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We have previously reported that vitamin K2 (VK2) but not VK1 has a potent apoptosis-inducing effect on freshly isolated leukemia cells from patients with various types of leukemia. By multi-color flow cytometric analysis using monoclonal antibody (mAb), APO2.7, which detects mitochondrial 7A6 antigen specifically expressed by cells undergoing apoptosis, we further investigated the apoptosis-inducing effect of VK2 on minor populations of leukemic blast cells in bone marrow from patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and overt myeloid leukemia (post-MDS AML). Limiting dilution of CD95 (anti-Fas) mAb-treated apoptotic Jurkat cells with nonapoptotic CTB-1 cells revealed that APO2.7-positive Jurkat cells were consistently detectable by flow cytometry when present at levels of at least 5% in the CTB-1 suspension. In patient samples the gating area for leukemic clone was determined using cell surface antigen-specific mAbs conjugated with either fluorescein isothionate (FITC) or phycoerythrin (PE) and subsequently the cells stained with phycoerythrin cyanine (PE-Cy5)-conjugated APO2.7 mAb were assessed within the gating area of the leukemic clone for monitoring apoptosis. Treatment of the bone marrow mononuclear cells with 3-10 microM of VK2 (menaquinone-3, -4 and -5) in vitro potently induced apoptosis of the leukemic blast cells as compared with the untreated control cells in all 15 MDS patients tested. This effect was more prominent on blastic cells than that on mature myeloid cells such as CD34-/CD33+ gated cells. In addition, VK2 performed much less effectively on CD3-positive lymphoid cells. In contrast to VK2, VK1 did not show apoptosis-inducing activity. These data suggest that VK2 may be used for treatment of patients with MDS in blastic transformation.

Carbon nanotubes have a whisker-like structure so an extremely high strength and lack of plasticity are generally predicted. In-situ observations made by transmission electron microscopy, however, prove that carbon nanotubes bend plastically at room temperature. The bending process at the atomic level is suggested by a molecular mechanics calculation: a nanotube deforms elastically until certain critical curvature is attained; then the atomic bonding in the stressed side changes from a graphite-like bonding state to a diamond-like state.

Multilayer duplex PZT films consisting of alternating porous and dense layers have been formed by a sol–gel repeated coating method with a heating rate of 100°C min −1 . Structure and porosity of the films are examined by XRD, TEM and FT-IR. The porosity of the multilayer films fired at 600°C is increased by heat treatment at 750°C. The volume fraction of the pyrochlore phase decreases with increasing coating time. The relative dielectric constant of multilayer films with thickness 12 μm ranges from 1100 (10 000 Hz) to 1400 (100 Hz). The piezoelectric voltage coefficient g 33 of the multilayer films is calculated to be enhanced by the introduction of layers with a high porosity.

A new carbon/carbon (C/C) composite was successfully produced at room temperature by drawing a silver tube containing carbon nanotubes as the fiber material and nanocrystalline carbon 60 (C60) as the matrix. Fine structures of the composite were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the mechanical properties by conventional tensile tests. TEM observations have shown that the carbon nanotubes in the composite are not damaged and well aligned along the longitudinal direction of the composite wire. The stress-strain curve of the composite wire de-sheathed by the evaporation of silver through a heat treatment exhibited an approximately 20-fold increase in fracture stress over that of polycrystalline C60, and the higher fracture strain (more than 10%). The fractured surface of the wire showed that nanotubes have been pulled out but not fractured. The experiments lead us to a new concept of a ductile C/C composite.

Regulation of T cell IL-5 synthesis was investigated using human Th cell clones. Immunosuppressant FK506 suppressed IL-5 synthesis of T cells activated through TCR in a dose-dependent manner. IL-5 gene transcription and protein synthesis were also induced in the same T cell clones upon stimulation with IL-2 and were suppressed by FK506 in a dose response similar to that induced by TCR stimulation. In contrast to TCR stimulation, neither activating protein-1, nuclear factor-AT (NF-AT), nor NF-kappaB binding activity was significantly up-regulated by IL-2 stimulation. Human IL-5 promoter/enhancer-luciferase gene construct transfected to T cell clones was transcribed upon either TCR or IL-2 stimulation and was clearly down-regulated by FK506, indicating that the approximately 500-bp human IL-5 gene segment located 5' upstream of the coding region contained FK506-sensitive enhancer elements. Our present findings clearly indicate that FK506-sensitive signaling molecules are involved in T cell IL-5 production induced by both TCR and IL-2 stimulation and suggest that IL-2 receptor signal leading to IL-5 gene transcription is transduced by a unique FK506-sensitive pathway other than the Ca2+-dependent signal transduction pathway, such as the calcineurin-NF-AT system.

