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The concept of systematic inequalities in social and health outcomes has come to form part of contemporary policy discourse. This rhetoric is deployed even in the face of policy decisions widely viewed as iniquitous. Moreover, there is a widespread view, expressed across the political spectrum, that those in more deprived circumstances are less likely than their more affluent counterparts to be in receipt of optimal public services. Such individuals and communities are variously described as excluded, disadvantaged, underserved or hard to reach. Across countries and policy domains the term ‘hard to reach’ is used to refer to those deemed not to be in optimal receipt of public sector services which are intended to increase some aspect of material, social or physical wellbeing. It is increasingly used in health policy documents which aim to address health inequalities. However, it is an ill-defined and contested term. The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, it offers a critical commentary on the concept of hard-to-reachness and asks: who are viewed as hard to reach and why? Second, using a case-study of a Scottish health improvement programme that explicitly aims to reach and engage the ‘hard to reach’ in preventive approaches to cardiovascular disease, it tests the policy and practice implications of the concept. It finds that a lack of conceptual clarity leads to ambiguous policy and practice and argues for possible theoretical refinements.

Surgical care has been an essential component of health care worldwide for over a century. As the incidence of traumatic injuries, cancers and cardiovascular disease continues to rise, the impact of surgical intervention on public health systems is growing. Approximately 234 million interventions are now performed every year, representing one intervention for every 25 people on earth. In the United Kingdom this equates to a ratio of one operation for every eight people (WHO 2008a).

INTRODUCTION The requirement for companies to provide an account of their financial performance is accepted and firmly set out in law. The legal framework of the Companies Act is predicated on the need for directors to account to shareholders for their stewardship of the shareholders' assets and for companies to provide an account to their creditors of the security provided against their debt. Yet a company's activities do not affect only those who have a financial investment in it. Other groups are either directly involved with the company (for example, employees and suppliers) or indirectly involved (for example, consumers and the localities in which the company operates) and so it may be argued that the company should also be accountable to these stakeholders. Indeed, annual reports quite often recognise a broader non-financial or social accountability and provide information on how the company's social responsibilities have been discharged. The term used in this chapter to describe the practice of reporting on the company's social responsibilities is corporate social reporting (CSR) which has been defined as 'the process of communicating the social and environmental effects of organisation's economic actions to particular interest groups within society and to society at large' (Gray et al. 1987: ix).

In the move from viewing research as purely technical, objective, and rational to understanding it as a social practice embedded in particular cultural, political, and historical contexts, we raise the question of how reality is represented in research practices and products. Thus, the purpose of this article is to examine the "performativity" of text in constructing and reporting research. To do that, this article explores the process of formulating research questions for an empirical study of conceptions of flexibility and lifelong learning in the context of further education in the United Kingdom. We examine the implications of an analytical reflexivity for the representation of research projects. This analysis of representation is (re)presented in three parallel versions of our research: an algorithmic tale, a tale of improvisations, and a reflexive tale.

Julia Clarke, chief executive of Bristol Community Health, has developed a mobile working project to improve the working lives of nurses in the community

The concept of countertransference is utilized by many mental health practitioners to denote the emotional response of the therapist to doing therapy. Family therapists do not often use the term "countertransference,” and they have, with some exceptions, avoided exploring the emotional response of therapists in both research and training. The purpose of this study was to describe how the concept of countertransference is approached and utilized by beginning family therapists in their efforts to understand and conduct therapy. The participants in this study were five family therapist interns beginning their practicum placement in one AAMFT-accredited Master’s degree program in the campus clinic in August 1993. They attended five hour-long focus group meetings, and were interviewed about two different taped therapy sessions. The results illustrate aspects of the participants’ countertransference experience: the context, the countertransference reactions themselves, the participants’ responses to those reactions, the effect of those responses on the therapist and the therapy, and the participants’ personal equations which they brought to the therapeutic encounter. In addition, the results document the applicability of the concept of countertransference to the experience of beginning family therapists. Master of Science

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how useful information about the structure of markets, and in particular the pricing of products, can be achieved by simple and economical research techniques. Two fields of pricing research are covered: simple pricing questions which can be added to research designed primarily for other purposes and custom‐built pricing studies. The work is derived entirely from actual pricing and other research conducted for a number of clients by the Oxford Research Agency.

The pricing off products in the marketplace is of crucial importance to market share and profitability, yet often little is known about the effects of price changes on a brand's performance. Manufacturers cannot afford to ignore the contribution pricing research can make to their marketing decisions.

This article presents the results of a survey of grant monitoring in 170 UK charities. The monitoring and evaluation process is modelled and the extent to which donors follow this is explored. Although over 70 per cent of donors monitored grants, a much smaller percentage proceeded to evaluate results. Reasons for this and an indication of how the processes are carried out are presented.

Clarke, Julia A., Ksepka, Daniel T., Smith, N. Adam, Norell, Mark A. (2009): Combined phylogenetic analysis of a new North American fossil species confirms widespread Eocene distribution for stem rollers (Aves, Coracii). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (3): 586-611, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00550.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00550.x