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Purpose: To characterize, for the first time, the mechanical properties of treadmill surfaces along with a practical interpretation of their influence on physiological and perceived demands during endurance running compared with other widely used surfaces such as asphalt and tartan tracks. Methods: Ten experienced male endurance runners performed a 40-minute running bout at a preferred constant speed on 3 different surfaces (after a randomized, counterbalanced order with a 7-d interval between trials): asphalt, tartan, or treadmill. Shock absorption, vertical deformation, and energy restitution were measured for the 3 surfaces. Intensity (based on heart rate data) and rating of perceived exertion were monitored. Results: The values of shock absorption averaged 0.0% (asphalt), 37.4% (tartan), and 71.3% (treadmill), while those of vertical deformation and energy restitution averaged 0.3, 2.2, and 6.5 mm and 90.8%, 62.6%, and 37.0%, respectively. Running intensity (as determined by heart rate data) was higher overall on the treadmill than tartan but not asphalt running. Except for the first 10 minutes, all mean rating of perceived exertion values were significantly higher in asphalt and treadmill than in tartan. No significant differences were identified between treadmill and asphalt. Conclusions: The considerably higher shock absorption of the treadmill than the tartan surface leads to a reduction in the amount of energy returned to the athlete, which in turn increases physiological stress and rating of perceived exertion during endurance running.

El creciente interés por la actividad física en los últimos años ha hecho que los centros fitness se hayan convertido en un pilar fundamental para la promoción de hábitos de vida saludables. La competitividad entre empresas del sector del fitness hace necesario el estudio en profundidad de la gestión que en ellas se está llevando a cabo. Se propone la aplicación conjunta del Análisis de Importancia-Valoración y del Modelo Kano para profundizar en la percepción del usuario. Se diseñó un cuestionario y se distribuyó a 419 usuarios de centros fitness de la Comunidad de Madrid (243 hombres y 176 mujeres) con una edad media de 32.33 años (SD = 11.50). Los resultados permitieron profundizar en los elementos con mayor necesidad de atención por parte de los gestores, así como establecer diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p

The mechanical properties of the surfaces used for exercising can affect sports performance and injury risk. However, the mechanical properties of treadmill surfaces remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was, therefore, to assess the shock absorption (SA), vertical deformation (VD) and energy restitution (ER) of different treadmill models and to compare them with those of other sport surfaces. A total of 77 treadmills, 30 artificial turf pitches and 30 athletics tracks were assessed using an advanced artificial athlete device. Differences in the mechanical properties between the surfaces and treadmill models were evaluated using a repeated-measures ANOVA. The treadmills were found to exhibit the highest SA of all the surfaces (64.2 ± 2; p < 0.01; effect size (ES) = 0.96), while their VD (7.6 ± 1.3; p < 0.01; ES = 0.87) and ER (45 ± 11; p < 0.01; ES = 0.51) were between the VDs of the artificial turf and track. The SA (p < 0.01; ES = 0.69), VD (p < 0.01; ES = 0.90) and ER (p < 0.01; ES = 0.89) were also shown to differ between treadmill models. The differences between the treadmills commonly used in fitness centers were much lower than differences between the treadmills and track surfaces, but they were sometimes larger than the differences with artificial turf. The treadmills used in clinical practice and research were shown to exhibit widely varying mechanical properties. The results of this study demonstrate that the mechanical properties (SA, VD and ER) of treadmill surfaces differ significantly from those of overground sport surfaces such as artificial turf and athletics track surfaces but also asphalt or concrete. These different mechanical properties of treadmills may affect treadmill running performance, injury risk and the generalizability of research performed on treadmills to overground locomotion. Sin financiación 3.576 JCR (2020) Q1, 14/64 Instruments & Instrumentation 0.636 SJR (2020) Q2, 46/121 Analytical Chemistry No data IDR 2019 UEM

The current study aimed at analyzing the relationship between body composition, adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), and physical fitness (PF) in a young active population. A total of 1198 athletes (boys = 875, girls = 323) enrolled in different municipal sports schools participated in this study. Data on adherence to the MD (KIDMED questionnaire), anthropometric measurements, and PF (20 m shuttle run test, handgrip strength, vertical jump and forced spirometry) were collected. Results show that the pubertal boys had a higher score in the KIDMED test than the prepubertal ones (+0.38, p = 0.28). Moreover, boys with better adherence to the MD had significantly higher results in handgrip strength (+12.20 regarding low MD group and +9.13 regarding medium MD group, p &lt, 0.05), as well as in forced vital capacity (FVC) (+0.66 regarding low MD group and 0.29 regarding medium MD group, p &lt, 0.05). No differences were found in the girls. Finally, the result of the KIDMED test is a variable with a positive and significant relationship with cardiorespiratory fitness, along with the FVC, percentage of fat mass, and performance in the vertical jump (p &lt, 0.05). It is concluded that adherence to the MD could show a relationship with various PF variables in boys and could be a predictor of cardiorespiratory fitness in both cases.

This study aimed to analyse the effect of playing surface temperature on muscular and thermal response to a repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test in football players. Thirty-two male football players (23 ± 5 years; 1.77 ± 0.06 m; 71.2 ± 6.7 kg) from two squads of a third-division football club participated in the study. An RSA test was carried out at a high surface temperature (45.34 ± 2.53 °C) and low surface temperature (27.21 ± 2.17 °C). Before and after this test, the muscular response of the players was assessed through tensiomyography and thermograms. The results revealed that performance in the RSA test particularly increased at a higher surface temperature, especially in the first 5 m of the 30 m sprint test. While a reduction in maximal radial displacement (Dm) in the biceps femoris post-RSA was observed at lower surface temperatures, a higher temperature on the thigh, hamstring and calf was found in the higher surface temperature group. In conclusion, higher surface temperatures had an influence on players’ thermal and tensiomyographic profile and improved performance in their repeated-sprint ability. These results suggest a need for coaches and players to be aware of these parameters to ensure adequate functionality and safety of the playing surface. Sin financiación 4.379 JCR (2020) Q1, 17/73 Multidisciplinary Sciences 1.240 SJR (2020) Q1, 10/135 Multidisciplinary No data IDR 2019 UEM

