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Fe-B films sputtered in Ar+N 2 plasma were investigated in order to obtain film with high initial permeability. Importance was placed on elucidation of the relation between the initial permeability ? i and parameters of the film structure such as the phase, grain size, and lattice strain. Fe-B (1 to 4 at% B) films sputtered in Ar+5%N 2 plas-ma exhibit a high ? i of about 2000 after annealing at 400 °C, and about 1000 after annealing at 500 °C. The results of X-ray and electron diffraction patterns indicate that films with high ? i consist of the ? phase. By comparing this with results for Fe-N films, it is suggested that the high ? i of Fe-B-N films is caused by the reduction of grain sizes and induced lattice strain, as well as other metallurgical structures such as in homogeneities.

Thermal stability of HDDR processed Sm-Fe-Ti-B-N bonded magnets is investigated in comparison with HDDR processed Sm-Fe-N bonded magnets. Temperature coefficients of Br and iHc of Sm-Fe-Ti-B-N bonded magnet are -0.06%//spl deg/C and -0.43%//spl deg/C, respectively, in the temperature range of 25 to 100/spl deg/C range. Irreversible loss of Sm-Fe-Ti-B-N bonded magnet at 100/spl deg/C is -2.1% and -2.5% respectively after exposure for 2 hrs and 300 hrs. This irreversible loss of Sm-Fe-Ti-B-N is lower than that of Sm-Fe-N which has coercivity 16 kOe. The corrosion resistance of Sm-Fe-Ti-B-N powder is evaluated by measuring increase in oxygen content after exposure at 120/spl deg/C. It is compared with Sm-Fe-N and Nd-Fe-Co-B powders. Sm-Fe-Ti-B-N powder shows slight increase in oxygen content after exposure at 120/spl deg/C in air for 300 hrs. It is also found to have good thermal stability and corrosion resistance.

Advanced computer and network technologies have lead to the development of computer networks. Here, an application is realized by multiple processes located on multiple computers connected to a communication network such as the Internet. Each process computes and communicates with other processes by exchanging messages through communication channels. Mission- critical applications are required to be executed fauIt- tolerantly. That is, even if some processes fail, execution of an application is required to be continued. One of the important methods to realize fault-tolerant networks is checkpoint-recovery[2,4,6,7,10, 11, 12,16,19, 20, 21]. During failure-free execution, each process takes local checkpoints by storing state information into a stable storage [14]. If a certain process fails, the processes restart from the checkpoints by restoring the state information from the stable storage. For restarting execution of applications correctly in conventional data communication networks, a set of local checkpoints taken by all the processes and from which the processes restart should form a consistent global checkpoint [3]. A global checkpoint is defined to be consistent if there is neither orphan nor lost message. However, in a multimedia communication network, applications require transmission of large-size multimedia messages and low overhead failure-free execution rather than complete consistency. Hence, this paper proposes a novel criteria for consistent global checkpoints based on properties of multimedia communication networks and applications.

A new hexagonal aluminium–chromium–nickel phase, Al14.4Cr3.4Ni1.1, is described. The structure includes 12 icosahedral clusters in a unit cell, each of which consists of a transition metal (TM) atom at the center and 11 aluminium and one TM atom on the fivefold vertices of the icosahedron. Pairs of the clusters are linked along the c axis by sharing a triangular face. Two pairs of the clusters are joined by two trigonal antiprisms, constructing a column along the c axis. Six such columns are included in a unit cell and form the crystal structure. The second neighboring atoms connecting the columns are on the threefold axes of the icosahedral cluster.

The preceding chapters (Chapters 1–5) deal with the interplay of metaphor and iconicity in the foregrounded case of poetic texts. By focusing on a number of short Japanese and English poems, these chapters were devoted to the demonstration of metaphor-icon links and their complexity, both at the visual and the auditory levels, in their two basic manifestations: iconic moments residing in metaphor; and metaphor giving iconic interpretation to form. Throughout the analyses it has been argued that the relationship between form and meaning in poetic texts is primarily motivated rather than arbitrary.

This chapter focuses on the issue of written language from the following two viewpoints: the writing system and communication in graphic space. The case that I would like to make regarding iconicity and written language roughly corresponds with these viewpoints: the role of iconicity in the logographic writing system of Japanese; and the re-evaluation of written language in the context of visual graphic communication.

