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A key consequence in climate change is the warming of deep waters, away from the faster warming rates of near-surface subtropical and tropical waters. Since surface and near-surface oceanic temperatures have been measured far more frequently in time and space than deep waters (>2000 m), deep measurements become quite valuable. Semi-enclosed basins, such as the Gulf of Mexico, are of particular interest as the waters below sills that connect with the neighboring oceans have residence times much longer than upper layers. Within the western Gulf of Mexico, near-bottom measurements at ~3500-m depths at four sites show a stable linear warming trend of ~16 ± 2 m°C decade−1 for the period 2007–18, and CTD data from eight oceanographic cruises occurring from 2003 to 2019 show a trend of ~18 ± ~2 m°C decade−1 from the bottom to ~2000 m below the surface. The bottom geothermal heat flux is a contributing factor to be considered in the warming and renewal of such waters, but it has not changed over millennia and is therefore unlikely to be the cause of the observed trend. The densest waters that spill into the Gulf of Mexico, over the Yucatan Channel sill, must mix substantially during their descent and in the near-bottom interior, losing their extreme values. A simple box model connects the observed warming, well within the Gulf interior, with that expected in the densest waters that spill from the North Atlantic into the Cayman Basin through Windward Passage and suggests that the source waters at the entrance to the Caribbean have been warming for at least 100 years.

This paper presents the main challenges of an Internet of Things (IoT) platform. In this sense, an interoperability platform for IoT devices, called PIICO, is presented in the frame of an agriculture application. PIICO is a platform able to resolve interoperability between components and has the potential to be a stable IoT platform. Improvements opportunities of the main IoT PIICO components (nodes, gateway, and data analytics platform) are presented and discussed. The proposed improvements will make that an IoT platform improves its functionality, operation, security, and performance.

Development and implementation of effective protected area management to reduce deforestation depend in part on identifying factors contributing to forest loss and areas at risk of conversion, but standard land-use-change modeling may not fully capture contextual factors that are not easily quantified. To better understand deforestation and agricultural expansion in Amazonian protected areas, we combined quantitative land-use-change modeling with qualitative discourse analysis in a case study of Brazil's Jamanxim National Forest. We modeled land-use change from 2008 to 2018 and projected deforestation through 2028. We used variables identified in a review of studies that modeled land-use change in the Amazon (e.g., variables related to agricultural suitability and economic accessibility) and from a critical discourse analysis that examined documents produced by different actors (e.g., government agencies and conservation nonprofit organizations) at various spatial scales. As measured by analysis of variance, McFadden's adjusted pseudo REl desarrollo y la implementación de la gestión efectiva de las áreas protegidas para reducir la deforestación dependen parcialmente de la identificación de los factores que contribuyen a la pérdida del bosque y de las áreas en riesgo de ser convertidas, pero el modelado estándar del cambio de uso de suelo puede no capturar completamente los factores contextuales que no se cuantifican fácilmente. Combinamos el modelado cuantitativo del cambio de uso de suelo con el análisis cualitativo del discurso en un estudio de caso del Bosque Nacional Jamanxim de Brasil para entender de mejor manera la deforestación y la expansión agrícola en las áreas protegidas del Amazonas. Modelamos el cambio de uso de suelo entre 2008 y 2018 y lo proyectamos hasta 2028. Usamos las variables identificadas en una revisión de estudios que modelaron el cambio de uso de suelo en el Amazonas (p. ej.: variables relacionadas con la idoneidad agrícola y la accesibilidad económica) y en el análisis crítico del discurso que examinó documentos producidos por diferentes actores (p. ej.: agencias gubernamentales y organizaciones sin fines de lucro para la conservación) a varias escalas espaciales. Conforme a las medidas del análisis de varianza, la pseudo-R2 ajustada de McFadden y el desacuerdo en la cantidad y la asignación, descubrimos que la inclusión dentro del modelo de las variables identificadas como importantes para las dinámicas de deforestación mediante el análisis cualitativo del discurso (p. ej.: la proporción de terrenos públicos sin asignar, la distancia hacia los desarrollos propuestos de infraestructura y la densidad de incendios recientes) junto con variables más tradicionales (p. ej.: elevación, distancia a las carreteras y estado de protección) mejoró la habilidad predictiva de dichos modelos. Los modelos que incluyeron la mezcla de variables explicaron hasta 19.3% más de la variación observada en la probabilidad de deforestación que un modelo que solamente incluyó las variables tradicionales y 4.1% más variación que un modelo con las variables del análisis del discurso. Nuestra estrategia de integrar los métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos dentro del modelado del cambio de uso de suelo proporciona un marco para futuros trabajos interdisciplinarios sobre el cambio de uso de suelo.【摘要】制定和实施有效的保护区管理以减少森林砍伐, 部分取决于能否确定导致森林丧失的因素和面临土地转换风险的地区, 但标准的土地利用变化建模可能无法充分反映难以量化的背景因素。为了更好地了解亚马逊保护区的森林砍伐和农业扩张情况, 我们将定量的土地利用变化模型与定性的话语分析相结合, 对巴西Jamanxim国家森林进行了案例研究。我们模拟了2008-2018年的土地利用变化情况, 并预测了到2028年的森林砍伐情况。本研究使用的变量来自一项对亚马逊地区土地利用变化建模研究的综述(如与农业适宜性和经济可及性相关的变量), 以及一项检验不同行为者(如政府机构和非营利性保护组织)在不同空间尺度上制定的文件的话语分析。通过方差分析、McFadden调整后的伪R

