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Agricultural biomasses are the prominent natural sources of cellulose currently available on the planet. When this was treated chemically, this acquire the properties such as toughness, good biocompatibility, and higher thermal stability. In this study, Nanocellulose was extracted from Mango wood (Mangifera indica) a largely available agricultural biomass. The cellulose was alkali-treated followed by bleaching to remove lignin and hemicellulose, pectins, and waxes. The green solvent i.e Ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim] Cl) was used to dissolve cellulose to yield Nanocellulose through sonication and centrifugation. The functional groups and significant conversion of cellulose to nanocellulose are confirmed by FT-IR spectra. The crystallinity of synthesized nanocellulose is illustrated by XRD. The surface architecture and size obtained are represented by SEM and TEM monographs. The TEM images show the synthesized nanocellulose has a dimension between 27.33 to 34.85 nm. The thermal stability of the obtained nanocellulose was evidenced using TGA/DTA. The thermal studies records that synthesized nanocellulose shows superior thermal stability up to 473.8°C. The efficient conversion of agricultural waste into value added material is achieved through a greener pathway.

A bacterial chemotaxis mechanism is activated when nutrients bind to surface receptors. The sequence of intra- and interprotein events in this signal cascade from the receptors to the eventual molecular motors has been clearly identified. However, the atomistic details remain elusive, as in general may be expected of intraprotein signal transduction pathways, especially when fibrillar proteins are involved. We performed atomistic calculations of the methyl accepting chemoprotein (MCP)-CheA-CheW multidomain complex from

Tetranychus urticae Koch, is known as a two-spotted spider mite and the most obtrusive polyphagous non-insect pest that causes havoc on horticultural crops. Cucumber cultivation is threatened by a variety of pest infestations, among which two-spotted spider mites cause the most damage to the crop. The efficiency of six different chemical acaricides against T. urticae in cucumber grown in polyhouse was examined. The results of the acaricide evaluation trial revealed that, the cumulative mean mite population recorded was the least 3.82 nos/ 2 cm2 leaf with 76.81 percent reduction in mite population observed in plot sprayed with spiromesifen 240 SC @ 0.8 ml/lit followed by fenazaquin 10 EC @1.5 ml/lit. with 73.35 percent reduction in mite population (4.39 nos/2 cm2). However, the control plot recorded maximum mite population of 16.48 nos/2 cm2. The results of the eco-friendly management trial revealed that, the cumulative mean mite population was recorded was the least 5.24 nos/ 2 cm2 leaf with 69.97 percent reduction in mite population was observed in plot sprayed with spiromesifen 240 SC @ 0.8 ml/lit followed by fenazaquin 10 EC @1.5 ml/lit. (6.09 nos/2 cm2) with 65.13 per cent reduction, azadirachtin 10000 ppm @ 2 ml/ lit. with 66.82 percent reduction in mite population (6.14 nos/2 cm2).

This paper intends to consider a multi-objective problem for expansion planning in Power Distribution System (PDS) by focusing on (i) expansion strategy (ii) allocation of Circuit Breaker (CB), (iii) allocation of Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM), (iv) Contingency Load Loss Index (CLLI), and power loss. Accordingly, the encoding parameters decide for expansion, Circuit Breaker (CB) placement, DSTATCOM placement, load of real and reactive powers of expanded bus or node are optimized using Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA) based on its distance and hence, the proposed algorithm is termed as Distance Oriented Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (DGOA). The proposed expansion planning model is carried out in IEEE 33 test bus system. Moreover, the adopted scheme is compared with conventional algorithms and the optimal results are obtained.

Certain parts of Odisha suffer from acute water scarcity at times due to nature's vagaries as well as improper management of water resources. Despite this, the groundwater situation, in general, does not appear to be very dire. Considering the above, an attempt has been made to perform hydrogeomorphic studies in two administrative blocks within Keonjhar District, Keonjhargarh and Patana. The study area extends between latitudes 21°26ꞌ38″N to 21°51ꞌ35″N and longitudes 85°37ꞌ6″E to 86°02ꞌ03″E with a total area of 1053.455 sq. Km. Survey of India Toposheets of 1:50,000 scale and LISS-III satellite data having a resolution of 30 meters are used to prepare several thematic layers, viz., lithological map, slope map, land-use and land cover map, lineament map and lineament density map, drainage map, and geomorphological map. The raster maps of these factors are assigned a fixed score and weight using the Multi Influencing Factor (MIF) technique. All the thematic layers have been integrated with one another in ArcGIS software to delineate groundwater potential zones using the weighted overlay analysis method. The final integrated layer has been classified into five classes, i.e., ‘Very Good,’ ‘Good,’ ‘Moderate,’ ‘Poor,’ and ‘Very Poor, to delineate groundwater potential zones that are validated using hydrological data. The present study has provided insight into the role played by geomorphological, lithological, climatological, and hydrogeological factors that affect the occurrence, distribution, movement, recharge-discharge, and quality of groundwater in the study area.

