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Objective: This study aims to uncover the anti-diarrheal, antioxidant, thrombolytic, and anthelmintic activities of methanol extract of A. solanacea (ASME) and its soluble n-hexane fraction in methanol (ASNH).Materials and Methods: The phytochemical assessment of this plant was performed by using the standard method. The anti-diarrheal property was screened by castor oil induced diarrhea in Swiss albino mice and plant extract was administered into mice by oral gavage. The antioxidant property was being investigated by two different in vitro methods such as ferric reducing effect assay and superoxide scavenging activity assay. The thrombolytic activity was evaluated by in vitro clot lysis procedure, and the anthelmintic study was carried out on earthworm Pheretima posthuma.Results: In castor-oil induced diarrhea, ASME and ASNH induced a significant decrease (**P

This research describes an investigation of the antipyretic and hepatoprotective properties of both a crude organic extract and various subfractions of the ethnomedicinal plant Tinospora crispa, using appropriate animal models. In an attempt to identify potential lead hepatoprotective compounds, in silico experiments were utilized. Antipyretic activity was assessed via the Brewer's yeast‐induced pyrexia method, while hepatoprotective effects were evaluated in a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)‐induced animal model. A computer‐aided prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) model was applied to a selection of documented phytoconstituents, with the aim of identifying those compounds with most promising hepatoprotective effects. Results were analyzed using Molinspiration software. Our results showed that both the methanol extract (METC) and various subfractions (pet ether, PEFTC; n‐hexane, NHFTC; and chloroform, CFTC) significantly (p, Methanol extract and its soluble fractions of Tinospora crispa exerted significant antipyretic activity and methanol extract is also responsible for hepatoprotective activity in vivo and in silico studies revealed that T. crispa possesses potential lead compounds for hepatoprotective activity.

This paper presents a noble approach to develop a digital healthcare system for Bangladesh, a country which is soon going to become a developing country. We made an online application to help the masses to get access to healthcare easily and effectively. The application consists of two modules, doctor/hospital information system and emergency services. It has user-friendly features for doctor appointment making. Also, it has a blood donor search option, ambulance calling option, patient’s report view option, doctors ranking options etc. The doctors ranking is a special feature which was calculated based on doctor’s educational qualification, experience, average count of appointments made by patients and patient’s feedback. Feedback form real users showed that this information system was very helpful for them. If implemented countrywide, this system of digital healthcare may pave the way for an effective healthcare service in Bangladesh.

Background: Health care providers have given their efforts to reduce the rate of child mortality and morbidity, throughout the world. But inadequate amount of knowledge about the demand of pediatric surgical care lagging us behind to achieve our goal. The study was conducted to observe the distribution of pediatric surgical cases over five years in the study site. Materials and methods: It was a descriptive type of observational study. Data was extracted from record book of surgical procedures done in Department of Pediatric Surgery, Bangabandhu Memorial Hospital (BBMH) Chattogram, over a period of 5 years, from January 2013 to December 2017. Written permission was taken from the hospital authority prior to data collection. Descriptive data analysis was done by Microsoft Excel (Version 2013). Results: Out of total 2977 cases, 10-15 years age group had a predominance of 828 cases and the least was more than 15 years age group (672 cases). A male predominance was observed, with 65% of all cases (Total- 1935 cases) while female patients comprised rest of it. Male female ratio was 1.86: 1. Over 5 years period appendicectomy (497) circumcision (530) herniotomy (425) rectal polypectomy (255) showed abundant number covering majority of the surgical procedures. On the contrary, splenectomy with cholecystectomy was the least performed surgery (5) mostly done for haemolytic disease of newborn (Thalassemia). Conclusion: To deal with huge amount of surgical patients of pediatric age group an organized effort is required to ensure proper environment and resources to facilitate optimal implementation of surgical care to the future generations of a country. JCMCTA 2018 ; 29 (2) : 47-52

Background Schizophrenia (SCZ) is an incurable neuropsychiatric disorder generally described by impaired social behavior and altered recognition of reality. For the first time, this study explored serum levels of antioxidants (vitamin A, E, and C), malondialdehyde (MDA), macro‐minerals (calcium, potassium, and sodium), and trace elements (zinc, iron, and selenium) in Bangladeshi patients with SCZ and thereby, discovering any pathophysiological correlation. Methods This case‐controlled study evaluated 63 patients with SCZ as cases and 63 healthy individuals as controls. Vitamin A and E levels were defined by RP‐HPLC. MDA and vitamin C levels were measured by using UV spectrophotometry, and macro and trace elements by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results This study found significantly (P ≤ 0.05) elevated MDA levels and decreased levels of antioxidants—vitamin A, C, and E and significantly (P ≤ 0.05) diminished levels of macro and trace elements in cases in contrast to the controls. Serum levels of zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), iron (Fe), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and sodium (Na) were determined to be 0.33 ± 0.008, 0.0252 ± 0.00060, 0.24 ± 0.01, 64.18 ± 2.72, 36.88 ± 2.56, and 2657.5 ± 53.32 mg/L, respectively, in cases, whereas 0.79 ± 0.03, 0.0650 ± 0.00355,0.78 ± 0.03, 168.01 ± 2.85, 86.43 ± 2.55, and 3200.8 ± 29.96 mg/L, respectively, were determined in controls. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between Zn and Na, Zn and K, Zn and Ca, Zn and Fe, Zn and Se, Fe and Na, and Fe and Se in patients. Conclusions The findings connect that the pathogenesis of SCZ may have a correlation with altered levels of antioxidants, MDA, macro‐minerals, and trace elements.