In cubic polycrystals, combinations of coincidence orientation relationships at a triple junction of grains A, B and C can be obtained by using the equation ΣCA = ΣABΣBC/d2, where d is a common divisor of ΣAB and ΣBC. This paper describes the derivation of this equation and shows several models of polycrystals composed of specially selected coincidence boundaries using the above equation.

The influence of introducing fluorine, atoms into alkyl chains of dialkylbicyclohexanes on their physical properties has been investigated. Wide mesophase ranges of the bicyclohesanes were induced by the fluorine atoms. Their viscosity changed depending on the position of fluorine atoms on the alkyl chains and some of the fluorinated bicyclohexanes showed low viscosity. Also dielectric anisotropy and birefringence increased by introducing fluorine atoms. By using the fluorinated compounds mixtures for TFT and STN applications having attractive properties; a wide mesophase range, lower viscosity and higher specific resistivity could be obtained.

To investigate the influence of heat-killed Lactobacillus gasseri TMC0356 on changes in respiratory immune function and intestinal microbiota in a diet-induced obese mouse model. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks. After 8 weeks, the high-fat-diet-induced obese mice (DIO mice) were randomly divided into two 0067roups, the DIO and DIO0356 groups. DIO0356 group mice were orally fed with heat-killed TMC0356 every day for 8 weeks, while DIO group mice were exposed to 0·85% NaCl over the same time period as controls. After intervention, the pulmonary mRNA expression of cytokines and other immune molecules in DIO0356 mice compared to those in DIO group mice was significantly increased (P 0·05, P 0·01). In faecal bacterial profiles, analysed using the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) method, T-RFLP patterns in 75% of the DIO0356 group mice were apparently changed compared with those in control group mice. These results suggest that inactive lactobacilli may stimulate the respiratory immune responses of obese host animals to enhance their natural defences against respiratory infection, partially associating with their potent impact on intestinal microbiota. We have demonstrated that oral administration of inactive lactobacilli may protect host animals from the lung immune dysfunction caused by obesity.

Distribution of progesterone was determined in the uterus of dairy cows at different luteal stages of the estrous cycle. Tissue samples were excised at different and spatially distinct portions of the uterine horn (proximal, medial, distal) and body of the uterus. A significant (P

Fan Case of aircraft turbo fan engines is located in the front end of an engine, and surrounds a periphery of fan blades. When a fan blade fails for some reasons, which is called fan blade out event, fan case needs to prevent high energy debris from penetrating through it. When a blade out event occurs, fan case is subjected to a very large load, which is called FBO load. FBO load is followed by repeated unbalance load due to wind milling while the aircraft returns to an airport after the event. Therefore fan case needs to endure not only the FBO load but also repeated unbalance load after the event. This is called “Fly home capability”. Also it is necessary to confirm that defects, such as delamination caused during manufacturing process, do not have the detrimental effects on the structure integrity requirements. In this paper, damage tolerance capability of a flange joint of a composite fan case is discussed. Subcomponent tests of flange joints are conducted. Artificial delaminations, which can be detected by non-destructive inspection, are introduced to the test specimens. Test results show that the detectable delamination does not have detrimental effects on durability, ultimate load capability, or fly home capability.

Air showers created by Ultra‐High‐Energy (UHE) neutrinos that penetrate horizontally the atmosphere, are modeled taking into account the Landau‐Pomeranchuk‐Migdal (LPM) effect and the geomagnetic field. The characteristics of electromagnetic shower profiles are shown and discussed with an assumption of the satellite‐based air shower experiment.