Sound as well as vision has a rich tradition in poetic analysis. It can constitute the form of a poem, offering shape and material. The quality inherent in sounds gives texture to a poem, whereas the pattern of sounds gives it architecture. Sound may not only be essential in terms of its formal qualities, but also important in terms of its intimate relationship with the meaning of a poem. The relationship between sound and meaning in poetry is an extremely close one. For example, Shapiro and Beum have said that usually a poet ‘creates a form that “says” the same thing as the words themselves say’ (1965: 2). This wedding of sound and sense — how sound contributes to complementing the whole experience of a poem — has been the focus of an enormous amount of endeavour in poetic research. Traditionally it has been studied in the field of prosody or metrics.

Recently, the demand for high density flash memory for mass storage applications has grown. The most effective approach to improve memory density is a multi-level cell, however, the precise Vth control, which is indispensable to the multi-level cell, leads to the decrease of programming throughput. We have developed a 144 Mb 8-level NAND flash memory with 0.5 MB/s programming throughput which is 1.7 times faster than the conventional simultaneous programming scheme used in NAND flash memory. This high throughput has been attained by optimized pulse width programming. This chip employs the compact latch layout, which four adjacent 3-bit latches share one unit of the read/verify control circuit.

To achieve a fault-tolerant distributed systems, checkpoint-recovery has been researched and many protocols have been designed. A global checkpoint taken by the protocols have to be consistent. For a conventional data communication network, a global checkpoint is defined consistent if there is neither orphan nor lost message. For a multimedia communication network, there are different requirements such as large-size massages, time-constrained failure free execution and allowance of a certain amount of lost packets. This paper proposes a new criteria of consistent global checkpoints for supporting a multimedia communication network. In addition, a checkpoint protocol with QoS based consistency is designed and applied to MPEG-2 data transmission.

An 80-year old female underwent subtotal esophagectomy with neck lymphnode dissection for esophageal cancer. The tracheal intubation was done repeatedly. Anesthesia was maintained with O2-N2O-isoflurane. No complications were observed during the operation. About thirty minutes after tracheal extubation, she developed airway obstruction with tracheal tug and stridor. Severe laryngeal edema was found by bronchofiberscopy. Percutaneous minitracheostomy was performed under ventilation support by laryngeal mask airway. Seven days later, bronchoscopy examination revealed that the laryngeal edema had disappeared. It should be kept in mind that severe laryngeal edema could develop immediately after extubation.

A 65-year-old woman with primary breast carcinoma (T 3 N 0 M 0) received neoadjuvant chemotherapy consisting of 4 cycles of 50 mg.m-2 doxorubicin (ADM) and 60 mg.m-2 docetaxel (TXT). The patient received 50 mg.m-2 ADM and 60 mg.m-2 TXT intravenously on day 1 of each cycle every three weeks. The patient underwent transthoracic echocardiography and electrocardiography (ECG) before surgery and these results were normal. ECG showed bigeminy, trigeminy after intubation and incomplete AV block (Mobitz type II) during and after surgery. The patient recovered from these arrhythmias on the first postoperative day. Our data indicate one possibility that the management of anesthetic condition might easily induce the cardiac conduction abnormalities of this patient using ADM as neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

We evaluated the effectiveness of transtracheal heating and humidification system in maintaining body temperature during general anesthesia with low flow gases in 12 gastric cancer patients. Patients were divided into two group; Control group A in which a hot-water circulating system was used and group B in which a transtracheal heating and humidification system by ANAMED HUMITUBE was used, during gastric cancer operation. Compared to the hot-water circulating system, the transtracheal heating and humidification system is more effective for maintaining body temperature and humidification after abdominal lavage by warm saline water. But there was no difference between the two groups about awakening from general anesthesia. We concluded that transtracheal heating and humidification system by ANAMED HUMITUBE is effective in maintaining body temperature under general anesthesia with low flow gases.