The Secoya nation (Siekopai) of the Ecuadorian Upper Amazon, in its request for recognition of indigenous territories in a protected area, has appeared before the Republic of Ecuador's conservation regime with arguments based on an administrative and physical concept of territory. The Secoya worldview and culture, however, supposes an ontology of territory in which the geographic space, updated rituals, and their relationship with nature converge. In this article we analyze this important ontological difference in detail. We compare the territorial subjectivation processes produced by both ontologies: a Cartesian conceptual framework in the case of the State's political geography, and the Secoya's phenomenological ecology. Since the Secoya include a management plan for the protected area in their petition, it would seem they have internalized the State's rule regarding the principle of sustainability within conservation. We argue that sustainability is incompatible with the presence of a phenomenological ecology that makes them political subjects, and therefore it is a strategic inclusion that does not respond to their socio-ecological reality. Keywords: Ecuadorian Amazon, legal request, territory, Amerindian graphism, subjectivation, ontology

This study was supported by a Spanish grant from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII-FIS IP14/00971,2014-2017). The ITRIBIS project (Improving Translational Research Potential at the Institute of Biomedicine of Seville) has the registration number REGPOT-2013-1. Cooperative Cerebrovascular Disease Research Network (INVICTUS+)(RD16/0019/0015). Fernando Mancha is supported by a Rio Hortega contract. Francisco Moniche is PI of PI15/01197 and PI18/01414 grants. This study was partially funded by Abbott (Chicago, IL, USA) and Grifols (Barcelona, Spain) but had no role in the design of the study, interpretation of the data or manuscript approval.

The seasonal cycle of transport through the Yucatan Channel is estimated from 59 months of direct mooring measurements and 23 years of a transport proxy from AVISO sea level across the channel. Both exhibit a seasonal cycle with a maximum in summer (July–August) but have a minimum in March for the mooring and in November for AVISO data. The annual and semiannual harmonics explain respectively 19% (~32%) and 6% (~4%) of the subinertial variance of the moored (proxy) transports. Seasonal variations of zonal wind stress and anticyclonic wind stress curl over the Cayman Sea appear to be positively correlated with transport in Yucatan Channel and the northward extension of the Loop Current during the summer, agreeing to some extent with modeling results previously reported. Transport increments during summer coincide with enhanced regional easterly winds and anticyclonic wind stress curl in 60% of the cases (of 23 years). However, this connection is not as tight as model results suggest during winter. The summer correlation only appears to be valid in a broad statistical sense since it is modulated by large interannual and higher-frequency variability. Moored time series confirm previous results that the transport signal on the western side of the channel is quite different from the total Yucatan Channel transport and that eddy kinetic energy at higher frequencies (50–100 days) dominates the variability and is characterized by a relatively low net transport signal, with flow of opposite signs on each side of the channel.

espanolUna de las dificultades para la realizacion de pruebas de aplicaciones de analisis de datos obtenidos por dispositivos IoT, es el costo economico y temporal de la construccion de la red IoT, para mitigar estos costos y agilizar el desarrollo de aplicaciones IoT y analiticas, se propone NIOTE, un emulador de redes IoT que genera datos de sensores y actuadores diferentes tipos de dispositivos, faciles de configurar y desplegar sobre protocolos TCP/IP y MQTT, esta herramienta sirve como apoyo en ambientes academicos y validacion conceptual en el diseno de redes IoT. El uso del emulador facilitara el desarrollo de este tipo de aplicaciones, optimizando el tiempo de desarrollo y mejorando la calidad final del producto. Para desarrollar este emulador se utilizaron conceptos de programacion orientada a objetos, arquitectura y patrones de diseno de software, que permitieron emular el comportamiento de los dispositivos IoT que se encuentran dentro de una red especifica, donde se puede agregar la cantidad de dispositivos que sean necesarios, modelar y disenar cualquier red deseada. Cada red creada envia datos que son almacenados de forma local para simular el proceso de transportacion de los datos a una plataforma, si se desease aplicar, a traves de un formato especifico en el que la informacion sera enviada para hacer Analisis de Datos. EnglishOne of the difficulties for the development and testing of data analysis applications used by IoT devices is the economic and temporary cost of building the IoT network, to mitigate these costs and expedite the development of IoT and analytical applications, it is proposed NIOTE, an IoT network emulator that generates sensor and actuator data from different devices that are easy to configure and deploy over TCP/IP and MQTT protocols, this tool serves as support in academic environments and conceptual validation in the design of IoT networks. The emulator facilitates the development of this type of application, optimizing the development time and improving the final quality of the product. Object-oriented programming concepts, architecture, and software design patterns are used to develop this emulator, which allows us to emulate the behavior of IoT devices that are inside a specific network, where you can add the number of necessary devices, model and design any network. Each network sends data that is stored locally to emulate the process of transporting the data to a platform, through a specific format and will be sent to perform Data Analysis.

Fil: Neranzi, Francisco Javier. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Naón, Santiago. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Ochoa, Juan José. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Ichaso, Tomás. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Guenuleo, Brisa Serena. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Torrego, Sergio. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Stefe, Sonia. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Moncunill, Ezequiel Luis Nehuen. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Martínez, Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Fil: Puntieri, Javier Guido. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural. Río Negro, Argentina. Ugni molinae (Myrtaceae) is a shrub species that produces berries of excellent aroma, taste and nutraceutical properties. It is native to Patagonia, but is barely known in Argentina. The objective of this study was the identification of the pattern of primary growth and of the periods of anthesis and fruit ripening in U. molinae plants derived from Argentinean provenances. Ugni molinae (Myrtaceae) es una especie arbustiva que produce bayas de excelentes aroma, sabor y calidad nutracéutica. Es nativa de Patagonia, pero poco conocida en Argentina. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue determinar el patrón de crecimiento primario y los períodos de antesis y de maduración de frutos de plantas de U. molinae de origen argentino.