The domain boundaries of tetragonai zirconia (t-ZrO2) were investigated by high-resolution electron microscopy observations. From the two-beam dark-field lattice images and the image simulation, the domain boundaries were confirmed to be an antiphase boundary of an array of oxygen ions that is caused by the displacement of oxygen ions along the c axis of the pseudofluorite unit cell.

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT, Zr/Ti = 52 : 48) thin films with added C60 were prepared by firing at 400°C in air. The films were then examined by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Analysis of the lattice constants and HRTEM images suggested that C60 prepcipiates retained in the films were polymerised. Perovskite PZT crystals were observed in contact with the C60 precipitates, indicating that the C60 precipitates acted as nucleation sites for the pervoskite phase of PZT.

Human interleukin-9 (IL-9) was originally identified and cloned based on its stimulatory effect on proliferation of human myeloid cell line, M07e. IL-9 synergized with Steel factor, the ligand for the c-kit product, to stimulate M07e cell proliferation. To investigate potential mechanisms for this, IL-9 was assessed for effects on protein tyrosine kinase activities in M07e cells by immunoblotting with anti- phosphotyrosine monoclonal antibody; results were compared with those of Steel factor alone and in combination with IL-9, and those of 12–0- tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Recombinant human IL-9 (10 ng/mL) rapidly and transiently induced or enhanced at least four tyrosine phosphorylated protein bands with molecular weights of 105, 97, 85, and 81 Kd. This tyrosine phosphorylation pattern was different from that generated by recombinant murine Steel factor or TPA stimulation and the combination of IL-9 and Steel factor did not change the IL-9-induced pattern. IL-9-induced tyrosine phosphorylated bands were completely blocked by treatment of IL-9 with anti-IL-9 antibody under conditions that also neutralized the synergistic effect of IL-9 with Steel factor on M07e cell proliferation. Genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, blocked phosphorylation of IL-9 and Steel factor- induced bands. Unlike Steel factor or TPA, IL-9 did not appear to stimulate phosphorylation of 42-Kd mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase or Raf-1, or enhance MAP kinase activity. MAP kinase and Raf-1 are serine/threonine kinases that are phosphorylated and activated by many growth factors and by agonists for protein kinase C. While the combination of IL-9 plus SLF did not appear to induce phosphorylation of new bands not already seen with either IL-9 or SLF alone, or enhance the phosphorylation of those bands seen with either cytokine alone, the results suggest that IL-9 activates specific and unique signal transduction pathways.

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films doped with C60 were fabricated on Pt/Ti/SiO2 /Si substrates at 400–500°C, using solutions prepared by the sol–gel method. Formation of pyrochlore was suppressed, and 〈001〉 preferential orientation of perovskite phase was developed by adding C60 dissolved in toluene. The perovskite formation temperature was also markedly lowered by using the toluene solution of C60 .

Synopsis Protein denaturation was investigated to establish an in vitro evaluation method of surfactants in connection with their in vivo irritation potency to human skin. Eventually a new method with simplicity and high reproducibility was established by using quantitative analysis with gel-permeation chromatography (GPC). The protein denaturing potency of the commercially available surfactants was measured by using the developed method. Synergistic reduction in protein denaturation was observed in the mixed systems of anionic and amphoteric surfactants. The synergistic reduction was explained in terms of the physico-chemical properties of the mixed surfactants. A possible mechanism is the remarkable lowering of the total monomer concentration by the formation of hydrophobic complexes between the anionic and amphoteric surfactants. Relation entre les proprietes physico-chimiques des melanges de surfactifs et leur potentiel de denaturation des proteines Resume On a etudie la denaturation des proteines pour etablir une methode d'evaluation in vitro des surfactifs en relation avec leur potentiel d'irritation in vivo sur la peau humaine. Finalement une methode simple et tres reproductible a ete mise au point en faisant appel a l'analyse quantitative par chromatographie de gel permeative. Les potentiels de denaturation des proteines des surfactifs du commerce ont ete mesures par la methode developpee. Une diminution synergique de la denaturation des proteines a ete observee dans les systemes a base de surfactifs anioniques et amphoteres. Cette reduction synergique a ete expliquee par les proprietes physcio-chimiques du melange de surfactifs. Un mecanisme possible est l'abaissement remarquable de la concentration totale en monomeres par la formation de complexes hydrophobes entre les surfactifs anioniques et amphoteres.