1. Acknowledgments 2. Introduction (by Hiraga, Masako K.) 3. Part I: Cultural Patterns, language and cognition 4. Foxy chicks and Playboy bunnies: A case study in metaphorical lexicalization (by Hines, Caitlin) 5. The domain of ancestral spirits in Bantu noun classification (by Palmer, Gary B.) 6. DEFERENCE as DISTANCE: Metaphorical base of honorific verb construction in Japanese (by Hiraga, Masako K.) 7. Spatial conceptualization of time in Chinese (by Yu, Ning) 8. Part II: Psycholinguistic and Neurolinguistic approaches 9. An "intersubjective" method for cognitive-semantic research on polysemy: The case of get (by Raukko, Jarno) 10. Prepositional semantics and the fragile link between space and time (by Rice, Sally) 11. Computability as a limiting cognitive constraint: Complexity concerns in metaphor comprehension about which cognitive linguists should be aware (by Veale, Tony) 12. Metaphor vs. conflation in the acquisition of polysemy: The case of see (by Johnson, Christopher) 13. Acquisition of the Finnish conditional verb forms in formulaic utterances (by Kauppinen, Anneli) 14. Cognitive compositionality: An activation and evaluation hypothesis (by Strohner, Hans) 15. Perceptual simulation in conceptual tasks (by Barsalou, Lawrence W.) 16. Dynamic conceptualization and the substitution of nouns and verbs in aphasia (by Kellogg, M. Kimberly) 17. Neuroscientific evidence against Wierzbicka's analysis of the meanings of basic color terms (by Kemmerer, David) 18. Part III: Typological issues 19. Specification in grammar (by Kuteva, Tania) 20. The typology of 1st person marking and its cognitive background (by Helmbrecht, Johannes) 21. Emergent grammatical relations: Subjecthood in Kapampangan (by Morris, William C.) 22. The story of "break": Cognitive categories of objects and the system of verbs (by Fujii, Yoko) 23. Index 24. List of Contributors

This paper claims that the model of 'blending' proposed by Turner and Fauconnier [16, 17] offers a useful tool for understanding poetic creativity in general and metaphors in haiku in particular. It is one of the characteristics of haiku that two or more entities (objects, ideas, and feelings) are juxtaposed by loose grammatical configurations such as kireji ('cutting letters') and kake-kotoba ('hanging words' or multiple puns). The juxtaposed entities are put in comparison or equation, and contribute to enriching the multi-layered metaphorical meaning of haiku. The analysis of a sample text, a haiku describing a rough sea by Basho Matsuo, demonstrates the effectiveness of 'blending' as an instrument for understanding the cognitive role played by (i) metaphorical juxtaposition by kireji and (ii) iconicity of the foregrounded elements in the text.

Superplastic tensile deformation is simulated in 2 dimensions by incorporating grain boundary diffusion and concurrent grain growth derived from static and dynamic growth mechanisms. The following relationship is found between microstructural changes and deformation behavior for constant stress conditions. Grain boundary diffusion produces an increase in the aspect ratio of the matrix grains during deformation and the increased aspect ratio causes a change in creep rate parameters: the stress exponent is decreased from the initial value of 1.0 for equiaxed grains and the grain size exponent is increased from the initial value of 3.0. Accelerated grain growth is also found by the present simulation.

The Streptomyces metalloproteinase inhibitor, SMPI, isolated from Streptomyces nigrescens TK-23, is a proteinaceous metalloproteinase inhibitor, and consists of 102 amino acid residues with two disulfide bridges. SMPI specifically inhibits metalloproteinases such as thermolysin. In the present work, the solution structure of SMPI was determined on the basis of 1536 nuclear Overhauser enhancement derived distance restraints and 52 dihedral angle restraints obtained from three-bond spin coupling constants. The final ensemble of 20 NMR structures overlaid onto their mean coordinate with backbone (N, Calpha, C') r.m.s.d. values of 0. 45(+/-0.11) A and 0.57(+/-0.18) A for residues 6 to 99 and the entire 102 residues, respectively. SMPI is essentially composed of two beta-sheets, each consisting of four antiparallel beta-strands. The structure can be considered as two Greek key motifs with 2-fold internal symmetry, a Greek key beta-barrel. One unique structural feature found in SMPI is in its extension between the first and second strands of the second Greek key motif. Interestingly, this extended segment is known to be involved in the inhibitory activity of SMPI. In the absence of sequence similarity, the SMPI structure shows clear similarity to both domains of the eye lens crystallins, both domains of the calcium sensor protein-S, as well as the single-domain yeast killer toxin. The yeast killer toxin structure was thought to be a precursor of the two-domain beta gamma-crystallin proteins, because of its structural similarity to each domain of the beta gamma-crystallins. SMPI thus provides another example of a single-domain protein structure that corresponds to the ancestral fold from which the two-domain proteins in the beta gamma-crystallin superfamily are believed to have evolved.

