológicos, sendo considerado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde como uma epidemia global. Nos últimos anos, vários trabalhos relatam uma relação entre deficiência de zinco (Zn) e obesidade em humanos. A obesidade denota expansões desproporcionais do tecido adiposo branco com hipertrofia adipocitária e está associada à inflamação crônica de baixo grau, caracterizada por concentrações significativas de citocinas pró-inflamatórias circulantes. A produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias provenientes do tecido adiposo hipertrofiado pode resultar na expressão e ativação periférica ou central da enzima indoleamina 2,3-dioxigenase (IDO) na via do triptofano (Trp), levando à um aumento nas concentrações de quinurenina (Quin), promovendo alterações neurocomportamentais. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo examina in vivo e in vitro o papel do Zn em certos aspectos da conversão metabólica do Trp. No primeiro estudo, foram utilizados camundongos Swis albino expostos a uma dieta padrão (SD), dieta padrão deficiente em Zn (SD-ZD), dieta hiperlipídica (HFD) e dieta hiperlipídica deficiente em Zn (HFD-ZD) por oito semanas. Demonstrou-se que os grupos HFD e HFD-ZD tiveram um aumento na adiposidade, bem como na circunferência abdominal, apresentando hipertrofia do tecido adiposo e apresentaram um aumento nas concentrações de leptina sérica. Em relação à conversão de Trp em Quin periférica, não houve alterações significativas nos grupos expostos as dietas hiperlipídicas. Foram investigados os efeitos das dietas hiperlipídicas em modelo comportamental como o teste de respingo (splash test). Enquanto o grupo HFD não demostrou alterações comportamentais, o grupo HFD-ZD demonstrou comportamentos anedônicos no teste de respingo. Esses resultados sugerem que, pelo menos em camundongos, a obesidade em combinação com a deficiência de Zn desacelera os impulsos de autocuidado e comportamentos motivacionais. O tratamento com fluoxetina foi capaz de reverter o comportamento anedônico no teste de respingo e diminuir as concentrações de leptina sérica e aumentar as concentrações de adiponectina sérica em animais que receberam HFD-ZD. O papel do Zn livre na regulação da via das Quin foi investigado no estudo in vitro. Houve um aumento nas concentrações de Quin e uma diminuição nas concentrações de Trp nos sobrenadantes de células de glioma cerebral T98G e A172 mantidas sob condições de Zn suficiente ou deficiente sendo tratadas com sobrenadante de macrófagos THP-1 estimulados por lipopolissacarídeo (LPS). Concluiu-se que o Zn não tem efeito direto no catabolismo do Trp. No entanto, efeitos indiretos foram observados em um experimento diferente. Quando as células T98G foram tratadas com sobrenadante de macrófagos THP-1 deficientes em Zn estimulados por LPS, houve um aumento nos níveis de Quin e na razão Quin/Trp no sobrenadante da cultura celular T98G. Como descrito na literatura, o LPS ativa a cascata de sinalização NF-κB, resultando na produção e secreção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias no meio de cultura em THP-1 macrófagos. De fato, a RT-PCR revelou que os genes que codificam citocinas pró-inflamatórias (IL6, TNFA e IFNG) foram expressos em macrófagos THP-1 estimulados por LPS, tanto em condições de Zn suficiente quanto deficiente. Os resultados mostraram concentrações aumentadas de IL-6 no sobrenadante e uma expressão aumentada de IFNG em macrófagos THP-1 deficientes em Zn estimulados por LPS em comparação com células adequadas em Zn. Por fim, é sugerido que uma combinação de citocinas pró-inflamatórias podem estar significativamente envolvidas na potencialização da conversão do triptofano pela via das Quin em células T98G. Estes resultados fornecem evidências adicionais que implicam a deficiência de Zn e inflamação de baixo grau associado à obesidade no desenvolvimento de distúrbios neurológicos.
- Published
- 2021
60. Dried Porous Biomaterials from Mealworm Protein Gels: Proof of Concept and Impact of Drying Method on Structural Properties and Zinc Retention.
- Author
-
Klost M, Keil C, and Gurikov P
- Abstract
Dried porous materials can be found in a wide range of applications. So far, they are mostly prepared from inorganic or indigestible raw materials. The aim of the presented study was to provide a proof of concept for (a) the suitability of mealworm protein gels to be turned into dried porous biomaterials by either a combination of solvent exchange and supercritical drying to obtain aerogels or by lyophilization to obtain lyophilized hydrogels and (b) the suitability of either drying method to retain trace elements such as zinc in the gels throughout the drying process. Hydrogels were prepared from mealworm protein, subsequently dried using either method, and characterized via FT-IR, BET volume, and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. Retention of zinc was evaluated via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results showed that both drying methods were suitable for obtaining dried porous biomaterials and that the drying method mainly influenced the overall surface area and pore hydrophobicity but not the secondary structure of the proteins in the gels or their zinc content after drying. Therefore, a first proof of concept for utilizing mealworm protein hydrogels as a base for dried porous biomaterials was successful and elucidated the potential of these materials as future sustainable alternatives to more conventional dried porous materials.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
61. Fluorescent Arylphosphonic Acids: Synergic Interactions between Bone and the Fluorescent Core.
- Author
-
Zorlu Y, Brown C, Keil C, Ayhan MM, Haase H, Thompson RB, Lengyel I, and Yücesan G
- Abstract
Herein, we report the third generation of fluorescent probes (arylphosphonic acids) to target calcifications, particularly hydroxyapatite (HAP). In this study, we use highly conjugated porphyrin-based arylphosphonic acids and their diesters, namely 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[m-(diethoxyphosphoryl)phenyl]porphyrin (m-H
8 TPPA-OEt8 ) and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis [m-phenylphosphonic acid]porphyrin (m-H8 TPPA), in comparison with their positional isomers 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[p-(diisopropoxyphosphoryl)phenyl]porphyrin (p-H8 TPPA-iPr8 ) and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis [p-phenylphosphonic acid]porphyrin (p-H8 TPPA), which have phosphonic acid units bonded to sp2 carbon atoms of the fluorescent core. The conjugation of the fluorescent core is thus extended to the (HAP) through sp2 -bonded -PO3 H2 units, which generates increased fluorescence upon HAP binding. The resulting fluorescent probes are highly sensitive towards the HAP in rat bone sections. The designed probes are readily taken up by cells. Due to the lower reported toxicity of (p-H8 TPPA), these probes could find applications in monitoring bone resorption or adsorption, or imaging vascular or soft tissue calcifications for breast cancer diagnosis etc., (© 2020 The Authors. Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.)- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
62. Sarcosine is a prostate epigenetic modifier that elicits aberrant methylation patterns through the SAMe-Dnmts axis.
- Author
-
Strmiska V, Michalek P, Lackova Z, Guran R, Krizkova S, Vanickova L, Zitka O, Stiborova M, Eckschlager T, Klejdus B, Pacik D, Tvrdikova E, Keil C, Haase H, Adam V, and Heger Z
- Subjects
- Cell Line, Humans, Male, Prostate pathology, Prostatic Neoplasms pathology, CpG Islands, Epigenesis, Genetic drug effects, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic drug effects, Prostate metabolism, Prostatic Neoplasms metabolism, Sarcosine pharmacology, Up-Regulation drug effects
- Abstract
DNA hypermethylation is one of the most common epigenetic modifications in prostate cancer (PCa). Several studies have delineated sarcosine as a PCa oncometabolite that increases the migration of malignant prostate cells while decreasing their doubling time. Here, we show that incubation of prostate cells with sarcosine elicited the upregulation of sarcosine N-demethylation enzymes, sarcosine dehydrogenase and pipecolic acid oxidase. This process was accompanied by a considerable increase in the production of the major methyl-donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), together with an elevation of cellular methylation potential. Global DNA methylation analyses revealed increases in methylated CpG islands in distinct prostate cell lines incubated with sarcosine, but not in cells of nonprostate origin. This phenomenon was further associated with marked upregulation of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts). Epigenetic changes were recapitulated through blunting of Dnmts using the hypomethylating agent 5-azacytidine, which was able to inhibit sarcosine-induced migration of prostate cells. Moreover, spatial mapping revealed concomitant increases in sarcosine, SAMe and Dnmt1 in histologically confirmed malignant prostate tissue, but not in adjacent or nonmalignant tissue, which is in line with the obtained in vitro data. In summary, we show here for the first time that sarcosine acts as an epigenetic modifier of prostate cells and that this may contribute to its oncometabolic role., (© 2019 The Authors. Published by FEBS Press and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
63. Unusual Zn(II) Affinities of Zinc Fingers of Poly(ADP-ribose)Polymerase 1 (PARP-1) Nuclear Protein.
- Author
-
Bossak K, Goch W, Piątek K, Frączyk T, Poznański J, Bonna A, Keil C, Hartwig A, and Bal W
- Subjects
- Circular Dichroism, Humans, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Protons, Spectrometry, Fluorescence, Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases chemistry, Zinc chemistry, Zinc Fingers
- Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) is a key eukaryotic enzyme,catalyzing the NAD+ dependent poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of protein substrates, crucial for major DNA repair pathways, and involved in other fundamental cellular processes, such as transcription, cell cycle control, and apoptosis. Its ability to bind DNA depends on two CCHC zinc finger domains, in short, PARPzf1 and PARPzf2. Using spectroscopic methods and competitive titrations with Zn(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) ions, we determined conditional dissociation constants for Zn(II) complexes of PARPzf1 and PARPzf2 at pH 7.4 (HEPESbuffer) as 26 ± 4 nM and 4 ± 1 pM, respectively. The former value indicates an extremely low affinity of PARPzf1 toward metal ions, meaning that under cellular conditions PARP1zf might be largely present in a “metal-free” state. This finding provides a clue to the high susceptibility of PARP-1 to oxidative stress but also raises questions regarding the activation of PARPzf1 under cellular conditions. We also determined conditional dissociation constants for Ni(II) complexes of PARPzf1 and PARPzf2 under the same conditions as 0.78 ± 0.04 μM and 0.26 ± 0.05 nM, respectively.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.