Columns of phosphorylcholine (PC) immobilized on silica gel were shown to be useful for size exclusion chromatography (SEC) of proteins. The columns provided good separation of proteins in 50mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.9) containing 0.25 M NaCl, and there was a linear relationship between the retention times and the logarithmic values of the molecular weights with a correlation coefficient (R(2)) of 0.978-0.992. The columns were used in analyzing the subunit structures of the rhamnose-binding lectins CSL1, CSL2, and CSL3, isolated from chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) eggs. Although the lectins, which are a group of carbohydrate-binding and hydrophobic proteins, behaved anomalously in SEC with conventional matrices, they could be eluted from the immobilized PC columns without non-size-related retention, thereby allowing their molecular weights to be reliably estimated.

Very small distributed cracks often can be observed on the surfaces subjected to corrosion fatigue. In some cases, the fracture process can be characterized by the interaction and connection of these small distributed cracks. An analysis of such a corrosion-fatigue fracture process is presented by combining the techniques of fracture mechanics, reliability analysis, and graphical display. Many small cracks are measured and their statistical distribution functions, with respect to their sizes and locations, are determined. Using these functions as input data and a condition of the connections of cracks, a statistical simulation of a corrosion fatigue process is performed and its fracture process is output on a two-dimensional graphical display of an x-y plotter. The graphical display facilitates the simulation. The distribution of corrosion fatigue lives can be derived for some cases. Abrupt acceleration of the fracture process by the connection of distributed cracks is demonstrated.

Intrapleural injection of the ionophore A23187 in rats induced leukotriene (LT) production, prostaglandin E 2 , production, plasma exudation and ieukocyte accumulation in the pleural cavity. We evaluated the inhibitory effects of orally administered drugs on 5-lipoxygenase activity by their ability to reduce the content of both peptido-LTs (LTC 4 , LTD 4 and lte 4 ) and LTB 4 in this model. TZI-41127, a novel selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, significantly reduced the peptido-LTs and LTB 4 content with ed 50 values of 4.2 and 6.1 mg/kg, respectively, whereas it only reduced the prostaglandin E 2 content (cyclooxygenase activity) by 31.1% even after 100 mg/kg. Phenidone inhibited 5-lipoxygenase activity more selectively than cyclooxygenase activity. BW755C inhibited cyclooxygenase activity more selectively than 5-lipoxygenase activity. Indomethacin selectively inhibited cyclooxygenase activity. These results suggest that: (1) A23187-induced pleurisy is an convenient in vivo model for studying drug effects on 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase activities and (2) TZI-41127 is an orally active and comparatively selective inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase activity.

Lactoferrin (LF) has been implicated in a number of functions including the negative regulation of myelopoiesis in vitro and in vivo, an effect mediated by suppression of cytokine release from monocytes/macrophages. This suppression is abrogated by bacterial LPS. In the present study, HL-60 cells were induced to differentiate to monocytes/macrophages by 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate, and LF-binding assays were performed. After differentiation, HL-60 cells showed a twofold increase of LF-binding sites with no difference in the specificity or affinity of LF between pre- and post-differentiated cells. CD11a, CD11b, and CD11c Ag, which have been associated with specific binding sites for LPS on monocytes/macrophages, were also increased three- to fourfold after differentiation. With the use of this system, the effect of LPS on LF binding was studied. At 37 degrees C, LPS enhanced LF binding on HL-60 cells, especially after differentiation. Conversely, at 4 degrees C, LPS inhibited LF binding. There was little effect of temperature on LF binding in the absence of LPS. In the presence of polymyxin B sulfate, the enhanced LF binding by LPS was abrogated. Also, pretreatment with mAbCD11 and/or mAb5D3, which are associated with or directed against candidate LPS receptors, reduced LF binding. Cross-linking studies using an iodinated, photoactivatable LPS derivative ([125I]ASD-LPS) demonstrated directly the specific binding of LPS to LF. These data indicate a dichotomous nature of LF binding on monocyte/macrophage-differentiated HL-60 cells--one being mediated by specific LF receptors whereas the other is apparently mainly via LPS receptors after formation of an LF-LPS complex. These interactions, for which a model is proposed, help to explain the mechanism behind LPS abrogation of the myelopoietic suppressive effects of LF, and a situation that probably occurs during bacterial infection.