The environmental agenda encompasses a relatively large number of issues having multiple actors involved in and around them. Environmental problems are diverse and complex, both in local as well as in international settings. The complexity of environmental problems often involves exploring various solution approaches. The regulatory process is one of them; and the policy process complements regulatory developments. They guide human behaviour. Given that human interactions with nature and ecological processes are central to environmental problems, law and policy regulations suggest changing human behaviour in order to be in harmony with nature and to better cope with natural processes. Coping with natural processes does not mean seeking the adoption of preventive measures only. Rather, positive and proactive measures are necessary to recover from environmental harm, as we have already caused significant damage to our environment. We must recover from the injury caused to our planet in order for it to exist in its unique condition and to continue with life support systems that are sustainable. Law and policies are some of the tools we employ to recover from the damages caused to our environment. Since the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment, the environmental agenda has predominantly captured our attention on all decision-shaping and decision-making levels, including political, economic, scientific, and cultural spheres both in academic and non-academic contexts. The actors' joint efforts have provided us with a mutual understanding of environmental problems, a set of agreed-upon norms and principles, and procedural practices to respond to such problems.

Climate change represents a global challenge that impacts the environment, traditional lifestyle and health of the Indigenous Peoples in the Arctic zone of Western Siberia and threatens their food security. Reindeer are an important food source for this population since reindeer herding products are used as traditional nutrition and effective preventive means and remedies for adapting to the cold and geomagnetic activity in the High North. Longer off-season periods, high summer and winter temperatures, melting ice, and forest and tundra fires have a significant impact on the trampling and degradation of reindeer pastures. These effects may lead to massive reindeer losses and changes in the traditional diet of the Indigenous Peoples in the Arctic, which result in increases in the prevalence of respiratory diseases, overweight and hypertension. This study applied a multidisciplinary approach based on ecological and medical research methods with the inclusion of socioeconomic analysis. The primary sources included data on the longitudinal dynamics of air temperature as a climate change indicator and reindeer livestock populations (1936–2018), consumption of reindeer products and physiological impacts on the Yamal Indigenous population collected during expeditions to the Arctic zone of Western Siberia in 2012–2018.

Climate change is arguably one of the most serious global problems of our time. Its implications are widespread touching every corner of the globe at various levels and in varied contexts. The implications are in most cases environmentally devastating, resulting in enormous concerns posing multidimensional threats to humans and communities at large. On the one hand, environmental changes in the Arctic causes human security threats to its diverse communities. On the other hand, consequences of climate change leads to new developments leading to geopolitical tensions as human activities are on the rise resulting in an increase in global presence in resource usage. Overall, the transformation of the Arctic debatably has implications of influencing global and regional security dynamics. As a result, both internal and external security dynamics in the Arctic conceive a hard-soft security nexus, engaging actors, both within and beyond the Arctic. Against this background, the following article explores the grounds of hard-soft security nexus in the Arctic. By examining some of the lessons from the recent past, the article investigates the future of regional security implications. Further, it analyses insights on the need for a multi-level regulatory, institutional, and participatory Arctic governance framework in response to hard-soft security nexus.

This book explores the challenges facing food security, sustainability, sovereignty, and supply chains in the Arctic, with a specific focus on Indigenous Peoples. Offering multidisciplinary insights and with a particular focus on populations in the European High North region, the book highlights the importance of accessible and sustainable traditional foods for the dietary needs of local and Indigenous Peoples. It focuses on foods and natural products that are unique to this region and considers how they play a significant role towards food security and sovereignty. The book captures the tremendous complexity facing populations here as they strive to maintain sustainable food systems - both subsistent and commercial - and regain sovereignty over traditional food production policies. A range of issues are explored including food contamination risks, due to increasing human activities in the region, such as mining, to changing livelihoods and gender roles in the maintenance of traditional food security and sovereignty. The book also considers processing methods that combine indigenous and traditional knowledge to convert the traditional foods, that are harvested and hunted, into local foods. This book offers a broader understanding of food security and sovereignty and will be of interest to academics, scholars and policy makers working in food studies; geography and environmental studies; agricultural studies; sociology; anthropology; political science; health studies and biology.

Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanoparticles have gained much attention due to their simple synthesis, a wide range of chemical, industrial, biological, and medicinal applications including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial activities. Vanadium complexes of Schiff bases were used as a precursor to synthesis vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanoparticles. The precursor Schiff base complexes were obtained by mixing vanadyl acetylacetonate with the prepared Schiff base ligands maintaining a ratio 1:1. After that V2O5 nanoparticles (denoted by C-1, C-2, C-3 and C-4) were synthesized by the direct calcination method based on thermal evaporation-condensation of vanadium complexes at 600 °C for 3 h. Finally, the analytical tools such as FTIR, XRD, EDS and SEM provided evidence in favor of the formation of V2O5 nanoparticles. In addition, microbial study and photocatalytic activity were carried out using a spectrophotometer. An antimicrobial study showed that all the prepared V2O5 nanoparticles have inhibition capacity against the growth of some selected human pathogenic bacteria and few of them against plant pathogenic fungi. Moreover, these V2O5 nanoparticles have photocatalytic activity since these particles degrade organic dye, Eosin yellow.

Now-a-days frequent mishaps like the road accident or other life-risking accident leading to operational emergencies are increasing day by day and the blood donor for such victims or patients are very hard to find in a short period. Sometimes it is really tough to collect the blood of the same group from the relatives of a patient in dying moments. The main objective of this work is to make a connection with these two groups who are in need of blood and who are willing to donate. We have determined the shortest distance between blood seeker and blood donors using the Dijkstra Algorithm. Anybody can contact the nearest blood donor of any group in a particular area quickly. By implementing this idea, the harassment of the victim can be lessened and so many lives can be saved.

This article examines challenges and opportunities resulting from the rapid expansion of information and communication technology (ICT), through their impacts on the traditional culture of a given community. The expansion of ICT extends to all spheres of our lives, and makes society globally-oriented, which has provided opportunities for communities located in remote regions to stay connected and participate in global issues, as well as to take advantage of new innovations, in a virtual environment. However, these developments have also resulted in tensions when considered from the perspective of maintaining fundamental values traditionally held by a community. These fundamental values are often developed from traditionally practiced social norms which, at times, are transformed to adapt to a new cultural reality in response to, for example, information-based technological development. Such developments may generate concern that information-based societal development will negatively influence the traditions and culture of communities, and indigenous communities in particular. These concerns suggest that the introduction of an invasive culture will affect the established community and their culture, who build their identity based on traditional norms. Many indigenous communities, whose identities are founded in nature-based traditional practices, are arguably afraid of losing their cultural values as a result of new information-based societal development. It is based on this premise that the following article considers the Sámi indigenous community of the European High North (EHN) as case study, to argue that culture is a transformational, and not a static, element in any given society; it highlights that information-based cultural development and traditional norms can be mutually re-enforcing. The article argues that culture should be viewed holistically, and that the integration of information-based societal development within traditional culture and identity contribute to cultural modernisation.

The international exchange program plays an important role in improving soft skills and helps graduates’ to be confident to compete in job market. Student can achieve a vast academic knowledge apart from extra-curricular and co-curricular skills through attending exchange program. Therefore, this paper aims at studying the development of students acquired soft skills and the barriers they face to achieve the goal through the exchange program. The data obtained from 87 students who participated in exchange program in different countries of Asia. Besides descriptive statistics, factor analysis was performed to identify the achieved soft skills through exchange program. This study reveals that, a large number of students were attending in exchange program at their own cost and most of the students were from the year 3. Indubitably, Exchange program helps to improve students’ soft skill such as; communication skill, team building ability, adaptability with situation. Moreover, lectures delivered to the students were found interesting. Results of the study are expected to motivate students attending in international exchange program and will offer a right direction to the students to get an expected outcome Received: 22 June 2021 / Accepted: 13 January 2022 / Published: 5 March 2022

Background: The emergence and spread of resistance related to the irrational use of antibiotics is a major global public health problem. The aim of this study was to assess Knowledge, Attitude and Practices towards use of unprescribed drugs among adults in a selected city of Somaliland.\ud \ud Methods: This study used cross-sectional survey and data was collected through semi-structured questionnaire. A purposive sampling of 400 individuals was obtained; Slovene’s Formula was used to calculate the sample size & Data was analysed by using SSPS v.20 and Ms Excel.\ud \ud Results: It is found that 64.3% of the respondents used any form of medicine without a medical practitioner's prescription. It is found that there is a significant association between respondent's level of knowledge and practice of unprescribed drug use.\ud \ud Conclusion: The conclusion is that it is important to formulate policies and strategies for drug distribution and sales aimed for controlling the public use of unprescribed drugs.

Distortion-induced fatigue problem at the web–diaphragm connection plays a major role in both durability and serviceability of composite bridges. Out-plane bending of the girder’s web at the diaphragm-web connection of the plate girder is stated as a fundamental source of distortion stress. Also, the stress gets intensified by the presence of curvature at the diaphragm-web connection. Besides, the effect of slab thickness, web-gap depth and cross-frame stiffness on distortion stress is not considered in the existing process of stress calculation. This paper demonstrates the possible causes of distortion stress, factors affecting distortion stress and an appropriate, cost-effective countermeasure for mitigating distortion stress. For this purpose, a three-dimensional curved twin I-girder bridge model is developed and verified with existing work. The numerical problem formulation, model verification, retrofitting and analysis are performed using the ANSYS program. The validated model is used to investigate the effect of bridge curvature, slab thickness, cross-frame stiffness and web-gap depth on the differential deflection and the distortion-induced stress. A substantial effect of curvature is noticed on girder differential deflection which proportionally affects the distortion-induced stress. Lastly, this study proposed two retrofitting techniques which are found efficient to extenuate the differential deflection and distortion stress about 50–60%.