Research Question: Although fitness equipment is recognised worldwide as a tool for physical activities and a sustainable result in optimizing human movements within a wide range of environments, the state of the art and scientific advances have not been analysed from a bibliometric point of view. Research Methods: Using descriptive bibliometric software, this study examined the scientific production, and the most prolific authors, articles, and institutions. Bibliometric maps were used to visualise the content of published articles and to determine the most prolific terms, co-citation, and co-authorship. Results and Findings: A total of 678 original papers were retrieved from 447 journals in Web of Science&reg, The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research had the highest number of articles (25), while the American Journal of Preventive Medicine the highest number of global citations (656). Citation and co-authorship networks were defined. Implications: Research on fitness equipment is still in an early maturation stage with 30 years of scientific development in its timeline. Fitness equipment and its related fields of application could represent a real step into a more sustainable balance between the economic, environmental, and social spheres.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of a commercially available local position measurement (LPM) tracking system when assessing distance and running time at different speeds. Fifteen male healthy athletes performed 15 m displacements at walking, running and sprinting speed. Data recorded by the LPM system were compared to those from the reference equipment, consisting of measuring tape and electronic timing gates placed at 0, 5, 10, and 15 m. Mean error, mean absolute error (MAE), standard deviation (SD) of the measurement error, maximum measurement error and root mean square error (RMSE) were calculated to determine the validity for distance and the running time variables. Product-moment correlation and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were also used for the running time. Finally, the reliability of the distance was carried out comparing data from the three repetitions with the standard tape measure using a linear mixed model and the typical error as mean coefficient of variation (CV) (%). MAE shows errors under 0.18 m for the distance variable at all speeds and under 0.08 s for the running time variable at all speeds, except from 15 m at walking. Product-moment correlations were high to nearly perfect for running time (range: 0.60–0.99), ICC varied between high (0.75–0.90) and extremely high (>0.99) for most measures, and coefficients of variation remained almost invariable as speed increased (walking: 2.16; running: 2.52; sprinting: 2.20). The tested LPM system represents a valid and reliable method for monitoring distance during different constant speeds over a straight line, as long as there is no signal loss. However, the running time errors could be too large for performance tests that require acute precision.

Dietary patterns, exercise, sport, and physical activity have been shown to improve body composition in children. This systematic review with meta-analysis analyzed the effects of practicing football on body composition (fat mass, lean body mass, and bone mineral content) in children. An initial search in PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus was carried out in April 2021 to identify relevant articles. Inclusion criteria required children up to 12 years of age with a minimum football intervention duration of 10 weeks. Methodological quality of the articles was evaluated using the PEDro scale. Between the 1803 articles originally founded, only 14 articles were included in the meta-analysis. A total of 1643 subjects between the 14 studies were identified. The review and meta-analysis were conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and used Review Manager and Full Meta-Analysis software. The results between the control and experimental groups showed significantly better lean body mass and fat mass values in the experimental group (p < 0.05). Football practice was positively associated with increases in lean body mass (mean difference of 1.55; 95% CI, 0.96, 2.15), decreases in fat mass (mean difference of −0.81; 95% CI, −1.49, −0.13), and increases in whole body bone mineral content (mean difference of 117.68; 95% CI, 83.69, 151.67). In conclusion, the results of this systematic review with meta-analysis suggest that football positively affects body composition in children. However, further research is needed to confirm the results for bone mineral content. A.H.-M. acknowledges the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for funding the development of his PhD. (Grant no.: FPU18/03222). S.M.-C. acknowledges the University of Castilla-La Mancha for funding the development of his PhD. (2019/5964). J.G.-U. acknowledges “Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Programa Operativo de la Región de Castilla-La Mancha” (2018/11744) for funding the development of his research.

Na literatura sobre as políticas desportivas verifica-se uma diversidade de estudos referentes à importância do desporto na comunidade, nos quais os municípios emergem como um dos principais catalisadores do desenvolvimento desportivo local. Em Moçambique, os estudos neste âmbito são escassos e dispersos. Assim, na presente investigação, pretendemos identificar e caraterizar as políticas desportivas encetadas em municípios de Moçambique, tendo em atenção as suas categorias e os seus contextos. Recorremos à triangulação metodológica por meio da análise documental, aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas e questionários a 24 responsáveis pelo desporto, em 12 municípios do território nacional, classificados em categorias A, B, C e D em função de fatores socioeconómicos, socioculturais e sociodemográficos. Os resultados sugerem semelhanças na abordagem política assumida para a generalização da prática desportiva, nos modelos de definição e desenvolvimento das políticas, no relacionamento com outras entidades, na gestão de informação e na gestão financeira. As diferenças encontradas dizem respeito ao modo da avaliação das políticas desportivas. As conclusões ressaltam (i) ausência de programas desportivos diversificados e planos estratégicos de desenvolvimento desportivo, pelo que é necessária maior colaboração intermunicipal para a efetivação dos objetivos, assim como (ii) definição de critérios de apoio a programas que sejam identificados de utilidade pública. Sin financiación No data JCR 2017 No data SJR 2017 No data IDR 2017 UEM

El objetivo de este estudio ha sido conocer las variables relevantes de gestion que explican los resultados economicos de los clubes de futbol espanoles de la Primera Division. Para ello se planteo inicialmente un analisis exhaustivo de la literatura sobre aquellos contenidos que hiciesen referencia a variables relacionadas con la gestion de los clubes de futbol. Posteriormente, se agruparon estos contenidos en seis bloques tematicos para que, de forma complementaria, un grupo de expertos participase en el diseno del estudio emitiendo un juicio colectivo y consensuado sobre aquellas variables y modelos que realmente serian interesantes para la investigacion. Para el estudio empirico se trabajo con datos de los clubes de futbol de la Primera Division espanola entre las temporadas 2007-2008 y 2009-2010. Por ultimo, se realizaron unos analisis de regresion con datos de panel para conocer como se verificaban los modelos propuestos. El trabajo concluye con que de forma individual la existencia de una direccion y/o departamento de operaciones, los beneficios obtenidos en la temporada anterior, el numero de partidos jugados en competiciones europeas y la posicion alcanzada en la Liga afectan significativamente al resultado neto. Asimismo, el numero de jugadores europeos, los gastos financieros y el resultado neto de la temporada anterior actuan como un modelo conjunto que afectaria a las posibilidades de obtener beneficios a los clubes. Palabras clave: Departamento de operaciones, gastos de personal, jugadores europeos, competicion. === Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the relevant management variables that explain the performance of Spanish football clubs in the First Division. To do so, a comprehensive analysis of the literature was carried out on the contents relating to the variables associated with the management of football clubs. Thereafter, the contents were grouped into six thematic sections that a group of experts verified as a validity check and to give a collective consensus on the variables and models to further research. For the empirical study we worked with data from the football clubs in the Spanish First Division between seasons 2007-2008 and 2009-2010. Finally, a regression analysis was conducted on the data to understand and verify the proposed models. The paper concludes that, individually, the existence of an address and / or department operations; gains in the previous season; the number of games played in European competitions; and the league position reached; significantly affect net profit. Also, the number of European players, financial expenses and net profit of the previous season, act as a joint model that would affect the chances of profit for the clubs. Key words: Operations department, personal expenses, European players, competition.