A once-daily dose of PF-402 60 mg and twice-daily doses of sustained-release morphine sulfate tablets (MSC) 30 mg were repeatedly administered in cancer patients in a cross-over design. Their plasma concentrations were measured, and the pharmacokinetics of PF-402 and MSC were compared. A total of 7 subjects in the study were taking commercially sold MSC 60 mg daily (30 mg twice-daily) prior to the study and had "mild" or "no" pain at the start of the study. Plasma morphine concentrations of PF-402 were longer-lasting and showed smaller fluctuations than those of MSC. Repeated administration of the same daily doses of PF-402 and MSC produced similar plasma concentrations for periods of 24 hr and 12 hr. PF-402 administration produced a Tmax of 7.4 hr, and an MRT of 9.8 hr, all longer than those with MSC. Moreover, no significant difference was observed in AUC between PF-402 and MSC. These results indicate that the sustained-release characteristics of PF-402 are superior to those of MSC, and that the two drugs have a similar absorption pattern. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were observed in all 7 subjects and consisted of 6 incidences of constipation, 3 incidences of nausea, 2 incidences of itching, and 1 incidence each of vomiting and somnolence. Study drug administration was not discontinued in any case due to ADRs, and no symptoms indicating physical or psychic drug dependence were observed. No abnormal laboratory values related to study drug administration were observed. The above results indicate that once-daily administration of PF-402 is sufficient to maintain plasma concentrations obtained with twice-daily administration of MSC. As the safety of PF-402 is confirmed, the drug is considered to be a useful sustained release formulation in the treatment of cancer pain.

The interaction of the alpha subunit with the beta2 subunit of tryptophan synthase is known to be necessary for the activation of each subunit and for the catalytic efficiency of the alpha2beta2 complex. To elucidate the roles of hydrogen bonds in the interaction site between the alpha and beta subunits for subunit association, eight mutant alpha subunits at five hydrogen bonding residues (N104D, N104A, N108D, N108A, E134A, E135A, N157D, and N157A) were constructed, and the thermodynamic parameters of association with the beta subunit were obtained using a titration calorimeter. The N104D and N104A mutations remarkably decreased the stimulation activities, the association constants, and the association enthalpies. Although the association constant and the stimulation activities of E134A were reduced in the absence of salt, the change in the association enthalpy was relatively small, and the addition of salt could repair its defects. The substitutions at positions 135 and 157 did not affect the stimulation activity and decreased the Gibbs energy of association corresponding to the defect in 1 mol of hydrogen bond. The present results suggest that the alpha subunit which has a mutation at position 104 cannot fold into an intact conformation upon complex formation, resulting in reduced stimulation activities. The hydrogen bond with Asn-104, which is a conserved residue among 16 microorganisms, was especially important for alpha/beta interaction and mutual activation.

Recovery from posthyperventilation apnea accompanies a rise in PaCO2, and ventilation starts only when the PaCO2 attains the apneic threshold PCO2 (PATCO2). In the present study, we evaluated the effect of decreasing PaO2 on PATCO2 under light enflurane anesthesia in 17 female patients undergoing elective surgery. The apnea was produced by hyperventilating the lungs under two different conditions [with 1.3% (end-tidal) enflurane in 100% O2 or with 1.3% enflurane in 30% O2]. The initiation of ventilation after apnea was identified by the first expiratory act observed in capnogram, at which time an arterial blood sample was taken to determine PATCO2. The values of PaO2 at the initiation of ventilation with 1.3% enflurane in 100% O2 and 1.3% enflurane in 30% O2 were 394.7 +/- 65.0 mmHg (mean +/- SD), and 51.9 +/- 18.2 mmHg, respectively. There was a significant difference between the two values (P0.001). The values of PATCO2 with 1.3% enflurane in 100% O2 and 1.3% enflurane in 30% O2 were 48.3 +/- 4.9 mmHg and 47.2 +/- 3.9 mmHg, respectively, and no significant difference was observed between the two values. Our results indicate that a decrease in PaO2 exerts no effect on PATCO2 at 0.7 MAC of enflurane anesthesia. This suggests that hypoxic stimulation does not play an important role in initiation of ventilation following posthyperventilation apnea at a light level of anesthesia.