The relevance of gut bacterial balance to human health can not be overemphasized. The gut bacterial balance delicately relies on several factors inherent to the person as well as to the environment. As the volume of evidences for the gut bacterial influence on health and the clinical data on the variance of the bacterial population across cohorts continue to grow exponentially, it is important to develop a theoretical model for gut bacteria. In this work, we suggest a new computational method for estimating the interaction parameters from the cross-sectional data of bacterial abundances in a cohort, without requiring a longitudinal followup. We introduce a nutrient type based bacterial growth model and use the Monte Carlo approach to estimate the matrix of interaction parameters for the 14 major bacterial species. These parameters were used in a comprehensive first-level computational model we developed for the large intestine to understand the patterns of re-establishing balance with different nutrient types.

Gut bacteria play a crucial role in host’s metabolism. Both antibiotic and non-antibiotic drugs affect the gut bacteria ecosystem, which negatively affects the host’s health. Also, gut bacteria metabolize drugs, making them ineffective to the target. The structure-activity relationship studies of drugs have the scope to make them more effective, efficient, and specific to the target. Previous machine learning studies use the available data to predict the activity of drugs and gut bacteria on each other, but these models lack interpretability. Herein, we study the drug-gut bacteria interaction using interpretable machine learning models. In this study, we identify the most important physicochemical features of the drug, which decide the drug-gut bacteria interactions with each other. One of the key findings of this work is that the higher-positive charged drug molecules can inhibit the growth of gut bacteria more. In contrast, the higher-negative charged drug molecules have higher possibility to get metabolized by gut bacteria.

The study has been carried out to assess the accumulation of heavy metals in the ichthyofauna of Chippaleru mangroves of south coastal AP, India. The water, sediment and fish tissue were collected at 3 locations. After the collection, the materials were washed with distilled water and they were dried and acid digested. Further the samples were subjected to analysis of heavy metals by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Triplicate samples were analyzed. The levels of heavy metals, in water, were higher during monsoon and same is the case with sediment. The Cd concentrations in the liver of fishes: Mugil cephalus (0.99); Chanos chanos (0.81 and Lates calcarifer (0.11). The Milk fish accumulated more Hg (0.98) in its muscle than other fish.

Effective cancer treatment is an urgent need due to the rising incidence of cancer. One of the most promising future strategies in cancer treatment is using microorganisms as cancer indicators, prophylactic agents, immune activators, vaccines or vectors in antitumor therapy. The success of bacteria-mediated chemotherapy will be dependent on the balance of therapeutic benefit and the control of bacterial infection in the body. Additionally, protozoans and viruses have the potential to be used in cancer therapy. This review summarizes how these microorganisms interact with tumor microenvironments and the challenges of a 'bugs as drugs' approach in cancer therapy. Several standpoints are discussed, such as bacteria as vectors for gene therapy that shuttle therapeutic compounds into tumor tissues, their intrinsic antitumor activities and their combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Bug-based cancer therapy is a two-edged sword and we need to find the opportunities by overcoming the challenges.Microbe-based cancer treatment strives to address urgent healthcare needs in patients experiencing difficult-to-treat cancers by using tumor-specific infectious microbes. Due to the ease of microbial culturing, microbes can be self-regenerating cancer therapeutics. Despite the fact that bacteria are usually believed to be the primary cause of cancer, the scientific literature has revealed exciting data indicating that bacteria might be efficient cancer prophylactic and therapeutic agents and ideal carriers for targeted cancer therapy. Advanced molecular engineering has recently been applied to bacterial therapy, resulting in increased efficacy with fewer adverse effects.