The viscosities, η , of pure n-heptane, toluene, o-xylene, mesitylene, and some of their binary mixtures covering the whole composition range have been measured at 298.15K. Deviations in viscosity, ∆η , was calculated using experimental results. The concentration dependencies of η were correlated to polynomial expressions, whereas, ∆η were fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation. Moreover, the values of the excess Gibbs free energy of activation, ∆G#E, of these mixtures were determined. Viscosity measurements of the binary systems were correlated with Grunberg and Nissan the three-body and four-body McAllister expressions. In all systems, ∆η were found to be negative in the whole range of composition with a single lobe having minimum at 0.6 mple fraction of aromatic hydrocarbon. While dispersive forces are suggested to dominate in n-heptane + toluene, for the other two systems ‘favourable geometric fitting’ overpowers them due to the increasing number of – CH3 groups in the relevant aromatic hydrocarbons. The Chittagong Univ. J. Sci. 40 : 97-110, 2018

Overarching digitalisation is producing significant socio-cultural, economic and policy changes in the European High North. These changes create new opportunities, but also challenges and concerns for people and communities living in the region. Digital development is guided by supranational, national and regional digital policies and is secured through national cybersecurity agendas. These frameworks concentrate on advancing overall economic growth and safeguarding critical information infrastructure and information security, but pay inadequate attention to the interests, needs and fears of people and communities experiencing digitalisation in everyday life. In order to generate a more comprehensive cybersecurity agenda, which focuses on human security and empowering people to influence the digital development, a research framework highlighting the actual ways people use, wish to use, or are unable to use information and communication technologies is needed. The focus of this article is therefore on regionally contextualised digital opportunities and threats as they may be experienced by local people and communities. It utilises insights of securitisation theory to grant people a say in the direction of digital development in their region. The aim is to introduce issues of human security to cybersecurity agendas, for a more comprehensive understanding of the societal changes that digitalisation generates.

AimsFrontline health care workers exposed to COVID-19 patients could be at increased risk of developing psychological issues. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of mental health-related problems, specifically depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and insomnia among health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh and to compare these between medical and allied health care professionals.MethodThis cross-sectional survey was conducted using Google Form then subsequent telephone interview between June and August 2020. Using random sampling, a total of 479 health care professionals participated in the study. We collected data on demographics. Anxiety and depression were measured using 4 items Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4), PTSD was measured using 4 items Primary Care (PC)-PTSD-Screen, and insomnia was measured by using a 7-item Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess risk factors associated with mental health symptoms.ResultOverall, 17.6% of frontline health workers had symptoms of anxiety, 15.5% had depression symptoms, 7.6% had PTSD symptoms and 5.9% had symptoms of insomnia. Compared to allied health professionals (n = 113, 24%), doctors (n = 366, 76%) had significantly higher prevalence of anxiety: 21.1% vs 06%, (OR = 4.19; 95% CI = 1.88–9.35; p-value ConclusionOur study demonstrated a high prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, PTSD, and insomnia among Bangladeshi frontline health workers (particularly among doctors) during the COVID-19 pandemic. There is an urgent need to address the mental health needs of frontline health workers.Funding: Medical Research Council, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh.

In recent years, the Sápmi region has witnessed an expansion of resource extraction activities. The enjoyment of human rights of the Sámi indigenous people will likely be challenged by extractive industries, unless effective measures are implemented to mitigate the possible effects of these activities. In this article, we explore the possibility of integrating human rights impact assessment (hria) in license granting mechanisms such as environmental impact assessment (eia). Our goal is to explore what international standards are available for conducting hrias and whether these would bring benefit to license granting processes. Based on our analysis, we recommend that the integration of hrias, particularly concerning Sámi rights, in response to resource developments in the Sápmi region, would on one hand bring a stronger normative value to such processes, offering a greater legal protection for Sámi, and on the other hand offer strengthened trust between communities and the companies, in resource extractions.

This article explores the possibility for an Arctic Council (AC) that would a have global voice, achieved through multilateral engagements. The number of observers, including non-Arctic states, has grown robustly in recent years, yet the structure of the Council does not allow for an increase in its membership. The present structure does not afford particularly extensive engagement for actors other than members, a shortcoming which hampers “effective inclusiveness” and a global orientation. We examine the roles and functions of the AC, as well as its structural expansions, to identify gaps that could be filled by accommodating multilateralism in its structure. Improvements in the position of the non-Arctic states as observers were proposed in 2015 in the addendum to Observer Manual 2013, signaling a willingness on the part of the Council to accommodate the voices of other actors. We argue that this trend will spark a trend enabling greater engagement by global actors. In assessing the future direction of the Council, we argue that what he have termed “effective inclusiveness” would offer a suitable mechanism for governing a globalized Arctic and thus making the AC a stronger global forum, one in which actions achieve greater global legitimacy.