Studies on customer loyalty commonly use future behavioural intentions, even though these do not always correspond to actual behaviour. This study aimed to create a model for predicting dropouts at a sport centre based solely on actual customer behaviour. Monthly data corresponding to the actual behaviour of 1977 members at a sport centre in Spain were recorded over the course of one year; these data represented the historical behaviour of the participants. The variables selected to develop the model have been used by other authors to study behavioural loyalty, although in this study users were not surveyed. A dropout prediction model was created by means of logistic regression based on real and common records in the management of users at sports centres. The predictive model was formed by: age of the subjects, number of attendances to the sport centre and their duration, their link to the centre (length of membership and ex-members) and economic aspects. The model’s goodness of fit was considerably high ...

Surfaces of artificial turf have been continuously improved to resemble the characteristics and properties of natural grass. Nevertheless, these improvements are still unable to prevent the turf from reaching higher temperatures than natural grass. This situation results in customer dissatisfaction, decreased performance and the possibility of causing heat-related injuries. The aim of this study was to check how various structural components such as the type of fibre, the type of infill, the age of the turf and the hours of use influence the temperature (°C) of artificial turf football fields. In situ tests were performed using an infrared thermographic camera according to the standard ISO 18434-1:2005 and the normative standard of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association for the certification of artificial turf football fields. The results show higher temperatures in artificial turf fields built with styrene–butadiene rubber and fibrillated fibres. This shows that the type of infill and fibre affects the temperature of third-generation artificial turf fields, the thermoplastic rubber and the monofilament fibres being the components that contribute significantly to the reduction of the temperature.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the influence of the environment on the financial performance in public sports agencies at the local level. Design/methodology/approach The influence of the socio-demographic, socio-economic and political environment on the financial condition of municipal sports agencies in Spain from 2003 to 2011 was studied by several regression models. Findings The results show a negative influence of the size of the population and a positive influence of the municipal taxes per capita. The influence of the political context is not demonstrated. However, the set of variables only explain a small percentage of the variance. Research limitations/implications The main limitation of this study is the possible existence of other non-controlled environmental variables. However, this study approaches genuinely the effect of the environment on municipal sports agencies, which has important research implications as it shows additional information to be contrasted with other researches in different countries or regions. Practical implications The information provided in this study will be of great importance for managers to select more objectively other entities in benchmarking development. Originality/value Finally, this study uses a non-exploited database and redirects performance management studies to other areas of service provision such as sport.

The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of natural turf, artificial turf, and sand on sprint performance in different sports and to determine how the sport surface affects sprint performance. A systematic search was conducted in Pubmed, Web of Sciences, and SPORTDiscus databases. Out of 5644 studies, 11 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The studies were very heterogeneous, as they examined different structural characteristics or quality parameters. The studies on natural turf and sand showed significant improvements on sprint speed during training. On the other hand, the analysis of fatigue did not reveal significant differences in the deterioration of sprint speed on both natural and artificial turf. Significance was set at p < 0.05. In conclusion, although lower performance in sprint was reported on sand, further studies are needed to explain the differences in sprint on natural and artificial turf. SIN FINANCIACIÓN 3.390 JCR (2020) Q1, 41/176 Public, Environmental & Occupational Health 0.747 SJR (2020) Q2, 50/137 Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis No data IDR 2019 UEM

Physical activity impacts positively on stress and anxiety. Working conditions affect the quality of life by increasing stress levels, which can affect job performance and work absence. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Work Ability Index (WAI), Transtheoretical Model (TTM), as well as heart rate variability (HRV) have been applied to monitor the state of workers in their job. The aim of this study was to analyze PSS, WAI, and TTM classifications, and to find out how are they linked to physiological stress (HRV). One hundred and thirteen office workers responded to the three questionnaires and their HRV was monitored for at least two full days. Groups were set up according to TTM (Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3&ndash, 4, Stage 5), WAI (weak WAI, medium WAI, good WAI), and PSS (low PSS, medium PSS, high PSS). Results obtained from the test were related to stress values measured by HRV with a Bodyguard2 device. The Stage 5 group from TTM had better HVR and stress levels than the other groups for both women and men (p &lt, 0.05). Participants in the good WAI group and low PSS group had better results than weak WAI and high PSS, but the differences with respect to medium WAI and medium PSS were less clear. Finally, TTM seemed to be the best tool to discriminate physiological stress in office workers with regard to other questionnaires.

The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in body composition and physical fitness according to the weight status (normoweight, overweight and obese) and the level of adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD, low, medium or high), in physically active children and adolescents. Furthermore, this study also analyzed the relationship between body composition and physical fitness with Body Mass Index (BMI), fat mass and the level of adherence to the MD. In total, 1676 participants aged 6&ndash, 17 from different municipal sports schools participated in this cross-sectional study. Data on adherence to the MD (a KIDMED questionnaire), anthropometric measurements, body composition and physical fitness parameters (the 20-m shuttle run test and muscular strength) were collected. A total of 43.5% of the sample were presented as overweight and obese, and only 35.7% had high or optimal adherence to the MD. The results revealed that a normoweight status was associated with greater cardiorespiratory fitness (p &lt, 0.05, ES: 0.50 to 0.67) and lower-body muscular strength (p &lt, ES: 0.58 to 1.10). The overweight group showed more significant results than the other groups in handgrip strength (p &lt, 0.01). Greater adherence to the MD in this population indicated better physical fitness, but only in boys. It is concluded that normoweight status and optimal adherence to the MD in children and adolescents are associated with health benefits, which are significant in the body composition and the effect on physical fitness.