Background: Drug utilization studies helps in the understanding of drug usage among patients, as well as the socioeconomic background and rational use of antiepileptics in children with epilepsy. Objective: The primary aim of this article is to examine the justification for utilizing sodium valproate and Levetiracetam as monotherapy in pediatric epilepsy patients, as well as drug use and prescribing patterns for various kinds of epilepsy. Materials & Methods: Pediatric epilepsy patients under the age of 18 who visited the outpatient department, patients who were on sodium valproate, carbamazepine, or Levetiracetam monotherapy for at least 3 months after starting treatment. Demographic details, disease characteristics like type of epilepsy, onset and duration of episode, details of first attack, last attack, frequency and family history related to epilepsy comorbid conditions. Details on the treatment, such as the drug prescribed, the dose, the duration of the treatment, and the dosage, were noted. Magnetic resonance image (MRI) Brain, CT Brain, Electroencephalogram (EEG) was done in selected patients and noted. Results: In this study we have total of 91 patients younger than 18 years of age confirmed with epilepsy receiving Sodium valproate, Levetiracetam as Monotherapy. Among them 70.3% were male and 29.6% were females. As per the recent Kuppuswamy scale 64.8% of the patients were from an urban background, whereas 35.1% were from a rural background. On analyzing socioeconomic status we found that 38.5% belong to upper middle class family. Nearly 26 % of the patients were diagnosed with focal seizures and 25% with GTCS. Lesser percentage observed with Rolandic, myoclonic, complex partial, refractory epilepsy. Majority 53.8 % were on Sodium valproate among older AEDs. Among newer AEDs 29.6% of patients received Levetiracetam as monotherapy. Key words: Epilepsy, Sodium valproate, Levetiracetam, Monotherapy, Rational use

Thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection are complex diagnoses that require management by multidisciplinary providers using a variety of medical therapies, surgical interventions, and lifestyle modifications. Pharmacological agents, such as β-blockers (atenolol) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (losartan), have been mainstay treatments for several years, and research from the past decade has continued to evaluate these and other medication classes to further improve patient morbidity and mortality. Combination β- and renin-aldosterone-angiotensin blockade, statins, metformin, antioxidants, and vitamins have been evaluated as therapeutics in both thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms, as well as the effects of various antibiotics (ie, fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines) and benefits of lifestyle modifications (eg, diet and exercise) and enhanced patient-centered care and treatment adherence. In addition, as our understanding of the genetic, biochemical, and pathophysiological mechanisms behind these diseases expands, so do potential targets for future therapeutic research (eg, interleukins, matrix metalloproteases, and mast cells). This review incorporates the major meta-analyses, systematic and generalized reviews, and clinical trials published from 2010 through 2021 that focus on these topics in thoracic aortic aneurysms (and abdominal aneurysms when thoracic literature is scarce). Several key ongoing clinical trials, case studies, and in vivo/in vitro studies are also mentioned. Furthermore, we discuss current gaps in the literature and the abundance of clinical evidence for some interventions in abdominal aneurysms with few thoracic correlates, thus indicating a need for investigation of these subjects in the latter.

Pregnancy-associated aortic dissection (AD) is a rare event, with an incidence of 0.0004% per pregnancy. The work of the Aortic Dissection Collaborative identified pregnancy-associated AD as a high-priority topic, despite its rarity. The Pregnancy Working Group, which included physicians and patient stakeholders, performed a systematic literature review of pregnancy-associated AD from 1960 to 2021 and identified 6,333 articles through PubMed, OVID MEDLINE, Cochrane, Embase, CINAHL and Web of Science. The inclusion criterion was AD in pregnant populations and exclusion criteria were case reports, conference abstracts, and languages other than English. Assessment of full-text articles for eligibility after removal of duplicates from all databases yielded 68 articles to be included in the final review. Topics included were timing of AD in pregnancy, type of AD, and management considerations of pregnancy-associated AD. The Pregnancy Working Group identified gaps in knowledge and future areas of research for pregnancy-associated AD, including clinical management, mental health outcomes post AD, reproductive and genetic counseling, and contraception after AD. Future collaborative projects could be a multicenter, international registry for all pregnancy-associated AD to refine the risk factors, best practice and management of AD in pregnancy. In addition, future mixed methodology studies may be useful to explore social, mental, and emotional factors related to pregnancy-associated AD and to determine support groups' effect on anxiety and depression related to these events in the pregnancy and postpartum period.

Telemedicine uses telephone-based or any form of digital communication for remote clinical services. It has been a field of interest for the last century, with broader implementation of telemedicine technologies during the last 25 years. The COVID-19 pandemic was an impetus for the adoption of these technologies globally across all health care services, including patient care, surgical practice, and workflow. As part of the patient engagement work in the Aortic Dissection Collaborative, this topic was identified as an important patient-centered research topic. Telemedicine has been adopted increasingly in vascular surgery; however, there is little evidence on appropriate use of these technologies pertaining to treating patients with aortic dissection or aortopathy in general. This landscape review summarizes the uses of telemedicine applications pre and post pandemic in medicine and vascular surgery, with a particular focus on uses in aortopathy. Using common resource databases, we identified articles related to the history of telemedicine, its current utilization, and application to vascular surgery and/or aortopathy. We briefly review the history of telemedicine and illustrate a range of applications in medicine before the pandemic, along with its rapid uptake globally during the COVID-19 pandemic. The enablers and barriers to using telemedicine are explored, although as a whole there is satisfaction with its integration among patients and providers. To address these, we offer recommendations to address future research as it pertains to telemedicine technologies in aortic dissection.

Although the topics of surgical techniques and medical therapies have been widely studied in aortic dissection (AD), studies examining the short- and long-term impact of this event on mental health are largely lacking. Many of the studies have used the 36-Item Short Form Survey at variable time points after the event. However, AD as medical trauma has a complex impact on a person's identity. Its implications for emotional, mental, social, existential, and self-concept could be explored more robustly. This topic was identified as a topic of interest by the AD Collaborative. The AD Collaborative Mental Health Working Group was formed and performed a landscape review to summarize current literature surrounding quality of life research in those who have experienced AD, identify gaps in knowledge, and to outline future research questions.

Aortic dissection confers high mortality and morbidity rates despite advances in treatment, impacts quality of life, and contributes immense burden to the healthcare system globally. Efforts to prevent aortic dissection through screening and management of modifiable risk factors and early detection of aneurysms should incorporate genomic information, as it is integral to stratifying risk. However, effective integration of genomic-guided risk assessment into clinical practice will require addressing implementation barriers that currently permeate our healthcare systems. The Aortic Dissection Collaborative was established to define aortic dissection research priorities through patient engagement. Using a collaborative patient-centered feedback model, our Genomic Medicine Working Group identified related research priorities that could be investigated by pragmatic interventional studies aimed at aortic dissection prevention, utilization of genomic information to improve patient outcomes, and access to genomic medicine services. Further research is also needed to identify the genomic, lifestyle, and environmental risk factors that contribute to aortic dissection so these data can be incorporated into future comparative effectiveness studies to prevent aortic dissection.

Understanding what matters most to patients can help guide research in a direction that is best situated to provide evidence that is responsive to their core concerns. This can better inform the treatment decision-making process for patients and their physicians. The Aortic Dissection (AD) Collaborative built a collaborative AD research infrastructure involving patients and other stakeholders to facilitate patient-centered outcomes research training, support, and networking among those affected by AD. Two surveys and semi-structured interviews were conducted between January and October 2020 to gather information from people with and at risk for AD and their family members to better understand their experiences and needs. Discussion of survey and interview results were then articulated as seven key topics for future research to meet the needs of the AD community. Working groups were assembled to address each of the key topics. The groups conducted landscape reviews that were focused on providing guidance for future research that directly addresses the needs identified by the AD community. Recommendations for future research generated by the working groups were compiled by the Aortic Dissection Collaborative. From these recommendations, the Aortic Dissection Collaborative advisors and stakeholders identified high-priority research questions. The research questions form the basis for a third survey, disseminated to the Virtual Research Network between November 2021 and February 2022. Final analysis of the survey will identify top ranked research questions and assess willingness to participate. These results will inform the development of future patient-centered outcomes research and comparative effectiveness research proposals.

A mild silver-catalysed oxidative C–H alkylation of N-heteroarenes is developed, utilizing aliphatic ketone-derived 2,3-dihydroquinazolinones as an alkyl radical reservoir.

Contains fulltext : 290947.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) OBJECTIVE: Midaortic syndrome (MAS) is narrowing of the distal thoracic and or abdominal aorta with congenital, inflammatory, or idiopathic aetiology. If left untreated, the prognosis is poor due to hypertensive complications. Follow up data after treatment are sparse, contrary to aortic coarctation. This study aimed to investigate hypertension during follow up after medical, endovascular, and surgical therapy in juveniles and adults. DATA SOURCES: A meta-analysis of case series and reports was performed, focusing on the incidence of hypertension during the follow up of juvenile (i.e., age 0-17 years) and adult MAS patients after medical, endovascular, or surgical therapy. REVIEW METHODS: Search queries were performed in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, and eligible articles underwent quality control. Descriptive statistics were reported based on available data, and individual patient data meta-analyses were performed using a one stage approach, accounting for clustering by case series or decades of reporting for case reports. For the meta-analysis, missing outcome and aetiology data were multiply imputed. RESULTS: The number of juveniles and adults who underwent endovascular therapy (33.7% vs. 27.3%; p = .42) and surgery (52.2% vs. 58.0%; p = .46) was similar. At baseline, 92.4% of juveniles and 87.5% of adults were hypertensive, decreasing to 23.2% and 24.1% during a follow up of 23 months (juveniles) and 18 months (adults), respectively. More hypertension was found compared with surgery in juveniles after endovascular therapy (38.1% vs. 10.8%; p = .020). Meta-analysis also demonstrated a trend for hypertension after endovascular therapy in juveniles, whereas hypertension was more prevalent following surgery in adults compared with endovascular therapy or medication. CONCLUSION: This review and meta-analysis investigated therapeutic options for MAS in juveniles and adults. It found that complications and hypertension during follow up were more common in juveniles after endovascular treatment, whereas surgery in adults was associated with more hypertension. 01 januari 2023

Electronic marketing and the Internet's fast growth are changing consumer behaviour and modern society. This study examines the impact of e-advertising on customer shopping behaviour in, Tamilnadu. The manner in which, where, and when buyers shop online, as well as their preferences, choices, and lifestyles, are all influenced by electronic advertising. Online shopping has become ingrained in people's ways of life. It is not clear why buyers only purchase a small quantity of goods. It is necessary to take into consideration the effect that online advertising has on online shopping behavior. Studies conducted in the modern era have endeavoured to gain an understanding of attitudes regarding e-advertising, the impact of demographic factors, and the factors that influence the shopping behaviour of customers. This research paper investigates how the effect of branding has on the purchasing behaviour of consumers. During our research, we came to the conclusion that branding plays an important part in the learning and attitude formation that occurs during the activities associated with consumer purchasing behavior. This, in turn, leads to the maximum number of sales and satisfies the wants and needs of consumers. In the study, brand equity, brand awareness, brand loyalty, and brand image are discussed, in addition to the factors that influence the purchasing decisions of consumers. An online survey was used so that we could get a better understanding of both the concept and the various consumer behaviors.

We report the case of a pregnant lady who had hydrops fetalis in three successive pregnancies and discuss the possible genetic causes and the systematic approach to evaluation of her pregnancy and her future reproductive options. Hydrops fetalis can occur due to a heterogeneous number of causes. Systematic evaluation helps in determining the cause which then determines the prognosis as well as recurrence in future pregnancies. Recurrent hydrops though rare, can occur because of single gene defects causing hematological, neurological, cardiac conditions, etc. Genetic testing and consideration of the role of exome sequencing is important in counseling families regarding their future pregnancy options as well as to offer prenatal diagnosis.

In this investigation, SnO2 nanoparticles are prepared through environmental benign method using Nelumbo nucifera (lotus leaf) leaves extract as a reducing agent without any other reagents. The phase formation and the morphology of the as-synthesized SnO2 nanoparticles are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nanoparticle size is obtained using selected area diffraction patterns of transmission electron microscope (TEM). The synthesized material modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) is used for electrochemical detection of the dopamine (DA). In cyclic voltammetry (CV), the modified GCE shows effective electrochemical sensing performance than the bare GCE electrode. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of DA were calculated by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Aforementioned material has high sensitivity and selectivity towards DA oxidation through electrochemical sensing.

Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global health problem and is a silent epidemic of the modern times. Studies indicate litigation is a prominent factor that accounts for poor outcome and prolonged recovery from mild TBI. Depression is the most frequently diagnosed psychiatric disorder after TBI. Postconcussion symptoms, litigation, and suboptimal effort could contribute to the neuropsychological functioning of TBI patients medicolegal cases (MLCs). With increase in TBI and medicolegal cases, there is a requirement for comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. Method The aim of the study was to evaluate the cognitive functions, postconcussion, and depressive symptoms in TBI patients with MLC and without MLCs (non-MLC). Patients were also assessed on electrophysiological parameters. An observational cross-sectional design was adopted, the sample size was 30 TBI patients in total, 15 (MLC) and 15 (non-MLC), and 11 patients from each group for electrophysiological assessment. The patients were in the age range of 18 to 50 years. Results The MLC group had poor performance compared with the non-MLC group on both neuropsychological and electrophysiological measures. There was evidence of significant difference in verbal working memory, verbal learning, and memory and visuoconstructive ability. In the MLC group, postconcussion and depressive scores were negatively correlated with visuospatial span. Conclusion Findings from this study indicate differences in the neuropsychological performance and electroencephalographic measures in between MLC and non-MLC groups. The results could be indicative of persistent cognitive problems associated with TBI for patients pursuing litigation. Poor performance could also be attributed to suboptimal level of effort. However, being a preliminary study with a small sample size, the findings need to be treated with caution.

Herein, we prepared CuI film by spray pyrolysis technique, and Ag nanoparticles decorated CuI thin film by photoreduction method, surface modified approach for improving the interfacial charge transfer property and work function of hole transport layer (HTL) in Perovskite Solar Cell (PSC). The concentration of the Ag was investigated by immersing the CuI thin film in the Ag solution at time intervals. The crystalline property and vibration spectra of the as-fabricated thin film were examined by an X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) and Raman Spectroscopy. The work function of the as-fabricated thin film was analyzed by Contact Potential Difference (CPD) method as a result of Scanning Kelvin Probe (SKP). The charge transfer resistance of the working electrodes was studied, and the least dipping time sample shows the low charge transfer resistance (36.35 Ω) and less relaxation time (0.19 s).

The engineering performance of geotechnical structures constructed out of soils in terms of properties such as compressibility, time rate of consolidation, permeability and the like depend upon many factors such as soil clay mineralogy, soil type, stress history, placement conditions and the like. During the land reclamation projects, normally, any of the two processes, namely compaction or reconstitution, is followed. Even though the soils subjected to these two processes have the same clay mineralogical composition and same stress history, their engineering performance could be different. The present experimental work deals with a comparative study of the compressibility, consolidation and permeability behavior of compacted soils with those of the same soils reconstituted at about the same stress history as those of compacted soils. It has been brought out that the reconstituted soils have higher compressibility and higher compression indices than compacted soils. It is shown that the coefficient of consolidation and coefficient of permeability behavior of compacted soils and soils reconstituted with almost the same stress history depend upon the clay mineralogical composition of the soils.

In regulated and targeted drug distribution, biodegradable polymers have played a significant portion. Poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) has been an important desirable polymer in tissue engineering to meet a new drug delivery system. PLGAs, show a broad spectrum of erosion cycles and have tuning mechanical characteristics. Poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) has been the most successful polymeric biomaterial for use in controlled drug delivery systems. PLGA has been extensively studied, in particular, in the production of equipment for controlled distribution in industrial and research applications of small molecules, protein, and other macromolecules. PLGA is biocompatible and biodegradable, exhibits a wide range of erosion times, has tunable mechanical properties and most importantly, is a FDA approved polymer. PLGA has many properties such as controlled and sustained release, low cancerinducing, long-standing biomedical applications, biocompatibility with tissues and cells, and prolonged residence time. It is otherwise called as 'Smart Polymer' because improvements are fragile to conduct PLGA that has been widely examined in industrial and academic applications to produce instruments for the target delivery of tiny molecular drugs, proteins, and other large molecules. An introduction about the chemistry, physicochemical properties, manufacturing techniques of the devices, toxicity, and the reason influencing their decrease and release of the drug was given in the present study. Mathematical modelling is a useful tool for identifying, characterizing, and predicting the mechanisms of controlled release. Mathematical modelling applied against the target from PLGA – the devices has been clarified by discussing in the review, by explaining the underlying mathematical models and how this is used. KEY WORDS Biodegradable Polymers, PLGA, Biodegradability, Macromolecules