The oxygen deficient mesopelagic layer (ODL) off Peru has concentrations below 5 μmol O2 kg–1 and is delimited by a shallow upper oxycline with strong vertical gradient and a more gradual lower oxycline (lOx). Some regions show a narrow band of slightly increased oxygen concentrations within the ODL, an intermediate oxygen layer (iO2). CTD, oxygen and lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (LADCP, 300 kHz) profiles were taken on the shelf edge and outside down to mostly 2000 m. We evaluate here the acoustic volume backscatter strength of the LADCP signal representing organisms of about 5 mm size. Dominant features of the backscatter profiles were a minimum backscatter strength within the ODL, and just below the lOx a marked backscatter increase reaching a maximum at less than 3.0 μmol O2 kg–1. Below this maximum, the acoustic backscatter strength gradually decreased down to 1000 m below the lOx. The backscatter strength also increased at the iO2 in parallel to the oxygen concentration perturbations marking the iO2. These stable backscatter features were independent of the time of day and the organisms represented by the backscatter had to be adapted to live in this microaerobic environment. During daylight, these stable structures were overlapped by migrating backscatter peaks. Outstanding features of the stable backscatter were that at very low oxygen concentrations, the volume backscatter was linearly related to the oxygen concentration, reaching half peak maximum at less than 2.0 μmol O2 kg–1 below the lOx, and the depth-integrated backscatter of the peak below the lOx was higher than the integral above the Ox. Both features suggest that sufficient organic material produced at the surface reaches to below the ODL to sustain the major fraction of the volume backscatter-producing organisms in the water column. These organisms are adapted to the microaerobic environment so they can position themselves close to the lower oxycline to take advantage of the organic particles sinking out of the ODL.

Two glider transects in the Gulf of Mexico reveal fine-vertical-scale thermohaline structures within a Loop Current eddy (LCE). Partially compensating temperature and salinity anomalies are shown to organize as thin layers below the eddy and near its edges. The anomalies have vertical scales ranging from 2 to 60 m and extend laterally over distances up to 120 km. These structures are evident in synthetic acoustic reflectivity derived from the glider data and are reminiscent of the intense layering observed in seismic imagery around meddies, Agulhas rings, and warm-core Kuroshio rings. The observed layers are aligned with the geostrophic streamfunction rather than isopycnals and develop preferentially in zones of intense vertical shear. These observations suggest that tracer stirring by the eddy’s vertically sheared azimuthal flow might be an important process for their generation. In an attempt to rationalize this process, high-resolution quasigeostrophic simulations were performed using an idealized anticyclonic ring for the initial conditions. As the vortex destabilizes, layering rapidly develops in the model, resulting in structures similar to those found in the observation data. Passive tracer experiments also suggest that the layers form through differential advection of the tracer field by the vertically sheared flow associated with the LCE.

Four years (September 2012 to August 2016) of simultaneous current observations across the Yucatan Channel (~21.5°N) and the Straits of Florida (~81°W) have permitted us to investigate the characteristics of the flow through the Gulf of Mexico. The average transport in both channels is 27.6 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3 s−1), in accordance with previous estimates. At the Straits of Florida section, the transport related to the astronomical tide explains 55% of the observed variance with a mixed semidiurnal/diurnal character, while in the Yucatan Channel tides contribute 82% of the total variance and present a dominant diurnal character. At periods longer than a week the transports in the Yucatan and Florida sections have a correlation of 0.83 without any appreciable lag. The yearly running means of the transport time series in both channels are well correlated (0.98) and present a 3-Sv range variation in the 4 years analyzed. This long-term variability is well related to the convergence of the Sverdrup transport in the North Atlantic between 14.25° and 18.75°N. Using 2 years (July 2014–July 2016) of simultaneous currents observations in the Florida section, the Florida Cable section (~26.7°N), and a section across the Old Bahama Channel (~78.4°W), a mean northward transport of 28.4, 31.1, and 1.6 Sv, respectively, is obtained, implying that only 1.1 Sv is contributed by the Northwest Providence Channel to the mean transport observed at the Cable section during this 2-yr period.

Objectives The aim of the HISPANIAS (HyperperfusIon Syndrome Post-carotid ANgIoplasty And Stenting) study was to define CHS rates and develop a clinical predictive model for cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome (CHS) after carotid artery stenting (CAS). Background CHS is a severe complication following CAS. The presence of clinical manifestations is estimated on the basis of retrospective reviews and is still uncertain. Methods The HISPANIAS study was a national prospective multicenter study with 14 recruiting hospitals. CHS was classified as mild (headache only) and moderate-severe (seizure, impaired level of consciousness, or development of focal neurological signs). Results A total of 757 CAS procedures were performed. CHS occurred in 22 (2.9%) patients, in which 16 (2.1%) had moderate-severe CHS and 6 (0.8%) had mild CHS (only headache). The rate of hemorrhages was 0.7% and was associated with high mortality (20%). Pre-operative predictors of moderate-severe CHS in multivariate analysis were female sex (odds ratio [OR]: 3.24; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11 to 9.47; p = 0.03), older patients (OR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.17; p = 0.02), left carotid artery treated (OR: 4.13; 95% CI: 1.11 to 15.40; p = 0.03), and chronic renal failure (OR: 6.29; 95% CI: 1.75 to 22.57; p = 0.005). The area under the curve of this clinical and radiological model was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.81 to 0.92; p = 0.001). Conclusions The rate of CHS in the HISPANIAS study was 2.9%, with moderate-severe CHS of 2.1%. CHS was independently associated with female sex, older age, history of chronic kidney disease, and a treated left carotid artery. Although further investigations are needed, the authors propose a model to identify high-risk patients and develop strategies to decrease CHS morbidity and mortality in the future.