S. G. Sreejith—Associate Professor, Associate Dean (Academic Affairs), and Executive Director; Kamrul Hossain—Associate Professor and Director.

Climate and socio-economic and environmental changes in the Arctic alter the diversity, abundance, and distribution of key traditional food sources. For Arctic communities, including its Indigenous population, food is not just a commodity for physical consumption; it also offers social, spiritual, and cultural sustenance. The scarcity of nutritious and healthy foods to fulfil dietary needs in Arctic communities often results in numerous risks that include access to, and the ability to afford, safe, secure, and healthy food. This chapter offers an understanding of food security issues in the regional context, emphasizing the diverse drivers of food security, their interconnectedness, and the cumulative impacts for Arctic communities.

INTRODUCTION[|]Tobacco consumption has a significant association with several health problems. Among the eight leading causes of morbidity and mortality, tobacco consumption is the major risk factor for six causes. This study aimed to find out the prevalence and the factors associated with tobacco consumption among the students at a private university.[¤]METHODS[|]This cross-sectional study was conducted at Daffodil International University from January to May 2017, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire.[¤]RESULTS[|]A total of 384 students participated in this study. The findings showed that 184 (48.4%) of the students of a private university were smoking any form of tobacco. Age, place of residence, knowledge of the consequences of tobacco consumption, health problems that the respondents were suffering, an affair of love, the frequency of library had a significant association with tobacco consumption.[¤]DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION[|]Identifying associated risk factors is important to develop a prevention program and mitigate the epidemic situation of tobacco consumption among the students.[¤]

Bangladesh is a frequently affected by river flood and flash flood because of its geographical location. Along with the number of vulnerabilities, flood is cause sever health related problems. Thus objective of this study was to develop a prediction model for self-assessed health for the people of flood-prone area of Bangladesh. A CHAID technique is applied to predict the self-assessed health status. Data was collected from 883 individuals who were selected applying multistage random from four selected flood affected districts - Sunamgonj, Chattogram, Jamalpur and Gaiandha of Bangladesh. It is observed that more than 54% people of the flood affected area had reported that they were in poor health condition. In addition, food scarcity, worried about future, health awareness, use of hygienic toilet and education level were found the influential factors for self-assessed health status. However, food scarcity was the most influential factors for the prediction model. Accuracy, Precision, Recall and F1 Score for the training model were found 75.1%, 82.01%, 74.5% and 78.1% respectively whereas for test model were 74.1%, 85.5%, 71.0% and 77.6% respectively. The prediction model would assist to identify people who might be under risk in the flood affected area and also can mitigate health related disaster in the area.

Background The Bangladeshi rural and hilly areas people have long tradition to use various medicinal plants for treating different diseases. That’s why, the crude methanolic leaf extract of Ardisia solanacea with its different fractions (petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride, n-hexane and chloroform fractions) were subjected to investigate bioactivities in swiss albino mice; namely analgesic, CNS, and Oral hypoglycemic activities, while in-vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity. Methods Central nervous system activity was investigated by various method such as Elevated plus maze, Hole board, Hole cross and Open field test apparatus. Analgesic activity was evaluated by both acetic acid induced and tail immersion method. Hypoglycemic activity was evaluated by oral glucose tolerance test and cytotoxicity was evaluated by Brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Results In CNS activity, among others fractions, ASCF fraction produced a significant anxiolytic activity in both elevated plus maze and Hole board test. During open-field test almost all the fractions of A. solanacea leaves extract display decreased locomotor activities that indicates significant sedative activity. The ASME and ASCF showed significant peripheral analgesic activity at a dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight (p p p 50 values. Conclusions From the above results, it is clear that different fractions of A. solanacea showed significant pharmacological potentiality in different in-vitro and in-vivo study model. So, it will be very much possible source for an isolating lead compound for curing the numerous disorders.

The proportion of elderly has been increased gradually over the past years and this has created many causes for concerns particularly in individual’s health status. Relatively little is known about health status of older ethnic group across the world. The study aims to explore the health status of ethnic elderly among Tea Garden workers in Bangladesh. A total of 229 elderly were interviewed from different tea gardens. Prevalence ratio and adjusted prevalence ratio were calculated using simple and multiple Poisson regression analysis. The study revealed that more than 90% of the elderly had suffered from multi-morbidity. Gender, age, family behavior, number of meals in a day, taking milk or milk products and taking sugar were highly associated factor to lead healthy life for elderly. Female and unemployed elderly were in more risk to suffer from multi-morbidity, illiterate were also a risk factor for multi-morbidity but effected by confounding factors. An elderly who rated himself as unhealthy was 1.75 times more risk in compare to healthy elderly. In addition, the ethnic elderly who were suffering from difficulties of seeing, getting up, standing, remembering and others disability were in more risk of suffering from multi-morbidity.