The Municipal entities, including its sports services, are engaged in a necessary process of modernization. The objective of this work is to design a costing model specific for the municipal sports services, to facilitate this process. For this purpose, we opted for an interventionist approach, designing and implanting the model in two case studies, working with both entities. The proposed model has been implemented correctly and has adapted to entities characteristics and needs. The managers of sports services highlight the usefulness of model results, immediately and in medium and long term planning.

The aim of this paper is to analyse different interactions of the variables (age, position, or quality of the team and the league) and the crowdsourcing Transfermarkt values of male players in the top European leagues. All players (n = 2259) in the five most highly valued European leagues&mdash, Spain, England, Italy, France, and Germany&mdash, from the 2017/2018 season were included in this study. Data were retrieved from the open-source football database (Transfermarkt). The present economic value (VPRESENT) and maximum economic value (VMAX) of all players with professional contracts were registered. Regression analysis evidenced a significant influence of the level of the team, the birth month, the league, the playing position and the age of the player on mean and maximum economic value (p &lt, 0.05). This analysis confirms that the players participating in the UEFA Champions League, Premier League teams, playing as attacking midfielders, and born in the first quarter of the year are the most economically valued in terms of both current value (R2 of 0.33) and maximal value (R2 of 0.36). Therefore, international football entities must take into account the financial balance between competitions&mdash, and not only at the domestic level, as the attractiveness and balance of European competitions may be directly affected.

The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of environmental factors on the mechanical behaviour of artificial turf football pitches and evaluate the effect of induced wear on the mechanical properties of the surface. A series of laboratory tests were conducted on 31 samples of artificial turf. The tests were done by a Fédération Internationale de Football Association–accredited test institute. In wet conditions, the shock absorption and linear friction slide were significantly higher than in dry conditions, whereas the angle ball rebound was significantly lower. Regarding the wear effect, a significant increment of the vertical rebound and rotational resistance was produced. The shock absorption and vertical deformation significantly decreased. The mechanical properties deteriorated 5.90% less in the samples that had installed an elastic layer compared to those that did not. The shock absorption was significantly lower at 40°C compared to the shock absorption at −5°C and 23°C. These findings highlight the importance of installing an elastic layer in artificial turf football pitches, to increase their useful life and, therefore, to assure the security of the users for a longer time. Sin financiación 1.000 JCR (2019) Q4, 112/130 Engineering, Mechanical, 77/85 Sport Sciences 0.351 SJR (2019) Q2, 158/676 Engineering (miscellaneous); Q4, 98/125 Sports Science No data IDR 2019 UEM

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the ways clients find out about a sport centre and the factors that lead them to enrol and influence their satisfaction with their membership. A secondary objective was to determine the reasons for continuing to attend a sport centre and how they influenced satisfaction towards achievement. Finally, the authors aimed to identify differences between reasons for enroling and reasons for continuing at a sport centre. Design/methodology/approach A specially developed 16-item questionnaire was sent to 125,000 clients and 21,043 responses were obtained. Findings Clients who found out about the centre through a recommendation or the internet were 25 per cent more likely to be satisfied with it than those who knew of the centre due to proximity. Similarly, clients who had a specific motive to continue using the centre, for example, to prepare for a sports competition were twice as likely to be satisfied with their membership as any other group (p Research limitations/implications It identifies a set of research priorities for the journal and the field. Practical implications In conclusion, the option of staying fit is established as the most effective recruitment method for retaining clients at the sport centre. Originality/value This paper intends to do is to establish the bases of information and knowledge for the treatment of high motives, as well as for managers of sports centres to remodel their strategies of marketing to attracting customers.

This study examined physical and technical demands and the influence of the team’s level on elite goalkeepers’ performance during six consecutive seasons in Spanish Professional Soccer League. The goalkeepers’ performance data were obtained by analyzing a total of 3,874 matches using a multiple-camera computerized tracking system. The physical and technical match variables registered were: distance traveled; distance Sprinted and the number of sprints; total number of passes; successful passes; pass percentage; recovered balls; lost balls; ratio lost balls: recovered balls, and number of saves. The results showed that the number of saves made has shown a significant reduction (p < 0.001). When comparing between the teams’ level, the goalkeepers of the worst classified teams showed a greater distance traveled by sprint (+3.72 m, IC95%: 1.00–6.44, ES: 0.41, p = 0.008). In conclusion, the results the influence of the team’s level on the technical and physical parameters of the goalkeepers during the last six seasons. Sin financiación 2.554 JCR (2019) Q2, 30/85 Sport Sciences 0.885 SJR (2019) Q1, 643/2754 Medicine (miscellaneous), 69/284 Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, 39/207 Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation; Q2, 48/125 Sports Science No data IDR 2019 UEM

The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of age category on the performance and muscle response after a Repeated Sprint Ability (RSA) test in elite youth soccer players. 62 soccer players from three different age categories (Under 14 [n = 21], Under 16 [n = 20], and Under 18 [n = 21]) were selected to participate in this study. Players completed an RSA test (7 × 30 m) with a 20-s recovery between sprints. The muscular response to an electrical stimulus before and after the test of both the biceps femoris (BF) and the rectus femoris (RF) were evaluated using tensiomyography. A two-way ANOVA was used to analyse the differences in RSA parameters in each of the four distance-intervals (0–5; 5–25; 25–30; 0–30 m) between sprint and age category. The U14 age category (5.30 ± 0.30 s) showed higher mean sprint times than U16 (4.62 ± 0.20 s) and U18 (4.46 ± 0.17 s) throughout the entire test (p < 0.01). U16 players revealed a worse best sprints time (RSABEST) than U18 players (+0.12 s, CI95%: to 0.01 to 0.24; ES: 1.09, p = 0.03). The muscular contractile properties were similar in the three age categories analyzed (p > 0.05), although the delay time (Td) of the muscle was significantly lower after the RSA test in U16 players (−1.53 ms, CI95%: −2.607 to −0.452; ES: 0.38) and U18 players (−1.11 ms, CI95%: −2.10 to −0.12; ES: 0.22). In conclusion, this study revealed an increase in physical performance and muscle response variability after a repeated sprint ability test in the U16's and over. The fatigue induced by the RSA test did not show differences depending on the age of the players, although muscle mechanical properties were altered after the RSA test in U16 and U18 soccer players. Physical performance and muscle response can be complementary variables in managing fatigue according to the age category in soccer players. Sin financiación 3.367 JCR (2019) Q1, 20/81 Physiology 1.211 SJR (2019) Q2, 52/186 Physiology, 31/107 Physiology (medical) No data IDR 2019 UEM