In this paper, we describe a system developed for evaluating channel availability in wireless LAN environment. The system named WevMap provides a new approach to support setting up of wireless multihop networks. The team ldquochannel availabilityrdquo refers to a quantitative measure of the quality of a wireless communication channel considering interference stability and signal strength aspects. To construct high quality networks quickly and efficiently, network designers need to identity the channels with least external interference. For that purpose, we propose two evaluation methods of the availability of wireless LAN channels and implement these methods on the system. This system makes it possible that the network designers understand the physical configuration and figure out the wireless LAN environment of a given region. In addition, it helps them to choose appropriate channels and assess locations whether those are suitable for putting relay station called ldquoaccess pointsrdquo. Therefore the WevMap enables the network designers to control multihop networks readily.

Thermal barrier coating is applied to some airplane engine parts to improve engine performance and increase durability at nigh temperature. These parts are thermally cycled during the operation of the engine. Thus, it is desired to develop thermal fatigue life prediction methodology of the thermal barrier coating for design. Thermal barrier coatings are used as a coating system with an environment barrier coating to increase the oxidation resistant of the substrate. The coating durability is still an issue because delamination near the interface of the environment barrier coating is observed during thermal cycles. It is presumed that failure resulted from the growth of a thermal growth oxidation (TGO) layer along the interface. This paper examines the growth law of the TOO layer and the resulting stresses in thermal barrier coating near the interface for three kinds of interface shapes using the finite element method. It was found that the TOO growth rate increases with increasing temperature but not with the thermal barrier coating thickness. The stresses in the thermal barrier coating increases with increasing the amplitude of the waviness of the interface resulting in reduced the thermal barrier coating life. This paper was investigated about the effects of coating thickness and interface waviness.

Human C-reactive protein (CRP) is known to activate the C system upon reaction with phosphocholine-containing or polycation-containing ligands. We found that, even in the absence of these ligands, CRP caused C activation in mildly acidic conditions. The optimum pH for the activation was 6.3, which is within a physiologic range normally found at an inflammatory locus. In this activation, C components C1 and C4 were extensively consumed, C2 and C3 were moderately consumed, and C5 was only slightly consumed. These results indicate that the activation is mediated via the classical pathway, but is restricted to the early stage of the C cascade. As with the plasma contact system, the reaction proceeded in glass tubes but not in polypropylene tubes. However, even in polypropylene tubes, the reaction proceeded after the supplement of kaolin particles to the system. Probably the C activation induced by CRP at a mildly acidic pH required negatively charged surfaces. Analyses of circular dichroism and fluorescence spectra indicate that CRP undergoes a pH-dependent conformational change, thus affecting the reactivity of CRP with the C system.

The home appliance vacuum cleaner is one of uses of super high-speed blower motor. Universal motor is mainly used for vacuum cleaner motors, now. But, there is a limit of commutational condition in the speed of a commutator type motor. For this reason, the cleaner which uses the BLDC motors used a rare earth permanent magnet type are produced in Japan. However, rare earth resources have political danger. As a result, in this paper, the ultra high-speed motor based on the new concept of electromagnet system is proposed, without using a rare earth permanent magnet. It was aimed at the unipolar drive system or the field winding type DC motor as an example. This paper reports the new method field winding type ultra high-speed DC motor by slip ring electric supply. The details of study are about a winding system, an INV. drive circuit and core shape, and UMP. First, it verified using FEM analysis software. Then, it verified with the prototype.