Naranjilla (Solanum quitoense) is an Andean tropical fruit of the solanaceae family with high nutritional value. Its cultivation is gravely affected by the lethal disease produced by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. quitoense, causing severe economic losses. In this work we studied the possibility of boosting the plants’ natural defenses to the fungus by using plant hormones. Our results show that spraying jasmonic acid or sodium nitroprusside (a NO donor) on naranjilla plantlets before Fusarium inoculation protected them from infection, and elicited strong activation of the corresponding signaling pathway, suggesting a mechanism of defense priming triggered by those compounds.

[Objective] We aimed to investigate the prevalence of TOR1A, GNAL and THAP1 variants as the cause of dystonia in a cohort of Spanish patients with isolated dystonia and in the literature., [Methods] A population of 2028 subjects (including 1053 patients with different subtypes of isolated dystonia and 975 healthy controls) from southern and central Spain was included. The genes TOR1A, THAP1 and GNAL were screened using a combination of high-resolution melting analysis and direct DNA resequencing. In addition, an extensive literature search to identify original articles (published before 10 August 2020) reporting mutations in TOR1A, THAP1 or GNAL associated to dystonia was performed., [Results] Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in TOR1A, THAP1 and GNAL were identified in 0.48%, 0.57% and 0.29% of our patients, respectively. Five patients carried the variation p.Glu303del in TOR1A. A very rare variant in GNAL (p.Ser238Asn) was found as a putative risk factor for dystonia. In the literature, variations in TOR1A, THAP1 and GNAL accounted for about 6%, 1.8% and 1.1% of published dystonia patients, respectively., [Conclusions] There is a different genetic contribution to dystonia of these three genes in our patients (about 1.3% of patients) and in the literature (about 3.6% of patients), probably due the high proportion of adult-onset cases in our cohort. As regards age at onset, site of dystonia onset, and final distribution, in our population there is a clear differentiation between DYT-TOR1A and DYT-GNAL, with DYT-THAP1 likely to be an intermediate phenotype., This work was supported by the Carlos III Health Institute-European Regional Development Fund (ISCIII-FEDER) [PI14/01823, PI16/01575, PI18/01898, PI19/01576], the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Economics, Innovation, Science and Employment [CVI-02526, CTS-7685], the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Health and Welfare [PI-0741-2010, PI-0471-2013, PE-0210-2018, PI-0459-2018, PE-0186-2019], and the Alicia Koplowitz and Mutua Madrileña Foundations. Pilar Gómez-Garre was supported by the "Miguel Servet" program [MSII14/00018] (from ISCIII-FEDER) and “Nicolás Monardes” program [C-0048-2017] (from the Andalusian Regional Ministry of Health). Silvia Jesús was supported by the "Juan Rodés" program [B-0007-2019] and Daniel Macías-García by the “Río Hortega” program [CM18/00142] (both from ISCIII-FEDER). María Teresa Periñán was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education [FPU16/05061]. Cristina Tejera was supported by VPPI-US from the University of Seville.

Esta obra, Investigación sociojurídica crítica en sujetos de especial protección, terrorismo y corrupción estatal, es el resultado del proyecto de investigación en “sujetos y grupos de especial protección en Colombia”; elaborada con el objetivo principal de describir el debate actual de la doctrina sobre los sujetos de especial protección, el terrorismo de Estado y la corrupción estatal. La investigación se centra en estudiar el problema de los sujetos de especial protección en Colombia desde una mirada sociojurídica crítica enfocada en tres variables: en primer lugar, la situación ambivalente de su identidad como sujetos especiales; en segundo lugar, el terrorismo de Estado como un fenómeno desconocido por el derecho y que afecta, principalmente, a los más vulnerables y; en tercer lugar, la corrupción del Estado como una realidad desconocida por el derecho que niega la responsabilidad directa del Estado en la desviación del poder público, cuya consecuencia principal

International audience; In this study, we harness the 25-year satellite-altimeter record, in concert with a vast array of in situ measurements, to estimate the heat content anomaly of 32 warm-core rings in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). The decay rate of these mesoscale eddies is studied in detail, and it is shown that they release the majority of their heat as they drift in the central GoM (away from topographic obstacles). The surface heat fluxes from the eddies are shown to be small in comparison to the total rate of heat loss from the eddies, suggesting that heat is primarily released toward the surrounding water masses. Integrating the total heat evolution equation over the warm-core rings yields an estimate of their effective lateral diffusivity coefficient. The long-term impact of warm-core rings on heat and salt balance in the GoM is also discussed.

We present a transfer learning system to perform a mixed Spanish-English sentiment classification task. Our proposal uses the state-of-the-art language model BERT and embed it within a ULMFiT transfer learning pipeline. This combination allows us to predict the polarity detection of code-mixed (English-Spanish) tweets. Thus, among 29 submitted systems, our approach (referred to as dplominop) is ranked 4th on the Sentimix Spanglish test set of SemEval 2020 Task 9. In fact, our system yields the weighted-F1 score value of 0.755 which can be easily reproduced -- the source code and implementation details are made available., Comment: Accepted at SemEval-2020, COLING

Transfer Learning has emerged as one of the main image classification techniques for reusing architectures and weights trained on big datasets so as to improve small and specific classification tasks. In Natural Language Processing, a similar effect is obtained by reusing and transferring a language model. In particular, the Universal Language Fine-Tuning (ULMFiT) algorithm has proven to have an impressive performance on several English text classification tasks. In this paper, we aim at improving current state-of-the-art algorithms for Spanish Sentiment Analysis of short texts. In order to do so, we have adapted a ULMFiT algorithm to this setting. Experimental results on benchmark datasets show the potential of our approach.