Glycine and serine are interconverted by serine hydroxymethyltransferase and hence share their metabolic pathways. In the rat the carbon skeleton of choline is derived from the alpha and beta carbons of serine through phosphatidylserine and is further converted to that of glycine through N-methylated molecules of glycine i.e. betaine, N-dimethylglycine, and sarcosine (N-methylglycine). Thus far, the production of a folate derivative of the active one carbon that is an essential material for purine nucleotides and thymidylate biosynthesis is the notable feature of this metabolic process. In the major degradative pathway for pyrimidine nucleotides, beta-alanine, one of omega-amino acids, is produced and further catabolized by beta-alanine: oxoglutarate transaminase which is suggested to be identical to that for gamma-aminobutyrate, another omega-amino acid. Disorders included in these metabolic pathways are succinctly reviewed.

T-protein is a component of the glycine cleavage system and catalyzes the tetrahydrofolate-dependent reaction. A partial cDNA for chicken T-protein was isolated by screening a chicken liver cDNA library with oligonucleotide probes based on amino acid sequences. The clone (CT5C) contains a 675-base pair insert encoding the C-terminal half of the T-protein. Screening of a bovine liver lambda gt10 cDNA library with the insert of CT5C as a probe detected a clone, BT5A, with an insert of about 2 kilobase pairs. The 1191-base pair coding region encodes a precursor protein of 397 amino acids (Mr 42,852) comprised of a 22-residue mitochondrial targeting sequence and a 375-residue mature protein (Mr 40,534). The 33 amino acids immediately following the targeting sequence correspond exactly to those determined by sequence analysis of the amino terminus of the purified bovine T-protein. The mature protein contains several hydrophilic segments with a cluster of arginine and lysine. The T-protein cDNA probe hybridized to an mRNA species of about 2 kilobases in bovine brain, lung, heart, and liver. A probe for H-protein hybridized with two species of mRNA in these tissues and weak signals were also found in spleen. Although the enzymatic activities of T-protein and H-protein were found in these tissues where transcripts were found, activity of P-protein was detected only in liver and brain. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA suggested that T-protein is a single copy gene.

We investigated the coordination of swallowing and breathing in 11 unconscious patients with an endotracheal tube in place during the recovery period from general anesthesia. Swallows occurred during both the inspiratory and expiratory phases with no preponderant occurrence during either phase. When a swallow occurred during inspiration, the inspiration was interrupted immediately and was followed by expiration, but the durations of both inspiration and expiration were progressively increased as the time from the onset of inspiration to the onset of swallowing was progressively delayed. A swallow coinciding with the expiratory phase progressively prolonged the duration of the expiration that had been interrupted as the timing of swallowing was progressively delayed. Repeated swallows invariably and in a predictable manner caused changes in the breathing pattern. Thus when the frequency of regularly repeated swallows was relatively high, the breathing pattern was characterized by regular, shallow, and rapid breaths. When the frequency of regularly repeated swallows was relatively low, the breathing pattern was characterized by regular, deep, and slow breaths. When the frequency of repeated swallows was irregular, the breathing patterns were characterized by inconsistent changes in tidal volume and respiratory frequency. Our results indicate that, in unconscious subjects, some mechanisms integrating respiration and swallowing are operative and responsible for changes in breathing patterns during swallowing.

Non-ketotic hyperglycinemia is caused by a molecular lesion involved in the glycine cleavage system and shows striking features representing the impaired central nervous system. For the study on molecular genetics of non-ketotic hyperglycinemia, we have isolated several cDNA clones, each encoding human glycine decarboxylase of H-protein, two of the four component enzymes of the glycine cleavage system. Although one of eight patients with this disease resulting from a lesion of glycine decarboxylase had the glycine decarboxylase gene deleted at a 5' region, they showed no common aberration detectable by glycine decarboxylase cDNA. Using the H-protein cDNA, we have demonstrated the rearranged structures, identified by one of the undetectable 5.0 and 5.5 kb SacI fragments, in the genomes of patients in whom there was an impaired expression of H-protein or glycine decarboxylase. The aberration of the 5.5 kb SacI fragment was associated with a defect of the 5.2 kb EcoRI fragment. Multiple genomic lesions are suggested for non-ketotic hyperglycinemia, and their implications in pathogenesis are discussed.