Background: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that leads to more complex diseases if kept untreated for a long time. Current oral hypoglycemic drugs are managing diabetes to a satisfactory level although some are associated with intense side effects. Historically natural products are playing the vital role for providing ideal lead molecules for drug development. In silico methods are ahead of conventional drug development methods for screening compounds against a target receptor with higher success rates. Thus this study aims at finding novel compounds from Swertia chirata that can be effectively used against diabetes through computational methods. Material and Methods: The compounds of S. chirata were computationally screened by docking with Pancreatic alpha amylase (PDB ID: 1PPI) and Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (PDB ID: 2JJK) by Maestro v10.1 of Schrodinger LLC. In addition, ADME/T properties were analyzed through SwissADME. Best docked poses were analyzed and visualized using Discovery studio software. Results: Molecular docking studies revealed that among the compounds of S. chirata, Swertiamarin had the highest docking score of -6.803 against 1PPI and Sweroside had the highest docking score of -5.161 against 2JJK, ensuring strong receptor-ligand binding. Also ADME/T analysis showed that these two molecules possess suitable properties to be considered as drug candidates. Conclusion: The molecular docking, binding patterns and ADME/T properties of compounds in this study confirms that these phytochemicals can be good lead molecules in the treatment of diabetes.

The ever-growing problem which is threatening the current mailing system is spam. Spam is nothing but an unsolicited bulk e-mail frequently sent in a financial nature which generates the need for creating an anti-spam filter. Amongst many spam filtering techniques, the most advanced method "Naive Bayesian filtering" using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) have been implemented. Spammers are very careful about the filtering techniques. For that very reason, dynamic filtering is needed and the proposed method meets the demand. The algorithm splits the received email into tokens and uses Bayes' theorem of probability to calculate the probability of spam for each token to determine the total spam probability of the mail. Implementation of SVM instead of corpora is one of the added features of the algorithm. The most challenging feature was to take the words as well as whole sentences as input in the SVM as tokens and feature vectors. The inclusion of sentences in the dataset training has increased the accuracy of detecting spam and ham. Natural Language Tool Kit (NLTK) has been used as a useful language processing tool to tokenize the sentences and also to understand the meaning of the same types of sentences to some extent. As a test mail is being compared by word to word and also sentence to sentence from the training datasets to determine if the mail is spam or not, it will improve the performance of the filter. With some simple modifications, the filter can be used in both server and client end. The efficiency increases gradually with the increased number of email it processes.

Background Motherhood is associated with extra stress, and mothers of young children are particularly prone to developing depression and mental health problems. Methodology This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in Dhaka city, Bangladesh, from June to December 2019. Mothers of school-going children were recruited through a multistage sampling technique. Dhaka city was divided into two divisions and then further subdivided into public and private sectors. Six schools were selected from each sector by using a simple random sampling technique. A list of class five to eight students were collected from each school by systematic random sampling. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using semi-structured questionnaires. The rate of depressive symptoms was measured by the validated Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). Result A total of 324 women participated in this study; the majority of the women (85.5%) were Muslim, 67.0% were housewives, and 53.1% had a girl child. Among the women, 15.4% had mild, 22.2% had moderate, and 20.1% had severe depression. Most of the child's behavioral and lifestyle factors were associated with the mother's depression. Adjusted analyses indicate that if a child is often unhappy, depressed, or tearful [(OR (95%CI = 22.27 (8.39–59.11)], gets nervous in new situations or easily loses confidence [(OR (95%CI) = 5.45 (2.96–10.00)], often lies or cheats [(OR (95%CI) = 8.93 (3.76–21.22)], gets afraid easily [(OR (95%CI) = 7.09 (3.79–13.24)], watches television for 3 h or more [(OR (95%CI) = 23.77 (6.46–87.48)] browses the internet for 3 h or more [(OR (95%CI = 7.37 (2.76–19.67)] were associated with mother's depression. Conclusion The study concludes that depression among the mothers of school-going children in Dhaka city of Bangladesh is high. Several lifestyles and behavioral factors of school-going children are significantly associated with the mothers' depression., Maternal depression, mothers, school-going children, Bangladesh

Forest ownership is considered as vital for sustainable management of forest and its associated biodiversity. The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 reported an increasing rate of privately owned forests on a global scale. However, deforestation was found to be very active in privately owned hill forest areas of Malaysia. Three forest reserves and three adjacent private forests from Penang State was purposively chosen as this state has been experiencing a quick and radical changes due to urban expansion over the last three decades. In this study variation in biodiversity were measured using community structure of both vascular plants and avifauna species along selected micro environmental variables. Finally implications for conservation were proposed considering the current state of deforestation in private hill forest (PHF). Plant community and avifauna analysis revealed that government hill forest areas (GHF) were more diverse and healthier than PHF, also rich with higher evenness. Species richness between GHF and PHF showed significant difference in plant species (p

The field of Security Studies traditionally focused on military threats to states' survival, however, since the end of the Cold War the concept of security has widened and individuals and communities have gradually become viewed as appropriate referent objects of security: Multifaceted challenges facing communities at the sub-state level are increasingly regarded as security threats, including their potential to cause instability for the larger society, thus affecting states’ security. In the Arctic region, a central challenge is that inhabitants are exposed to multiple non-traditional and non-military threats resulting from environmental, economic, and societal changes, which can be understood as threats tohuman security. We argue that a comprehensive approach to human security overlaps with the concept ofsocietal security, and must therefore consider threats to collective identity and the essential conditions necessary for the maintenance and preservation of a distinct society. We see the human security framework as a suitable analytical tool to study the specific challenges that threaten the Arctic population, and in turn the well-being of Arctic societies. Therefore, we argue that utilising the concept of human security can promote societal security in the context of the Arctic, and in particular, its sub-regions, for example, the Barents region.