High‐resolution hydrographic measurements reveal the presence of three Intra‐Thermocline Eddies (ITEs) embedded within a Loop Current Eddy (LCE). ITEs are lenticular bodies of nearly homogeneous water which contrasts with the well stratified surrounding water. Their radii and thickness ranged between [19‐32] km and [150‐250] m. Negative relative vorticity within their cores (down to ‐0.85 times the Coriolis frequency), along with a large negative stratification anomaly, result in low Ertel Potential Vorticity (PV) and intense negative Ertel Potential Vorticity Anomalies (PVA). Vortex stretching and relative vorticity have comparable contributions to PVA, resulting in Burger numbers of order unity. The similarity of thermohaline properties within the ITE's cores and the surrounding LCE water, suggests that these ITEs likely form by intense mixing events followed by Rossby adjustment.

Maternal death is the greatest health disparity globally, with postpartum hemorrhage the most common cause. As senior leaders in obstetrics and maternal health from Bolivia, Canada, Colombia, Côte d'Ivoire, Honduras, India, Kenya, Nepal, Niger, Norway, Peru, Tanzania, the UK, the USA, and Zambia, we are deeply disturbed by recent calls for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of uterine balloon tamponade (UBT) in women with uncontrolled postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Our collective experience, in combination with mounting evidence, unequivocally supports the effectiveness of commercial and condom UBTs in averting death and disability from PPH associated with atonic uterus. We believe it would be highly unethical to embark on an RCT of UBT, now or in the future, unless compared with a proven equivalent intervention. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The coupling between the upper (z < 1000-m depth) and deep (z > 1500 m) circulation in the western Gulf of Mexico (WGoM) driven by the arrival of Loop Current eddies (LCEs) is analyzed from moorings measuring horizontal velocity in the full water column during a 5-yr period (October 2008–October 2013). Nine LCEs crossing the mooring array are documented. A composite of these events shows that strong northward currents at depth having speeds of 0.1–0.2 m s−1 precede (~10–20 days) the strong northward near-surface currents (~0.5 m s−1) characteristic of the western rim of the LCEs. These deep northward flow intensifications are followed by southward deep flows coupled with the surface-intensified southward current of the eastern (rear) part of the LCEs crossing the array. These results are consistent with the existence of a deep anticyclone leading and a cyclone trailing the upper-layer LCEs. Objectively interpolated regional maps of velocities and vertical vorticity obtained from up to 30 moorings indicate the mean circulation at 100-m depth in the northern WGoM is mostly anticyclonic and enhanced by the arrival of the westward-propagating LCEs, while the southern part is dominated by the presence of a semipermanent cyclonic structure (Bay of Campeche cyclonic gyre). At 1500-m depth, the mean circulation follows the slope in a cyclonic sense and shows a cyclonic vorticity maximum on the abyssal plane consistent with the LCE deep flow composites. This suggests the LCEs strongly modulate not only the upper-layer circulation but also impact the deep flow.

Spanish is the third language most used on the internet. However, Natural Language Processing research in this language is still far below the level of other languages like English. The aim of this paper is to fill this gap in the literature and to provide a comprehensive assessment of Deep Learning applied to Spanish sentiment analysis. We focus on the polarity detection task which, in the context of Spanish Twitter messages, remains as a challenging task. To do so, we explore the combination of several Word representations (Word2Vec, Glove, Fastext) and Deep Neural Networks models. Unlike poor performance obtained by previous related work using Deep Learning for Spanish sentiment analysis, we show promising results. Our best setting combines three word embeddings representations, Convolutional Neural Networks and Recurrent Neural Networks. This setup allows us to obtain state-of-the-art results on the TASS/SEPLN 2017 Spanish Twitter benchmark dataset, in terms of accuracy and macro F1-measure.

Three years (2008–2011) of direct current measurements from a mooring array deployed at the western Yucatan Channel (defined west of 85.6°W) and along the eastern Campeche Bank captured the main characteristics of the Yucatan and Loop Currents and the eddies associated with them. The array was deployed to provide upstream conditions in support of the Loop Current Dynamics Experiment. A substantial portion (60–80%) of the variance at the mooring sections is related to horizontal shifts of the currents due to meanders and eddies. Time-frequency analysis indicates that the velocity time-series are “event dominated”, with higher variability at low-frequencies (40–100 days or longer periods) but with a substantial contribution at higher frequencies (5–25 days periods) particularly strong from October to March. The vertical structure and time evolution of the eddy kinetic energy in a developing Campeche Bank cyclone suggest baroclinic instability dynamics are relevant for its development. Four Loop Current eddies (Cameron, Darwin, Ekman and Franklin) separated during 2008–2011. Ekman and Franklin were particularly dominated by a cyclone associated with a meander trough of the southward flowing branch of the Loop Current ( Donohue et al., 2016a , Donohue et al., 2016b ) and weaker Campeche Bank cyclones. For Cameron and Darwin, Campeche Bank cyclonic anomalies appear to be nearly as strong as the ones coming from the eastern side of the Loop Current. Eastward shifts of the Yucatan and Loop Currents observed over the sections appear to be linked to vorticity perturbations propagating from the Caribbean and precede several eddy detachments; their significance for the generation of Campeche Bank cyclones and eddy shedding remains to be determined. Time-series of Yucatan Current transport, vorticity fluctuations and Loop Current northward extension during the 3 deployment periods only depict positive correlation in two of them. Given the wide spectrum of variability, much more data are required to determine if a statistically robust relation exists among these variables. Our results clearly illustrate the complexity of the flow in this region and that it is difficult to single out a dominant mechanism that can explain all Loop Current eddy detachments.