Background: The number of fitness practitioners has increased in the last decades. A deeper understanding of user perceptions is required for better service design. Methods: An importance-performance analysis (IPA) and correlational analysis were performed on a sample of 414 members (173 women and 241 men) with a mean age of 32.33 years (SD = 11.50) and recruited from 25 fitness centers of Community of Madrid, Spain. Results: The results show that women&rsquo, s levels of importance and performance are higher than men in most of the service attributes. Women also correlate with a higher priority than men in core elements of the service, such as the variety and number of activities, personal training and fitness service quality. Female members feel more attracted by services like swimming pools and other peripheral services, like a welcome pack and medical or physiotherapist service. According to age, older members feel less satisfied than young users with the cleanliness of activity spaces and with the safety of lockers. Conclusions: Differences in perceptions by age and gender were identified among members of fitness centers. These results should be considered by private and public organizations to provide the best practices and tailored services for engaging more people in physical activity.

BACKGROUND: Latest studies suggest similar performance of soccer players either on artificial turf (AT) or natural grass (NG). However, it is not clear if their muscular and physiological responses are also similar on both surfaces. This research aims to assess the influence of game surface on physiological patterns and neuromuscular responses of soccer players during a soccer simulation protocol (SSP) that incorporates repeated sprints and nonlinear actions at maximum speed. METHODS: Sixteen amateur soccer players completed three bouts of the SSP on both AT and NG. The mechanical behaviour of both surfaces was recorded and the order was randomly established for each player. The physiological responses were measured during the SSP. A contramovement jump and a tensiomyography analysis of the rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) were assessed right before and right after the SSP. RESULTS: Both surfaces presented different mechanical properties. No differences among either surfaces or bouts were found for heart rate (HR) peak and HR mean (P>0.05). While the half-relaxation time of the RF on NG decreased after the SSP (right-leg: -44.430 ms; P=0.049; left-leg: -52.131 ms; P=0.008), the sustain time of the BF decreased after the SSP on AT (right-leg: +64.868 ms; P=0.007; left-leg: +87.564 ms; P

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a repeated sprint ability (RSA) test on the contractile properties of the muscles in elite futsal players. A total of 20 elite players completed the RSA test (7 × 30 m), and the contractile response from the rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) of both legs were analysed pre and post through tensiomyography. There was a significant increment in 30-m times from the third sprint onwards (p DEC) with respect to the first sprint was significantly higher in the last sprint. The players did not show evidence of lateral asymmetry in any of the muscle groups analysed after the RSA test (p > 0.05). Following the RSA test there was a significant reduction in the delay time (Td) in RF, a significant decrement in half-relaxation time (Tr) in the RF, and a significant reduction in sustain time (Ts) in the RF and BF of both legs. The maximum radial displacement of the muscle belly (Dm) increased (1.6 mm; effect size = 0.75; p p

Purpose: Recent studies have shown that soccer players’ responses are similar on natural grass (NG) and artificial turf (AT), but they did not control the mechanical properties of these surfaces. This work aimed to analyze the influence of the game surface on amateur soccer players’ physical and physiological responses using a soccer simulation protocol. Methods: A total of 16 amateur players performed 3 bouts of the soccer simulation protocol on AT, and, on another day, 3 bouts on NG. The mechanical properties of both surfaces were recorded. The order of surfaces was randomly established for each participant. Physiological responses of players were assessed before and after the 6-repeated-sprints test existing at the midpoint of each bout. Fatigue (% best; % diff) and general variables (total time; best time, mean time; maximum speed) for both the repeated sprint test (RST) and the agility tests (nonlinear actions at maximum speed) incorporated into the soccer simulation protocol were also analyzed. Results: The 2 surfaces displayed different mechanical properties. Physical responses were found similar for both surfaces (P > .05) before and after the RST. There were no surface differences in sprint times or fatigue variables for the RST (P > .05). The agility test was faster on AT than on NG in bout 1 (average speed [+1.17 km/h;P = .037]; agility test cut time [−0.31 s; P = .027] and best time [−0.52 s; P = .042]). Conclusions: The differences in the mechanical properties of the 2 surfaces are not sufficient to cause differences in the physiological and physical responses of soccer players, although they may affect turns and cuts.

The aim of this study was to analyse whether there are differences in bone mass in girls playing different sports. Two hundred girls (10.6 ± 1.5 years old, Tanner stages I-III) participated in the study and were divided into groups of 40 (swimmers, soccer players, basketball players, handball players and controls). Bone mineral content and bone mineral density (BMD) (whole body and hip) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The degree of sexual development was determined using Tanner test, and physical activity habits were recorded through a questionnaire designed ad hoc for this research. Girls were divided by pubertal stage and the type of sport. In the prepubertal group, intertrochanteric BMD was significantly higher in both handball and soccer players compared with the control group (P 0.05). Furthermore, in the pubertal group, total BMD, mean arms BMD, pelvis BMD, femoral neck BMD, intertrochanteric BMD and Ward's triangle BMD were significantly higher in soccer and handball players compared with the control group (P 0.05), and the swimmers showed significantly higher values in the mean arms BMD compared with the control group (P 0.01). Our data suggest that sport practice during puberty, especially in activities that support the body weight, may be an important factor in achieving a high peak bone mass and improving bone health in girls.

The aim of this research was to determine the influence of the structural components, the mechanical wear and the environmental conditions on the mechanical behaviour of third generation artificial turf football fields. Twenty-three football specimens of artificial turf were evaluated according to the standards of quality established by the FIFA Quality Programme for football turf (laboratory test). Mechanical properties were analysed according to moisture, temperature and wear conditions. The structural variables used were: carpet mass sample (g/m2), pile weight (g/m2), tuft m2 sample (tuft/m2), pile length sample (mm), pile yarn dtex sample (g/10,000 m), infill bulk density sample (g/cm3), stabilizing bulk density sample (g/cm3), incorporation of elastic layer. Temperature, in opposite of wear conditions, did not significantly alter the mechanical behaviour of the surface, although humidity reduced the absorption capacity of the artificial turf within the regulatory limits. The characteristics of the structural components can explain up to 78.1% of the variance in the mechanical behaviour of the surface. Therefore, the control and maintenance of the structural components is necessary for guaranteeing a safe and functional mechanical behaviour of the artificial turf surface. Sin financiación 5.770 JCR (2018) Q1, 50/293 Materials Science, Multidisciplinary 1.951 SJR (2018) Q1, 48/653 Materials Science (miscellaneous), 22/894 Mechanical Engineering, 17/473 Mechanics of Materials No data IDR 2018 UEM

Lopez-Fernandez, J, Gallardo, L, Fernandez-Luna, A, Villacanas, V, Garcia-Unanue, J, and Sanchez-Sanchez, J. Pitch size and game surface in different small-sided games. Global indicators, activity profile, and acceleration of female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 33(3): 831-838, 2019-The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of game surface and pitch size on the movement profile in female soccer players during small-sided games (SSGs) of 4 v 4. Sixteen women played 3 different 4-a-side (400, 600, and 800 m) on 3 surfaces (ground [GR], artificial turf [AT], and natural grass [NG]). Time-motion variables were assessed through GPS devices (Spi Pro X, GPSports, Australia). Ground had the worst outputs on most variables. NG achieved higher results than AT in terms of total distance (SSG 400 [+37.000 m; p = 0.006]; SSG 600 [+59.989 m; p < 0.001]; and SSG 800 [+42.284 m; p = 0.001]). However, the smaller SSG (400) had the lowest values on most variables. However, although the middle SSG (600) presented higher output than the bigger one (800) for body load (NG [+7.745 a.u.; p < 0.001]; AT [+8.207 a.u.; p < 0.001]; and GR [+5.879 a.u.; p < 0.001]), it had lower results for high-intensity distance (NG [-13.15 m; p = 0.025] and AT [-13.59 m; p = 0.026]). Despite women's performance being higher on AT than GR, the NG surface still showed the highest outcomes in the most intense SSG. Moreover, although the performance increases in bigger pitches, if the size is too large the outputs could be reduced.

Small-sided-games (SSGs) seem to be a useful tool for replicating most types of scenarios found in sport competitions, but it is not that clear in female soccer. Game surface and pitch size seem to affect the intensity of SSGs, but no one has yet analysed the influence of these two variables together. The objective of this research was to analyse the metabolic power demands of various SSGs on possession play without goal-keepers, played on three different surfaces. Sixteen sub-elite female players performed three different four-a-side games (400 m2, 600 m2, and 800 m2) on three different surfaces (ground [GR]; natural grass [NG]; and artificial turf [AT]), recording a total of 96 events. Metabolic variables were recorded through a global positioning system (GPS). The GR condition obtained the lowest outputs for all variables in all of the SSGs. Furthermore, NG resulted in higher outcomes than AT for Average Metabolic Power (SSG 400 [+0.65; p = 0.019]; SSG 600 [+0.70; p = 0.04]); and equivalent distance (SSG 400 [+33.0; p = 0.02]; SSG 600 [+36.53; p = 0.04]). Moreover, SSG 400 obtained lower results than SSG 600 and SSG 800 for both AT and NG. In conclusion, playing on GR reduces the metabolic power of SSGs, While NG seems to be the most suitable surface for attaining highest metabolic responses for sub-elite female players. On the other hand, too big a pitch size may not increase the metabolic demands of the game.

The aim of the present study was to assess the accuracy of a multi-camera tracking system (Mediacoach&reg, ) to track elite football players&rsquo, movements in real time. A total of 207 observations of 38 official matches from Liga 1, 2, 3&trade, (2nd Spanish Division, season 2017/18) were included in the study (88 defenders, 84 midfielders, and 35 attackers of the same team). Total distance (TD, m) distance in zone 4 (DZ4) at a speed of 14&ndash, 21 km/h, distance in zone 5 (DZ5) at a speed of 21&ndash, 24 km/h (DZ5), distance in zone 6 (DZ6) at a speed of &ge, 24 km/h, maximum speed (km/h), and number of sprints (actions above 24 km/h) were registered with the Apex&reg, GPS system (STATSports&trade, Newry, N. Ireland) and Mediacoach&reg, semi-automatic tracking system (LaLiga&trade, Madrid, Spain). The level of agreement between variables estimated by the two systems was analyzed. Bias was also calculated by deducting the GPS estimated value from the video estimated value, and then dividing the difference score by the GPS estimated value. All variables showed high ICC values (&gt, 0.75) and very large correlations (r &gt, 0.70). However the video-based performance analysis system overestimated the results obtained in the different speed zones (DZ5: +16.59 &plusmn, 62.29 m, LOA95%: &minus, 105.49 to 138.68, DZ6: +93.26 &plusmn, 67.76 m, 39.55 to 226.07), the number of sprints (+2.27 &plusmn, 2.94, 3.49 to 8.02), and the maximum speed (+0.32 &plusmn, 1.25 km/h, 2.13 to 2.77). The maximum bias was found in DZ6 (47%). This demonstrates that Mediacoach&reg, is as accurate as a GPS system to obtain objective data in real time, adapted to physical and movement demands of elite football, especially for total distance and distances traveled at medium speeds.