The theory of securitization—the so-called Copenhagen school—centers the concept of security on various identified threats. Security based on the collective identity by which a society preserves its essential characteristics has been defined as community security, or societal security. The underlying principle of the Copenhagen school is that state-based, sovereignty-oriented security is ineffective unless the other components of security threats are addressed. The concept of human security, developed nearly simultaneously to that of securitization, identifies threat components at the sub-state level which are not traditionally understood as security concerns. Both schools of security thought are similar as they offer nontraditional approaches to understanding the concept of security. In this article, I explore securitization theory and the concept of human security to elaborate community perspectives in the understanding of security. In a case study, I investigate the security concerns of the indigenous peoples of the Arctic. The transformation of the Arctic by climate change and its impacts has resulted in new challenges and opportunities, so I explore how indigenous peoples in general and the Sami in particular understand security which promotes their societal security. Although I show that this group of people deserves recognition and the ability to exercise greater authority, I conclude that diverse concepts of security do not by any means undermine the core traditional concept of security. These aspects of security remain subject to scrutiny by states and exist in a vertical structure. The Sami, therefore, rely on affirmative actions by states to enjoy greater rights to maintain their community security.

This paper shows how to reframe the Arctic by recognizing the existence of different ontological assumptions about what is the Arctic and who dwells in it. This ontological divergence can be appreciated in the different relationship with animals of the genus rangifer (caribou, reindeer) that western and indigenous peoples have. This paper illustrates such differences by bringing two examples of interactions between indigenous peoples and rangifer in two very different parts of the world, Labrador in Northern Canada and Northern Scandinavia. These examples show that indigenous peoples give rangifer a sentient, social status whose level of autonomy is comparable to the humans. In the current framing of the Arctic as a land of resource development claimed by several Nation-states, conflict between states and indigenous peoples cannot be avoided because even when legislation attempts to accommodate cultural differences, it is powerless to recognize the universal validity of the assumed entities that e...

ObjectivesChildren, pregnant women and the elderly at a global level are all being dangerously exposed to tobacco use in the household (HH). However, there is no understanding of the familial and socio-cultural factors that provide barriers to ensuring tobacco-free homes in Bangladesh either in urban or rural areas (U&RAs). This study therefore investigates those barriers to help enable a move towards tobacco-free homes in Bangladesh.DesignComparative cross-sectional study.SettingsData were collected from both urban and rural settings in Bangladesh.ParticipantsA probability proportional sampling procedure was used to select 808 participants in U&RAs out of a total of 3715 tobacco users. Semi-structured interviews through the use of a questionnaire were conducted with the participants followed by a multivariate logistic regression analysis of the data in order to explore the familial and socio-cultural factors associated with tobacco use at home.ResultsThe prevalence of tobacco use at home was 25.7% in urban areas and 47.6% in rural areas. In urban areas: marital status (adjusted OR (AOR)=3.23, 95% CI 1.37 to 6.61), education (AOR=2.14, 95% CI 1.15 to 3.99), the smoking habits of elderly family members (AOR=1.81, 95% CI 0.91 to 2.89), offering tobacco as a traditional form of leisure activity at home (AOR=1.85, 95% CI 0.94 to 2.95) and lack of religious practices (AOR=2.39, 95% CI 1.27 to 4.54) were identified as significant socio-cultural predictors associated with tobacco use at home. In rural areas: age (AOR=5.11, 95% CI 2.03 to 12.83), extended family (AOR=3.08, 95% CI 1.28 to 7.38), lack of religious practices (AOR=4.23, 95% CI 2.32 to 7.72), using children to buy or carry tobacco (AOR=3.33, 95% CI 1.11 to 9.99), lack of family guidance (AOR=4.27, 95% CI 2.45 to 7.42) and offering tobacco as a traditional form of leisure activity at home (AOR=3.81, 95% CI 2.23 to 6.47) were identified as significant determinants for tobacco use at home.ConclusionThis study concludes that socio-cultural traditions and familial norms in Bangladesh provide significant barriers for enabling tobacco-free homes. The identification of these barriers can aid policymakers and programme planners in Bangladesh in devising appropriate measures to mitigate the deadly consequences of tobacco use in the home. The consequences also include the dangers involved in family members being exposed to secondhand smoke.

This study investigates production risk. A multistage stratified random sampling technique was adopted to select sampling unit. In between Cobb Douglas and Linear quadratic model, the linear quadratic model had been picked through feasible generalized least square method. The numerical model, we utilize the information from rice cultivating in Bangladesh. The results show that uneven socioeconomic and farm-specific inputs are creating risk in rice production. Input variables such as area, labour, and fertilizer and managerial factors, for example, experience, schooling, contact with extension, training, natural calamity, member and status indicated a significant impact on rice productions uncertainty. This indicated that both input and managerial factors were important for the rice production.