The near-inertial wave wake of Hurricane Ida is examined of the basis of horizontal velocity observations acquired from 7 moorings instrumented with acoustic Doppler current profilers deployed across the shelf break, slope, and at the abyssal plain of the Yucatan Peninsula, from 130 m to ∼3300 m. During the forced stage, background mean-flow consisted on a dominant cyclonic circulation of ∼100 km of diameter intensified toward the Yucatan's shelf (topographic constraint) and bounded by anticyclonic vorticity northeastward (north 25° N). In the low frequency band, subinertial signals of ∈ [5.5–7.5] day period propagating along the Yucatan shelf break. After the passage of Hurricane Ida, energetic near-inertial oscillations spread away from the storm's track over cyclonic vorticity. The wave's Eulerian frequency increases shoreward and toward the Yucatan's shelf. After Ida's passage, mooring data show a contrasting velocity response: semi-diurnal and diurnal tides are enhanced at the shelf break of the Yucatan Peninsula and near-inertial oscillations at the slope and abyssal plain. The near-inertial kinetic energy is largest to the right of the storm track because of the asymmetric wind-stress and amplified due to vorticity trapping near z =−500 m, which is a proxy of the base of the mesoscale structure and where the mean-flow is nearly zero. The blue frequency shifted wave wake propagates downward at ∼57–70 m day−1 and horizontally at 23–28 km day−1 leading a downward vertical energy flux of [1.3–1.6] × 10−2 W m−2. This represents a 7–9% of the total wind power input to near-inertial oscillations that, ultimately, became available for interior ocean mixing. The results suggest that the most energetic wave packet propagated poleward and downward from a broad upwelling region located near the Hurricane's track. The vertical structure of the near-inertial kinetic energy is described as a sum of the first 12 standing vertical modes and as vertically propagating near-inertial internal waves. The amplification of near-inertial kinetic energy as the wave train propagates through the region of anticyclonic vorticity is consistent with the reduction of the Eulerian frequency (and mean-flow) at depth and the shrinking horizontal wavenumber in a critical layer. This work shows that energetic near-inertial oscillations of vertical wavelength of 850–1280 m, penetrate well below the thermocline, and are concentrated to the right of the storm track in a region of anticyclonic vorticity.

The near-inertial trapping of the wave wakes of two consecutive hurricanes, Gustav and Ike (2008), at the base of the Loop Current is described using observations of a triangular mooring array. Hurricane Gustav translates over the Loop Current twice as fast and leads to a sharper, but equally strong, wind intensity peak than Hurricane Ike. Following the passage of Gustav, near-inertial oscillations in the main thermocline have large horizontal (∼340±45 km) and vertical (∼850 m) scales. The wave kinetic energy propagates down with a vertical group velocity of several tens of meters per day and leads to a downward energy flux of [1.82-7.10]×10−3 W m−2.Observations suggest that the dispersion of the wave wakes produced by the hurricanes is driven by Doppler shifting in the upper ∼600 m and the vertical-varying vorticity inside the Loop Current. Near-inertial kinetic energy is enhanced and near-inertial oscillations are circularly polarized in a critical layer at the base of the Loop Current where the group velocity vector is nearly horizontal. The trapping and amplification of the near-inertial wave wakes of two consecutive hurricanes is addressed using a primitive equation numerical model. Numerical results suggest an increase of the near-inertial kinetic energy and vertical shear by a factor of ∼2 near the critical layer due to wave-mean flow and wave-wave interactions. A K-Profile parameterization of these interactions results in banded regions of elevated turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates of e ϵ [0.5-6.6]×10−6 W m−3 for critical Richardson number Ric = 1, depending on the stratification of the water column. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ADCP profiles near the sea bed, at a 130 m depth continental shelf, were used to estimate the mean veering of the velocity vectors using a complex correlation coefficient. An analytic expression for the veering vertical gradient ( ∂ θ / ∂ z ) as function of turbulent Ekman layer thickness ( δ E ) was developed and, using constant eddy viscosity assumptions, sea bottom stress and additional turbulent boundary layer features were evaluated. Further statistics on the time series yields median values for δ E of about 13 m, eddy viscosity Az = 4.2 × 10−3 m2s−1 and median bottom stress of 9.2 × 10−2 Pa, thus leading to high Reynolds numbers. Very good agreement is obtained between observations and bottom Ekman balance solutions according to determination coefficients assessed ( R ≥ 0.99 ).

The non-breeding distribution of Piping Plover Charadrius melodus outside the USA has only recently been elucidated, with new records in Central American and Caribbean countries during the last decade. A specimen from Ecuador was the only definite record in South America prior to 2018. We present two records of Piping Plover in Venezuela; the first at the Paraguana Peninsula, Falcon state, on 25 February 2018, and the second in the northern part of Cienaga de Los Olivitos Wildlife Refuge and Fishing Reserve, Zulia state, on 5 March 2020.

The spreading of n particles simultaneously released is modeled numerically and analytically using a Langevin’s equation. In the numerical experiments, particles are dispersed utilizing the random walk technique plus advection caused by a vortex with rigid-body rotation (RV) or irrotational (IV). In each vortex, the dispersion is described analyzing the statistical behavior of the particles’ position as a function of time t. In the RV case, analytical expressions for the statistics indicate (like the numerical experiments) that the dispersion or variance is linear in t and the diffusion coefficient D depends on the angular speed Ω of the vortex. If the time scale of the random walk is much smaller than the rotation period (i.e., Δt ≪ 2π/Ω), then D decreases lightly if Ω increases relative to a pure two-dimensional (2D) random walk. In the experiments of the IV in which all particles start at the same point, we observe an asymmetric dispersion (the cloud becomes a comet and then a spiral), which leads to a...