Las ligas deportivas dependen del equilibrio competitivo entre los equipos para ser atractivas para los espectadores, de ahí la aparición del balance competitivo. Por ello, las distintas ligas deportivas han adquirido diferentes formatos que determinarán su competitividad. El objetivo de este artículo es comparar el balance competitivo de la NBA y las principales ligas europeas, teniendo en cuenta la NBA en su conjunto y cada una de sus conferencias de forma independiente. Las variables utilizadas para medir el balance competitivo han sido el índice Hirschman-Herfindal y las ratios C5 y C8. Los resultados muestran un mejor balance competitivo de la NBA en conjunto respecto a las ligas europeas, sin embargo estas diferencias desaparecen al analizar las conferencias de forma independiente. Se concluye que al tener en cuenta cada una de las conferencias de forma independiente, con una estructura más similar a las ligas europeas, se presenta un balance competitivo parecido bajo los indicadores utilizados. Sin embargo, la NBA incluye limitaciones en la competición que siguen favoreciendo la posibilidad de que sea más atractiva para el espectador.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the physical and physiological load imposed on amateur football players in a simulated game situation on different artificial turf systems. For that purpose, 20 football players (21.65 6 3.10 year old) were monitored with Global Positioning Systems and heart rate bands during 45-minutes games on 4 selected artificial turf systems. The results show more covered distance in highintensity ranges on the system with lower levels of damping and higher rates of rotational traction (p # 0.05). Likewise, this system of artificial turf demonstrated a high number of sprints (12.65 6 5.67) and more elevated maximum speed peaks during the last part of the game (28.16 6 2.90 km$h21) in contrast to the systems with better damping capacity (p # 0.05). On the other hand, the physiological load was similar across the 4 artificial turf systems (p . 0.05). Finally, the regression analysis demonstrated a significant influence of the mechanical properties of the surface on global distance (15.4%), number (12.6%), and maximum speed (16.6%) of the sprints. To conclude, the mechanical variability of the artificial turf systems resulted in differences in the activity profiles and the players’ perceptions during simulated football games. Sin financiación 2.060 JCR (2016) Q2, 28/81 Sport Sciences 1.354 SJR (2016) Q1, 348/2886 Medicine (miscellaneous), 30/280 Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, 15/195 Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation, 28/127 Sports Science No data IDR 2016 UEM

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to compare bone mass in young female athletes playing ball games on different types of playing surfaces. About 120 girls, 9–13 years of age (10.6 ± 1.5 years old Tanner I–III) were recruited and divided into prepubertal and pubertal groups. The sample represented 3 groups of athletes: soccer (N = 40), basketball (N = 40), and handball (N = 40); and 6 different playing surfaces (soccer – ground, soccer – artificial turf, basketball – synthetic, basketball – parquet, handball – synthetic, and handball – smooth concrete). Total and regional body composition (bone mass, fat mass, and lean mass) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The mechanical properties of the surfaces (force reduction, vertical deformation, and energy return) were measured with the Advanced Artificial Athlete (Triple A) method. The degree of sexual development was determined using Tanner test. The pubertal group showed that soccer players on the ground, basketball players on synthetic, and handball players on smooth concrete had higher values of bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) (P < 0.05) than the soccer players on the artificial turf, basketball players on parquet, and handball players on synthetic. In conclusion, a hard playing surface, with less vertical deformation and force reduction, and greater energy return, is associated with higher levels of BMD and BMC in growing girls, regardless of the sport they practice. Sin financiación 2.733 JCR (2017) Q1, 19/81 Sport Sciences 1.127 SJR (2017) Q1, 43/285 Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, 23/201 Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation; Q2, 33/127 Sports Science No data IDR 2017 UEM

Otorgar el correcto nivel de accesibilidad en los campos de golf es una premisa fundamental si se quiere fomentar y facilitar el acceso a la practica del golf por personas con discapacidad. El presente estudio trata de analizar la accesibilidad en los campos de golf de la Region de Murcia. Para ello se recurre a un estudio de caracter cuantitativo utilizando una hoja de observacion creada a partir de los criterios de accesibilidad encontrados en la legislacion estatal y regional vigente, en la que se evalua la accesibilidad de todos los campos de golf de 18 hoyos de la Comunidad Autonoma de Murcia. Los resultados indican que no se cumple la normativa vigente en torno a la accesibilidad ya que el cumplimiento de los items se situa por debajo de la mitad (40,88%). El area de accesos presenta el mejor resultado, con un 50,54% de items cumplidos de media, mientras que los vestuarios presentan los peores resultados, con un 34,94%. En todas las areas se observa como la senalizacion y mobiliario presentan los porcentajes mas bajos. Seria necesario tomar medidas para superar los criterios de accesibilidad requeridos para estos espacios.

This paper examines competitive balance in the most prominent basketball league in the world: the NBA. Two types of graphs are used. First, long-term competitive balance is studied based on actual positions achieved by the teams on the Regu-lar Season. On the other hand, the competitive balance levels for each season are analyzed using sport betting odds data and through the use of two alternative strategies. In the first approach, density functions for the number of victories for all teams within a season are known, whereas in the second approach, a kernel density function of team winning probability is deter-mined for each season. Thus, a prospective competitive balance analysis is conducted. The study period covers seasons 1993-94 and 2011-12. The results suggest that long-term competitive balance levels are high, as many teams change their classifications. At season level, competitive balance seems to improve along the period studied. However, there are still too many differences between the teams in the same season

Objectives: a) To develop a tool to check the level of compliance of Spanish football stadiums for the obligatory security measures against anthropic risk. b) To analyse and describe the current security state of six football stadiums (two per division). Methods: A dichotomic tool composed by 150 items divided in 10 categories was performed to analyse the situation of Spanish football stadiums. Results: There is a big heterogeneity in the percentage of compliance of the obligatory security measures among the stadiums analysed,from 2ª division B (52%) to those of 2nd Division (85%) and 1st Division (97%). The lower categories implemented are security plans (71%), high risk measures (69%), security documentation (67%) and technological means (61%). Conclusions: None of the sisx studied cases performed the 100% of the obligatory security measures. The tool used in this study can be useful for them to perform all the obligatory security measures. RESUMEN: Objetivos: a) Desarrollar una herramienta para evaluar el nivel de cumplimiento de las medidas de seguridad obligatorias frente a los riesgos antrópicos en los estadios de fútbol españoles; b) analizar y describir el nivel de seguridad de seis estadios de fútbol (dos por división). Métodos: Una herramienta de 150 ítems divididos en 10 categorías fue elaborada para analizar la situación de los estadios de fútbol españoles. Resultados: El porcentaje de cumplimiento de las medidas obligatorias entre los estadios analizados es muy heterogéneo: 2ª División B (52%) 2ª División (85%) y 1ª División (97%). Las categorías menos implementadas son: planes de seguridad (71%), medidas de alto riesgo (69%), documentación de seguridad (67%) y medios tecnológicos (61%). Conclusión: Ninguno de los seis casos estudiados cumplieron con el 100% de las medidas de fútbol obligatorias. Esta herramienta puede ser útil para ayudar a alcanzar el cumplimiento de todas las medidas de seguridad obligatorias

The public sector is presently immersed in a modernization process that requires the development and incorporation of new techniques and tools designed to improve management and facilitate this transformation. Cost accounting is one of the most popular tools used in the local governments. However their successfully implementation is far from being achieved in some areas at local level such as public sport services, which have important necessities of improve and update their financial management. This research examines the implementation of a cost accounting system in eight public sports organizations at local level in Spain. Through action research and multiple case study, we analyzed the starting situation, the cost study course, conditions for success, barriers encountered and the real utility of cost accounting. A need for simplicity and clarity, both of the cost analysis system and the information provided, was identified as a key factor for successful implementation along with a need to define the sports facilities and sport activities as core factors. The main problem identified during the implementation process was the poor quality of starting information related to the consumption and allocation of resources. Finally, our findings highlight the usefulness of a comprehensive cost accounting study for tasks as important as fixing prices or planning the sports activities to be offered.