There is existence of four abnormal phenomena ((1) step-out phenomenon, (2) torque free phenomenon, (3) reversal phenomenon, (4) abnormal sound noise), proposed here in addition to the problem of a price and mass-production as a factor which obstructs utilization of an ultrasonic motor. If these abnormal phenomena are solvable, it is expectable also as a servo actuator besides the electronic autoparts of a car. Furthermore, I think that a wide range of applicable fields open. This paper is based on the joint research of ISEN (France) and the navy (France), and our university (KAIT). "ATILAreg" which is analysis simulation software, such as a piezo-electric element, was used in this case. Analysis of excitation and the action of a piezo-electric element and oscillating analysis of the bending wave traveling wave type ultrasonic motor were conducted. And operation characteristics and an oscillation characteristic were simulated. Thus, a cause investigation of an abnormal phenomenon ((1) step-out phenomenon, (2) torque free phenomenon) is tried.

There are many kinds of control systems, which have been used in industry area, such as process automation (PA) and factory automation (FA). They have numerous sensors and actuators called field devices in their networks, and are introducing Internet protocol (IP) as network technology. Network security is necessary to make the most of IP's capability. The authors have previously studied a security mechanism which can satisfy the restrictions required by control systems and a secure autonomous bootstrap mechanism which is based on the security mechanism. This paper shows an extension of the bootstrap mechanism to support multicast security. The discussion in this paper excludes security of multicast routing protocols and admission control protocols, e.g. IGMP and MLD, because the subject of this paper and those protocols are orthogonal

Improved optical taste sensing system using LB films, which consists of arachidic acid layers doped with potential-sensitive dye and methyl-stearate layers, has been proposed and tested to detect a bitter taste substance such as quinine. Two types of sensor heads were fabricated in which one is named as type-A with 5 layers arachidic-acid LB films doped with Rhodamine-B derivative (RB-C18) and another is named as type-B with hetero-structured LB films deposited several methyl-stearate layers on the top of the type-A. When these sensor heads were excited by a green He-Ne laser, the measured fluorescence intensity from both types of sensors increased with increasing quinine hydrochloride concentration in the region of 10-5 mol/1 order. Especially, sensitivity in the type-B sensor was improved remarkably as compared with type-A. These results will be useful to construct a multi-channel taste sensor or a computer-assisted taste substance sensor.

Planning of graspless manipulation is a difficult problem because of the complicated mechanics involved. The authors previously developed a motion planning method for general graspless manipulation by robot fingertips, but it requires a great deal of computation. In this paper, we present an improved method based on a probabilistic technique, RRTs (rapidly-exploring random trees), to accelerate planning. The method is applied to the planning of graspless manipulation where the manipulated object has three degrees of freedom, while our previous planner can deal with manipulation where the object has only one degree of freedom

We have computationally explored chemical structures of SiOCH low-k films that have appropriate mechanical and dielectric properties for the application to the future interconnect technology. We have focused on the carbon-rich SiOCH films where the hydrocarbon components are involved in the polymer network. It has been found that film structures of this type can have substantially smaller k-values (by ~0.5) than a typical PECVD films of 90nm technology node, with the mechanical strengths being comparable to that of the PECVD film. These structures may give films of k~2.1 if they are created experimentally

At millimetre-wave frequencies, RF signal detectors based on Schottky junctions suffer from poor impedance matching over very wide video bandwidths, insensitivity to very low power signals and high levels of thermal and shot noise. C/sub 60/ nanowhiskers offer the possibility of realising robust, sensitive millimetre-wave sensors with significantly reduced shunt capacitance and improved noise performance. Early results to achieve control over the growth direction of C/sub 60/ nanowhiskers using electric fields reveal a tendency towards alignment parallel to DC field lines. The technique needs to be developed further to augment alignment in addition to exercising control over growth dimensions.

The JAK2 V617F tyrosine kinase mutation in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) developing myelofibrosis indicates the myeloproliferative nature in a subset of MDS patients