The vertical structure of a recently detached Loop Current Eddy (LCE) is studied using in‐situ data collected with an underwater glider from August to November 2016. Altimetry and Argo data are analysed to discuss the context of the eddy shedding and evolution as well as the origin and transformation of its thermohaline properties. the LCE appeared as a large body of nearly homogeneous water between 50 and 250 m confined between the seasonal and main thermoclines. A temperature anomaly relative to surrounding Gulf's water of up to 9.7 °C was observed within the eddy core. The salinity structure had a double core pattern. The subsurface fresh core had a negative anomaly of 0.27 psu while the deeper saline core's positive anomaly reached 1.22 psu. Both temperature and salinity maxima were stronger than previously reported. The saline core, of Caribbean origin, was well conserved during its journey from the Yucatan Basin to the Loop Current and at least 7 months after eddy detachment. The fresher homogeneous core resulted from surface diabatic transformations including surface heat fluxes and mixing within the top 200 m during the winter preceding eddy detachment. Heat and salt excess carried by the LCE were large and require important negative heat fluxes and positive fresh water input to be balanced. The geostrophic velocity structure had the form of a subsurface intensified vortex ring.

Sentiment Analysis has been extensively researched in the last years. While important theoretical and practical results have been obtained, there is still room for improvement. In particular, when short sentences and low resources languages are considered. Thus, in this work we focus on sentiment analysis for Spanish Twitter messages. We explore the combination of several word representations (Word2Vec, Glove, Fastext) and Deep Neural Networks models in order to classify short texts. Previous Deep Learning approaches were unable to obtain optimal results for Spanish Twitter sentence classification. Conversely, we show promising results in that direction. Our best setting combines data augmentation, three word embeddings representations, Convolutional Neural Networks and Recurrent Neural Networks. This setup allows us to obtain state-of-the-art results on the TASS/SEPLN Spanish benchmark dataset, in terms of accuracy.

Oxalis adenophylla Gillies ex Hook. & Arn., is a native herb of the Subantartic Forest and Stepps of Patagonia. O. adenophylla has multiple uses and a high cultural value for many local populations of Patagonia. The leaves are used to treat fever, their roots are edible, and the plant is employed as ornamental. Despite their local cultural importance as medicine, there is little understanding of the phytochemistry and bioactivity of its property to treat fever, and the nutritional characteristics of its edible root. Similarly, its ornamental potential and growing marketing have not been investigated in the region. The ecological knowledge of local populations, that have historically used and currently use this species, seems to be essential to promote the sustainable management and conservation of O. adenophylla in Patagonia.

Mooring measurements in the Yucatan Channel, from May 2010 to May 2011 and from July 2012 to June 2013 yield a mean transport of 27 and 25 Sv, respectively, with a subinertial standard deviation of 3.5 Sv. These mean transport values are higher than the 23 Sv reported from 21 months of similar measurements (1999–2001). Analysis of low-frequency variations of a transport proxy based on 20 years of altimetry data indicates that during 1999–2001, the flow through Yucatan Channel was anomalously low. This suggests that a sizable compensation through other channels off the Gulf of Mexico is required to match the transport cable measurements of the Florida Current at 27°N.

El análisis del mito lo fosiliza y lo desconecta de su función primigenia y su significado más profundo. A partir del testimonio de los aborígenes australianos, se han identificado cuatro posibles niveles de significado del mito. En este trabajo, utilizando la metodología semiológica, nos proponemos el objetivo de ver si este proceso de interpretación puede haber sido un denominador común en todas las culturas que, en el mito, tienen un patrimonio colectivo inmaterial. Proponemos una denominación a estos niveles de análisis y significado, aportando ejemplos de culturas, épocas y territorios muy distantes. El resultado es una verificación del nivel más íntimo de significado del mito, conscientes de que los métodos científicos siempre nos mantendrán alejados de la capa más personal y viva del mito, la que constituye el patrimonio individual.

Objetivo Comparar la frecuencia de los principales factores clínicos, bioquímicos y antropométricos de riesgo cardiovascular entre una comunidad rural y una urbana de Tinaquillo, Venezuela.Métodos Se evaluaron 118 individuos mayores de 18 años (52 pertenecientes a la comunidad urbana y 66 a la comunidad rural) a los cuales se les determinó peso, talla, circunferencia abdominal, presión arterial, glicemia y perfil lipídico. Se aplicó una encuesta para medir antecedentes personales de enfermedad cardiovascular y estilo de vida.Resultados Se evidenció que alrededor del 60 % de los individuos de la comunidad rural presentaron entre obesidad y sobrepeso. Cifras similares fueron obtenidas en la comunidad urbana, no encontrándose diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambas. Casi la mitad de los participantes mostró obesidad abdominal, así como una frecuencia importante de individuos con HDLc bajo (mayor al 70 %). Cabe destacar que si bien, se obtuvieron bajos porcentajes de hipertrigliceridemia, los mismos fueron significativamente superiores en la comunidad rural (Chi-cuadrado=4,82; p=0,0281). Caso contrario ocurre con la frecuencia del hábito tabáquico, el cual es estadísticamente superior en la comunidad urbana (Chi-cuadrado=4,48; p=0,0342).Conclusión Los resultados muestran una elevada frecuencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en ambas comunidades. En consecuencia, los programas de promoción en salud emergentes deben tener alcance hasta las comunidades rurales, pues el riesgo a padecer una enfermedad cardiovascular es similar al de la comunidad urbana, además de estar igualmente propensas a la adquisición de hábitos no saludables. Objective To compare the frequency of major clinical, biochemical and anthropometric cardiovascular risk factors between a rural community and an urban community from Tinaquillo, Venezuela. Method 118 individuals older than 18 years (52 of the urban community and 66 of the rural community) were included; their weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure, blood glucose and lipid profile were assessed. A survey to measure personal history of cardiovascular disease and lifestyle was applied.Results About 60 % of the individuals of the rural community were either obese or overweight; similar figures were obtained in the urban community with no statistically significant differences. Almost half of the participants had abdominal obesity, and also a significant frequency of individuals with low HDLc (greater than 70 %) was observed. It should be noted that although low percentages of hypertriglyceridemia were obtained, they were significantly higher in the rural community (chi-square=4.82, p=0.0281). The opposite occurs with the frequency of smoking, which is statistically higher in the urban community (chi-square=4.48, p=0.0342).Conclusions The results show a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in both communities. Consequently, health promotion programs should reach out to rural communities, as the risk of cardiovascular disease is similar to that of the urban community, who are equally prone to acquire unhealthy habits.

Robinson’s mouse opossum (Marmosa robinsoni) typically inhabits xeric shrublands, savannas, and deciduous forests from Panama through Colombia and Venezuela, to the islands of Trinidad, Tobago, and Grenada. We assessed its phylogeographic structure in the 1st such study based on dense geographic sampling of any vertebrate from dry habitats in this region. We sequenced the cytochrome-b gene and the X-linked intron Olinked N-acetylglucosamine transferase, largely from dried skins and residual tissue on osteological material of museum specimens. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the existence of 2 well-supported phylogroups primarily distributed to the east and west of the Cordillera de M´ erida. The estimated time since divergence between these

In oceanography, a near homogeneous mixed layer extending from the surface to a seasonal thermocline is a common conceptual basis in physics, chemistry, and biology. In a coastal upwelling region 3 km off the coast in the Mexican Pacific, we measured vertical density gradients with a free-rising CTD and temperature gradients with thermographs at 1, 3, and 5 m depths logging every 5 min during more than a year. No significant salinity gradient was observed down to 10 m depth, and the CTD temperature and density gradients showed no pronounced discontinuity that would suggest a near-surface mixed layer. Thermographs generally logged decreasing temperature with depth with gradients higher than 0.2 K m−1 more than half of the time in the summer between 1 and 3 m, 3 and 5 m and in the winter between 1 and 3 m. Some negative temperature gradients were present and gradients were generally highly variable in time with high peaks lasting fractions of hours to hours. These temporal changes were too rapid to be explained by local heating or cooling. The pattern of positive and negative peaks might be explained by vertical stacks of water layers of different temperatures and different horizontal drift vectors. The observed near-surface gradient has implications for turbulent wind energy transfer, vertical exchange of dissolved and particulate water constituents, the interpretation of remotely sensed SST, and horizontal wind-induced transport.

Background A polymorphism in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (Val66Met) has been reported as a risk factor in primary dystonia. However, overall the results have been inconclusive. Our aim was to clarify the association of Val66Met with primary dystonia, and with the most prevalent clinical subtypes, cervical dystonia and blepharospasm. Methods We conducted a Spanish multicenter case-control study (including 680 primary dystonia patients and 788 healthy controls) and performed a meta-analysis integrating our study and six previously published studies (including a total of 1,936 primary dystonia patients and 2,519 healthy controls). Results We found no allelic or genotypic association with primary dystonia, cervical dystonia, or blepharospasm risks, for the allele A (Met) from a BDNF Val66Met polymorphism in our case-control study. This was confirmed by results from our meta-analysis in white and mixed ethnic populations in any genetic model. Conclusion We did not find any evidence supporting the association of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism with primary dystonia. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

We measured diel migration with 11 acoustic Doppler current meter profilers and consistently found diel and lunar cycles of vertical migration from 250 m down to the bathypelagic (. 1000 m). These measurements come from year-long deployments in eight locations within the Gulf of Mexico. Diel vertical migration could be characterized, in depth and time, by a pulse of maximum vertical migration activity (PMV), which has a nearly fix phase relation to sunrise and sunset modulated by the lunar cycle. The vertical velocity of migrating biota is in the same direction as the PMV propagation, but it is significantly slower. This difference in velocity implies that the PMV cannot represent the migration pattern of one single population. The lunar cycle is evident down to 1000 m, where the upward migration delays in phase with the full moon. The extension of the diel and lunar cycles over 1000 m depth together with the difference in vertical migration velocity indicate that the surface irradiance signal is transmitted to bathypelagic depth by synchronized depth-tiered populations. A model in which particulate organics are recycled at different depths, similar to a bucket brigade, is consistent with these observations. This daily vertical connectivity is expected to affect the vertical transport of carbon down to the bathypelagic. Zooplankton is a crucial agent in pelagic ecology, linking primary production with higher trophic levels. Zooplankton diel vertical migration is a global phenomenon linking the strata in the ocean transferring organic material toward greater depth (Angel 1989; Buesseler and Boyd 2009). The diel excursion of the ‘sound scattering layer,’ from , 150 m down to , 400 m, is easily observed with echo sounders and serves as a textbook example of negative phototaxis. This migration is commonly explained by a better food supply closer to the surface and predator avoidance by migration to deeper levels during the day, where visual detection is more difficult, a hypothesis calling for strict light control of vertical migration (Cohen and Forward 2009; Ringelberg 2010). The ample literature on diel vertical migration covers aspects of physiological control of the timing, energetic balances, and the effect on vertical transport of organics forming part of the biological carbon pump. Vinogradov (1962) proposed that zooplankton play a role in the vertical transport of organic material within the mesopelagic depth range (bottom of the euphotic zone to 1000 m), suggesting the term ‘ladder of migrations’ for the diel migration of different populations of zooplankton covering different depth ranges. The literature agrees that light triggers the migration; solar eclipses perturb the cycle, and even lunar eclipses have significant effects (Tarling et