This article presents the challenges facing reindeer herding as being both a profitable business and part of the traditional culture of the nomadic Indigenous peoples in the Arctic zone of Western Siberia which addresses substantial needs of the local population. Reindeer herding products are used as traditional nutrition, and as effective preventive means and remedies for adapting to the cold and geomagnetic activity in the High North. Export trends of traditional reindeer products have decreased local Indigenous peoples&rsquo, access to venison and had a negative impact on their health. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is especially urgent for the Indigenous peoples to have sufficient access to traditional food and be involved in policy decision-making to maintain this traditional business. We aim to analyze the dependencies of Indigenous peoples on the reindeer produce&ndash, exporting &ldquo, food value chain&rdquo, and explore how (1) the independence of reindeer herders could be increased in these export chains and (2) how provision of their products to local communities could be secured. The study takes a multidisciplinary approach based on policy and socioeconomic analyses with input from medical research. Primary sources include data collected from interviews and surveys of Indigenous peoples during expeditions to the Nyda settlement, the Nydinskaya tundra, the Tazovsky settlement, the Tazovskaya tundra, the Nakhodka tundra, the Gyda and Gydansky settlements, the Yavai-Salinskaya tundra, the Seyakha settlement, the Seyakhinskaya and Tambeyskaya tundras located along the southern coast of the Ob Bay, the northeast coast of the Yamal Peninsula, the Tazovsky and Gydansky Peninsulas, and the Shuryshkarsky district. Data were collected during the summers and winters of 2014&ndash, 2020.

Burst header packet flooding is an attack on optical burst switching (OBS) network which may cause denial of service. Application of machine learning technique to detect malicious nodes in OBS network is relatively new. As finding sufficient amount of labeled data to perform supervised learning is difficult, semi-supervised method of learning (SSML) can be leveraged. In this paper, we studied the classical self-training algorithm (ST) which uses SSML paradigm. Generally, in ST, the available true-labeled data (L) is used to train a base classifier. Then it predicts the labels of unlabeled data (U). A portion from the newly labeled data is removed from U based on prediction confidence and combined with L. The resulting data is then used to re-train the classifier. This process is repeated until convergence. This paper proposes a modified self-training method (MST). We trained multiple classifiers on L in two stages and leveraged agreement among those classifiers to determine labels. The performance of MST was compared with ST on several datasets and significant improvement was found. We applied the MST on a simulated OBS network dataset and found very high accuracy with a small number of labeled data. Finally we compared this work with some related works.

Background and objective: Obesity is an emerging public health concern in Bangladesh. This study aimed to find the levels of the serum malondialdehyde (MDA), non-enzymatic antioxidants (vitamin A, C and E), trace elements (zinc and iron) and macro-minerals (calcium, potassium and sodium) in obesity and its action in disease advancement. Methods: Level of lipid peroxidation was estimated by measurement of the serum concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA). Vitamin A and E concentration was found by RP-HPLC method and vitamin C was assessed for serum ascorbic acid by UV spectrophotometric method. Serum trace elements (Zn and Fe) and macro-minerals (Na, K and Ca) were estimated by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Results: Our study observed significantly elevated concentrations of MDA (p < 0.001) and depleted concentrations of antioxidants (vitamin A, E and C) (p < 0.05) in the patient than control group. Analysis of serum trace elements (Zn and Fe) and macro-minerals (Na, K and Ca) and found that the mean values of Zn, Fe, Na, K and Ca were 0.39 ± 0.02 and 0.43 ± 0.03, 3284.81 ± 34.51, 162.18 ± 3.72, 44.62 ± 2.13 mg/L for the patient and 0.91 ± 0.13, 0.88 ± 0.06, 2562.74 ± 95.92, 243.58 ± 8.97, 87.66 ± 2.10 mg/L for the controls, consequently. There was a substantial difference in trace elements and macro-minerals between the patients and controls (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our study proposes that increased serum concentrations of MDA and decreased non-enzymatic antioxidant and altered trace elements and macro-minerals are powerfully related with obesity usc Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Background Among university students, large numbers are involved with smoking and suffer from many chronic diseases. This study examined tobacco smoking prevalence and potential predictors among university students in Sylhet Division, Bangladesh. Methods A total of 416 students were selected for face-to-face interviews. Logistic regression analysis was used to fulfil the specific objectives of the study. Results It was discovered that the prevalence of smoking among university students in Sylhet Division was 37% and almost half of current male students were smokers. Mother’s occupation and peer smoking status were found to be significant factors. Although data were collected using multistage sampling, the stages (type of university, universities, departments and academic levels) were insignificant with smoking status. There is a 2.1 times greater likelihood of a student becoming a smoker if a close friend is a smoker. The adjusted living expenses (>$100) was a proactive factor, though individually it was a significant factor. Conclusions This study and previous studies found that smoking initiation among female students is negligible, so gender-specific health promotion and intervention is needed in Bangladesh. Tobacco control awareness programs and ‘No smoking’ signage should be displayed within university campuses and sanctioned by university authorities.