Summary form only given. Key issues in heavy ion beam (HIB) inertial confinement fusion (ICF) include an accelerator design for an intense HIB, an efficient HIB transport, HIB space charge neutralization, a HIB-target interaction, a reactor design and so on. In this study we simulate the HIB interaction with a direct-driven target. The main purpose of this study is to clarify the multi-HIB energy deposition non-uniformity onto a direct-driven target. For fixed beam parameters and different reactor chamber radius we investigated the energy deposition non-uniformity using 32 beams irradiation system. The HIB temperature and emittance effects are also evaluated. Moreover we also investigate the pellet temperature effect on the HIB illumination non-uniformity because the temperature of the energy deposition layer increases to a few hundred eV during the HIB illumination. We also investigate the relationship between a chamber radius and the HIB illumination non-uniformity, and study the effect of the total HIB number on the HIB illumination non-uniformity. In an ICF power plant, a position of fuel pellet may shift from a reactor center, because a pellet may be injected from a pellet injection port at a reactor wall. Then the HIB illumination non-uniformity may be influenced by a little pellet displacement from the chamber center. Therefore, we also investigate the relation between the pellet displacement and the HIB illumination non-uniformity. To achieve ignition and high gain in the HIB ICF, the beam illumination non-uniformity on the target is under a few % RMS is required. Therefore we calculate the beam illumination RMS non-uniformity on the target. The calculation results demonstrate that we can realize a sufficiently low non-uniform energy deposition (less than 2%)

There are many kinds of control networks which have been used in various nonIP network areas, such as BA (building automation), FA (factory automation) and PA (process automation). These do not incorporate reasonable security mechanisms as they have been mainly used for closed networks. Recently the security of control networks is becoming important because of the popularization of the Internet, the deployment of wireless technologies and the security requirements of such infrastructures. Control networks require security mechanisms which 1) enable end-to-end security that do not depend upon specific network topology, 2) work with multiple control network technologies, and 3) are suited to small embedded devices commonly used in control networks. This paper shows security mechanisms which can meet the above requirements, assuming that IP is applied to the control networks.

A 4Mb DRAM, measuring 6.38×17.38mm2, using a double-well CMOS technology with a design rule of 0.8μm, will be reported. A twisted driveline sense amplifier and a multiple-phase drive sense circuit serves to enhance speed and reduce peak power supply current.

USAGI project was founded to improve and develop Linux IPv6 stack. We also developed (IPv6) IPsec stack for Linux kernel 2.4 and 2.6 series. We present our (IPv6) IPsec implementation (PE KEY, IPsec security association, security policy, output processing, and input processing) for both 2.4 and 2.6.

This paper describes the current status of the use of the Internet in education within Japan, and the historical background to this development. The growth of technology, especially in the area of computers and networking, has influenced Japan's school education. With the advent of this technology, the school, which is considered as stable but closed, is opening itself to the outside world. In 1995, the 100 Schools Networking Project, a pioneering project supported by MITI (Ministry of Trade and Industry) and the Ministry of Education, was successfully launched. Based on the results of the project, we argue the merits and demerits of using the Internet within school education. The kind of support that is necessary for teachers and students to further promote the use of the Internet in education is also discussed.

The authors describe the development of a cryogenic millimeter-wave-band HEMT (high electron mobility transistor) low-noise amplifier for radio astronomy application. The HEMT has a gate length of 0.25 mu m and a gate width of 100 mu m. To ensure stable operation, the amplifier was designed using S-parameters measured at a cryogenic temperature of 30 K. Very low noise temperature is obtained over a wide frequency range from 41.3 to 44.5 GHz by adopting a balanced amplifier configuration with a waveguide-type 3-dB hybrid. Minimum and maximum noise temperatures within the frequency range are 65 K and 95 K, respectively, at an ambient temperature of 30 K and amplifier gain of 11.5 dB. >

The E-30000VH ECL (emitter-coupled-logic) gate array, which has a gate speed (with no load) of 80 ps and 30000 equivalent gates, is discussed. The E-30000VH features a three-level series gate circuit, a preimplemented clock distribution net of 150-ps skew, and 300 signal I/Os. The chip structure, internal gate circuit, and package are described. The results of gate speed measurements, using a ring oscillator, are reported. >

A description is given of a 43-GHz-band balanced low-noise amplifier using high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) with a gate length of 0.25 mu m. To reduce the loss, a 3-dB hybrid circuit formed by waveguide branch lines was used for the input/output sections of the amplifier. The amplifier has a gain of 9 dB, a noise figure of 5 dB or less, and an input/output VSWR (virtual standing-wave ratio) of 1.5 or less from 40 to 45.5 GHz. It has a gain of 10 dB and a noise figure of 4.3 dB or less at -30 degrees C (ambient temperature). >