The objective of this study was to determine which chemical treatment used for disinfecting water in indoor swimming pools had the least impact on users’ perceptions of health problems, and which generated the greatest satisfaction with the quality of the water. A survey on satisfaction and perceived health problems was given to 1001 users at 20 indoor swimming pools which used different water treatment methods [chlorine, bromine, ozone, ultraviolet lamps (UV) and salt electrolysis]. The findings suggest that there is a greater probability of perceived health problems, such as eye and skin irritation, respiratory problems and skin dryness, in swimming pools treated with chlorine than in swimming pools using other chemical treatment methods. Pools treated with bromine have similar, although slightly better, results. Other factors, such as age, gender, time of day of use (morning and afternoon) and type of user (competitive and recreational), can also affect the probability of suffering health problems. For all of the above, using combined treatment methods as ozone and UV, or salt electrolysis produces a lower probability of perceived health problems and greater satisfaction. 1.785 JCR (2015) Q2, 30/82 Sport sciences UEM

Sports leagues depend on competitive equilibrium between teams to make it attractive for the fans; from that comes competitive balance. Thus, sport leagues have acquired different structures that determine their competitiveness. The aim of this paper is to compare the competitive balance of the NBA and the primary leagues in Europe, given the NBA as a whole as well as each of its conferences individually. The measurements utilised were the Hirschman-Herfindahl index and the C5 and C8 ratios. The results demonstrate a better competitive balance in the NBA as a whole than in the European leagues; however, the differences disappear when each conference is analysed as an individual league. We conclude, then, that given each conference individually, with structures that are similar to the European leagues, there is a competitive balance, taking into consideration the indicators we have used. However, the NBA includes limitations in the competition that favour the possibility of being more attractive for the fans Las ligas deportivas dependen del equilibrio competitivo entre los equipos para ser atractivas para los espectadores, de ahí la aparición del balance competitivo. Por ello, las distintas ligas deportivas han adquirido diferentes formatos que determinarán su competitividad. El objetivo de este artículo es comparar el balance competitivo de la NBA y las principales ligas europeas, teniendo en cuenta la NBA en su conjunto y cada una de sus conferencias de forma independiente. Las variables utilizadas para medir el balance competitivo han sido el índice Hirschman-Herfindal y las ratios C5 y C8. Los resultados muestran un mejor balance competitivo de la NBA en conjunto respecto a las ligas europeas, sin embargo estas diferencias desaparecen al analizar las conferencias de forma independiente. Se concluye que al tener en cuenta cada una de las conferencias de forma independiente, con una estructura más similar a las ligas europeas, se presenta un balance competitivo parecido bajo los indicadores utilizados. Sin embargo, la NBA incluye limitaciones en la competición que siguen favoreciendo la posibilidad de que sea más atractiva para el espectador Actividad Física y Deporte

The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of the mechanical properties of artificial turf systems on soccer players’ performance. A battery of perceptive physiological and physical tests were developed on four different structural systems of artificial turf (System 1: Compacted gravel sub-base without elastic layer; System 2: Compacted gravel sub-base with elastic layer; System 3: Asphalt sub-base without elastic layer; System 4: Asphalt sub-base with elastic layer). The sample was composed of 18 soccer players (22.44±1.72 years) who typically train and compete on artificial turf. The artificial turf system with less rotational traction (S3) showed higher total time in the Repeated Sprint Ability test in comparison to the systems with intermediate values (49.46±1.75 s vs 47.55±1.82 s (S1) and 47.85±1.59 s (S2); p0.05). The physiological load was similar in all four artificial turf systems. However, players felt more comfortable on the harder and more rigid system (S4; visual analogue scale = 70.83±14.28) than on the softer artificial turf system (S2; visual analogue scale = 54.24±19.63). The lineal regression analysis revealed a significant influence of the mechanical properties of the surface of 16.5%, 15.8% and 7.1% on the mean time of the sprint, the best sprint time and the maximum mean speed in the RSA test respectively. Results suggest a mechanical heterogeneity between the systems of artificial turf which generate differences in the physical performance and in the soccer players’ perceptions. 3.234 JCR (2014) Q1, 8/56 Multidisciplinary sciences UEM

Las instalaciones deportivas escolares son un elemento clave en la Educación Física, pues influyen y limitan el proceso educativo y la labor del docente. Este estudio pretende analizar el estado actual de las instalaciones deportivas escolares de los centros de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, en base a la legislación y normativa vigente. Se ha creado un cuestionario ad hoc para la investigación, y se ha aplicado a 56 centros educativos de Castilla y León. Los resultados indican importantes deficiencias en todos los espacios analizados. Existen centros con problemas en la seguridad y en la accesibilidad de las instalaciones deportivas escolares. Concluimos con que se deben tomar medidas en el diseño de las instalaciones deportivas escolares y corregir las deficiencias existentes. Incluir la obligación del uso de la Norma NIDE en todas estas acciones aseguraría instalaciones seguras y de calidad que mejoren la labor del profesor y las clases de Educación Física. ABSTRACT: Physical education facilities are a key in Physical Education, because they influence and limit the educational process and the work of teachers. This study aims to analyze the current state of physical education facilities of Compulsory Secondary Education centers, based on the activelegislation and regulations. An ad hoc questionnaire was created for the research, and has been applied to 56 centers in Castilla y León. The results indicate significant deficiencies in all areas analyzed. There are centers with problems in safety and accessibility of physicaleducation facilities. Weconclude that measures must be taken in the design of physical education facilities and to correct the existing deficiencies. Include the obligation to use the NIDE Rules in all these actions would ensure safety and quality facilities witch improve the work of teachers and Physical Education lessons.