Morphine is a key drug for cancer pain management. In this study, we analyzed plasma morphine concentration in cancer patients who received continuous morphine drip and/or oral administrations of morphine: (1) The plasma concentration of morphine varied widely in patients whose pain was satisfactorily controlled at a constant dosage of morphine. The absolute value of the plasma concentration of morphine necessary for effective pain control could not be estimated; (2) When MS Contin was given at the doses 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, the plasma concentration of morphine increased with increasing dose. Thus, when the dose was increased according to the severity of pain, the plasma concentration of morphine increased and in turn an analgesic effect was obtained; (3) In those patients who had difficulty in taking oral preparations and/or blocked intestines, plasma concentration of morphine following oral administration was relatively low causing an unsatisfactory analgesic effect. However, by changing from oral administration to continuous drip infusion, the plasma concentration of morphine became higher and pain relief was obtained; (4) Continuous drip infusion of morphine progressively increased plasma concentration of morphine in parallel with the increase in the dose of morphine if the patients had no pleural effusion, ascites, and/or oedema. In contrast, plasma morphine concentration in patients with pleural effusion, ascites, and/or oedema was about half of that observed in patients who have normal distribution area. The rapid development of pleural effusion and ascites lowers the blood level of morphine; (5) To use the plasma concentration of morphine as an index for the analgesic effect, it is essential to develop a method to measure the plasma concentration of morphine rapidly.

A nation-wide survey (1987) of cancer pain and analgesic methods showed that the incidence of pain in the terminal stage was in the range of 68 to 72% without any significant difference between hospital groups. Irrespective of the stage of illness, a certain analgesic effect was obtainable with oral/parenteral use of opioids. As a result of a year-to-year comparison of pain in cancer clinics, it was found that the rate of complete pain relief has increased for all stages of illness, especially in the terminal stage. Here the rate of complete pain relief steadily increased from 37.8% in 1986 to 42.7% in 1987 and 48.6% in 1988. Propagation of WHO-advocated cancer pain therapeutics has led to an improvement of the rate of pain relief in the terminal stage. Marketing of MS Contin tablets resulted in a dramatic increase in the consumption of morphine, but there was no increase in the rate of pain relief due to poor measures to counter adverse reactions, and to administration of morphine in insufficient doses. The consumption of morphine for medical use increased year by year, but a greater number of doctors experienced in the use of opioids would further improve the management of pain. To realize that, it would be necessary to incorporate terminal care into medical education programmes as soon as possible. Further efforts will be required for extensive research and propagation of analgesic methods in various fields including education in medicine, science of nursing and postgraduate education.

Both hypercapnia and tracheal irritation are known to constrict the airways in animals. To see whether similar responses occur in humans, we investigated tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) responses to hypercapnia and tracheal irritation with water in 14 paralyzed and anesthetized humans. TSM tone was monitored by measuring the pressure in the saline-filled cuff of the endotracheal tube. Although, tracheal irritation caused TSM constriction in 10 of 14 patients, 4 patients showed no TSM response. Administration of intravenous atropine attenuated the TSM constriction response. Hypercapnia did not cause any change in TSM tone in any of the 14 patients. These results indicate that in paralyzed and anesthetized humans, there exist interindividual differences in the TSM responses to tracheal irritation and that hypercapnia cannot be an effective stimulus for the TSM constriction.

Effects of CO2 on circulatory responses to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation were investigated in 16 patients under constant depth of enflurane anesthesia (1.2MAC) at different levels of CO2 (normocapnia, PETCO2: 40mmHg or hypercapnia, PETCO2: 60mmHg). Patients were randomly divided into two groups; normocapnia group (n = 8) and hypercapnia group (n = 8). Although there was no significant difference in blood pressure response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation between normocapnic and hypercapnic groups, heart rate response was significantly attenuated in hypercapnic group and the latent period between the start of laryngoscopy and the onset of increase in heart rate was significantly longer in hypercapnic group. Our results suggest that hypercapnia exerts inhibitory influence on heart rate responses to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation.