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Collaboration plays an increasingly important role in promoting research productivity and impact. What remains unclear is whether female and male researchers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematical (STEM) disciplines differ in their collaboration propensity. Here, we report on an empirical analysis of the complete publication records of 3,980 faculty members in six STEM disciplines at select U.S. research universities. We find that female faculty have significantly fewer distinct co-authors over their careers than males, but that this difference can be fully accounted for by females’ lower publication rate and shorter career lengths. Next, we find that female scientists have a lower probability of repeating previous co-authors than males, an intriguing result because prior research shows that teams involving new collaborations produce work with higher impact. Finally, we find evidence for gender segregation in some sub-disciplines in molecular biology, in particular in genomics where we find female faculty to be clearly under-represented., An empirical analysis of researchers’ publications reveals that females have fewer distinct coauthors yet have a lower chance of repeating previous coauthors than their male counterparts., Author Summary Collaboration plays an increasingly important role in promoting research productivity and impact. What remains unclear is whether female and male researchers differ in their collaboration practices. In our study, we report on an empirical analysis of the complete publication records of 3,980 faculty members in six science, technology, engineering, and mathematical disciplines at select U.S. research universities. First we found that female faculty have significantly fewer distinct co-authors over their careers than males, but that this difference can be fully accounted for by females’ lower publication rate and shorter career lengths. Next, we find that female scientists have a lower probability of repeating previous co-authors than males, an intriguing result because prior research shows that teams involving new collaborations produce work with higher impact. Finally, we find evidence for gender segregation in some sub-disciplines in molecular biology, in particular in genomics where we find female faculty to be clearly under-represented.

Complex networks are formal frameworks capturing the interdependencies between the elements of large systems and databases. This formalism allows to use network navigation methods to rank the importance that each constituent has on the global organization of the system. A key example is Pagerank navigation which is at the core of the most used search engine of the World Wide Web. Inspired in this classical algorithm, we define a quantum navigation method providing a unique ranking of the elements of a network. We analyze the convergence of quantum navigation to the stationary rank of networks and show that quantumness decreases the number of navigation steps before convergence. In addition, we show that quantum navigation allows to solve degeneracies found in classical ranks. By implementing the quantum algorithm in real networks, we confirm these improvements and show that quantum coherence unveils new hierarchical features about the global organization of complex systems., This work has been partially supported by the Spanish DGICYT under projects FIS2009-13730-C02-02, FIS2009-13364-C02-01, CSD2007-046-Nanolight.es, MTM2009-13848, FIS2010-18639, FIS2011-25167 and EXPLORA FIS2011-14539-E; by the Generalitat de Catalunya and the Comunidad de Aragón through Project No. 2009SGR0838, FMI22/10; and by the J.S. McDonnell Foundation Research 344 Award. J.G.G is supported by MICINN through the Ramón y Cajal program.

In this paper we study the jamming transition in complex adaptive networks. We introduce an adaptation mechanism that modifies the weight of the communication channels in order to delay the congestion onset. Adaptivity takes place locally as it is driven by each node of the network. Surprisingly, regardless of the structural properties of the backbone topology, e.g., its degree distribution, the adaptive network can reach optimal functioning provided it allows a reciprocal distribution of the weights. Under this condition, the optimal functioning is achieved through an extensive network reshaping ending up in a highly reciprocal weighted network whose critical onset of congestion is delayed up to its maximum possible value. We also show that, for a given network, the reciprocal weighting obtained from adaptation produce optimal static configurations.

Tracking the volume of keywords in Internet searches, message boards, or Tweets has provided an alternative for following or predicting associations between popular interest or disease incidences. Here, we extend that research by examining the role of e-communications among day traders and their collective understanding of the market. Our study introduces a general method that focuses on bundles of words that behave differently from daily communication routines, and uses original data covering the content of instant messages among all day traders at a trading firm over a 40-month period. Analyses show that two word bundles convey traders' understanding of same day market events and potential next day market events. We find that when market volatility is high, traders' communications are dominated by same day events, and when volatility is low, communications are dominated by next day events. We show that the stronger the traders' attention to either same day or next day events, the higher their collective trading performance. We conclude that e-communication among traders is a product of mass collaboration over diverse viewpoints that embodies unique information about their weak or strong understanding of the market.

We study the effect of random removal of nodes in networks on the maximum capability to deliver information in communication processes. Measuring the changes on the onset of congestion, we observe different behaviors depending on the network structure, governed by the distribution of the algorithmic betweenness (number of paths traversing a node given a communication protocol) of the nodes, and particularly by the node with the highest betweenness. We also compare the robustness of networks from a topological and dynamical point of view. We find that for certain values of traffic load, after suffering a random failure, the network can be physically connected but the nodes are unable to communicate due congestion. These results highlight the necessity to include dynamical considerations in studies about resilience of complex networks.

We compare recent approaches to community structure identification in terms of sensitivity and computational cost. The recently proposed modularity measure is revisited and the performance of the methods as applied to ad hoc networks with known community structure, is compared. We find that the most accurate methods tend to be more computationally expensive, and that both aspects need to be considered when choosing a method for practical purposes. The work is intended as an introduction as well as a proposal for a standard benchmark test of community detection methods.

We study the scaling of fluctuations with the mean of traffic in complex networks using a model where the arrival and departure of ``packets'' follow exponential distributions, and the processing capability of nodes is either unlimited or finite. The model presents a wide variety of exponents between $1/2$ and 1 for this scaling, revealing their dependence on the few parameters considered, and questioning the existence of universality classes. We also report the experimental scaling of the fluctuations in the Internet for the Abilene backbone network. We found scaling exponents between 0.71 and 0.86 that do not fit with the exponent $1/2$ reported in the literature.

We propose a novel method to find the community structure in complex networks based on an extremal optimization of the value of modularity. The method outperforms the optimal modularity found by the existing algorithms in the literature. We present the results of the algorithm for computer simulated and real networks and compare them with other approaches. The efficiency and accuracy of the method make it feasible to be used for the accurate identification of community structure in large complex networks., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures

Many studies demonstrate that there is still a significant gender bias, especially at higher career levels, in many areas including science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). We investigated field-dependent, gender-specific effects of the selective pressures individuals experience as they pursue a career in academia within seven STEM disciplines. We built a unique database that comprises 437,787 publications authored by 4,292 faculty members at top United States research universities. Our analyses reveal that gender differences in publication rate and impact are discipline-specific. Our results also support two hypotheses. First, the widely-reported lower publication rates of female faculty are correlated with the amount of research resources typically needed in the discipline considered, and thus may be explained by the lower level of institutional support historically received by females. Second, in disciplines where pursuing an academic position incurs greater career risk, female faculty tend to have a greater fraction of higher impact publications than males. Our findings have significant, field-specific, policy implications for achieving diversity at the faculty level within the STEM disciplines., 9 figures and 3 tables

We compare recent approaches to community structure identification in terms of sensitivity and computational cost. The recently proposed modularity measure is revisited and the performance of the methods as applied to ad hoc networks with known community structure, is compared. We find that the most accurate methods tend to be more computationally expensive, and that both aspects need to be considered when choosing a method for practical purposes. The work is intended as an introduction as well as a proposal for a standard benchmark test of community detection methods., Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, 1 table. v2: condensed, updated version as appears in JSTAT

La finalidad de este proyecto es desarrollar un juego de Realidad Virtual para el visor Oculus Quest 2. Este desarrollo servirá tanto para aplicar conceptos y técnicas trabajadas en el máster como para aprender a desarrollar en una nueva plataforma que no se ha utilizado en el máster pero que está emergiendo de forma importante en el sector, la Realidad Virtual. El juego DarkFuturaVR sitúa al jugador en el interior de una estación espacial en la que deberá sobrevivir a un incidente solucionando situaciones adversas resolviendo puzzles y eliminando enemigos. La interacción se centrará en la manipulación de objetos 3D (agarrar, mover, lanzar, ¿) y disparar a enemigos. Para el desarrollo se utilizará el motor Unity y el SDK de Oculus Quest que está disponible para este motor mediante un plugin. The purpose of this project is to develop a Virtual Reality game for the Oculus Quest 2 viewer. This development will serve both to apply concepts and techniques worked on in the master's degree and to learn how to develop on a new platform that has not been used in the master's degree but is emerging in an important way in the sector, Virtual Reality. The game DarkFuturaVR places the player inside a space station where he must survive an incident by solving adverse situations by solving puzzles and eliminating enemies. Interaction will focus on manipulating 3D objects (grabbing, moving, throwing,¿) and shooting enemies. For the development, the Unity engine and the Oculus Quest SDK will be used, the last is available for the engine through a plugin. La finalitat d'aquest porjecte és desenvolupar un joc de Realitat Vritual pel visor Oculus Quest 2. Aquest desenvolupament servirà tant per aplicar conceptes i tècniques treballades al màster com per aprendre a desenvolupar en una nova plataforma que no s'ha utilitzat al màster però que està guanyant importància al sector, la Realitat Virtual. El joc DarkFuturaVR sitúa al jugador a l'interior d'una estació espacial on haurà de sobreviure a un incident solucionant situacions adverses resolent puzzles i eliminant enemics. La interacció es centrarà en la manipulació d'objectes 3D (agafar, moure, llançar, ...) i disparar als enemics. Pel desenvolupament s'utilitzarà el motor Unity i l'SDK d'Oculus Quest que està disponible per aquest motor mitjançant un plugin.

Este trabajo final trata sobre la creación de un juego que va a destinado a todas las personas, pero con el detalle de tener una adaptación enfocada a las personas que padecen TEA. Para el desarrollo se utilizará una metodología basada en el modelo incremental para así mantener una base estable sobre la que trabajar. Aquest treball final tracta sobre la creació d'un joc que va a totes les persones, però amb el detall de tindre una adaptació enfocada a les persones que pateixen TEA. Per al desenvolupament s' utilitzarà una metodologia basada en el model incremental per així mantenir una base estable sobre la qual treballar. This final work deals with the creation of a game that is intended for all people, but with the detail of having an adaptation focused on people with ASD. For the development, a methodology based on the incremental model is reaffirmed in order to maintain a stable base on which to work.

Este proyecto se basa en la creación de un videojuego con el motor de desarrollo Unity versión 2020.4f1. Se ha creado un juego en 2D de acción-aventura para un solo jugador donde se tendrá que ir explorando los distintos lugares del mapa, luchando contra monstruos peligrosos e ir avanzando en la historia con ayuda de las notas que se van encontrando. Se ha decidido realizar este proyecto como trabajo final de máster ya que durante el curso se han hecho pequeños videojuegos de diferentes formas y se ha considerado que un buen proyecto final sería juntar los distintos conocimientos obtenidos en un solo proyecto. Empezando por el planteamiento, se planificaron todas las tareas generales para acabar el proyecto a tiempo y se utilizó un Diagrama de Gantt para ver el trascurso del tiempo con las tareas planificadas. Para el seguimiento de los objetivos, se utilizó la metodología Scrum para completar las tareas con un tiempo corto y revisar el proyecto cada cierto tiempo para actualizar esas tareas y seguir desarrollado el videojuego. Para algunos aspectos gráficos se han utilizado librerías de recursos con licencia de comercialización para utilizar-las en el proyecto y en un futuro poder distribuir-lo. El resultado del proyecto ha sido un videojuego completo y funcional con una historia, mecánicas y gráficos bien implementados. Hay algunos aspectos del juego que se podrían mejorar para hacerlo más intuitivo y atractivo para el usuario, pero se han conseguido la mayoría de objetivos planteados al comienzo del proyecto. Aquest projecte es basa en la creació d'un videojoc amb el motor de desenvolupament Unity versió 2020.4f1. S'ha creat un joc en 2D d'acció-aventura per a un solo jugador on s'haurà d'anar explorant els diferents llocs del mapa, lluitant contra monstres perillosos i anar avançant en la història amb ajuda de les notes que es van trobant. S'ha decidit realitzar aquest projecte com a treball final de màster ja que durant el curs s'han fet petits videojocs de diferents formes i s'ha considerat que un bon projecte final seria ajuntar els diferents coneixements obtinguts en un sol projecte. Començant pel plantejament, es van planificar totes les tasques generals per a acabar el projecte a temps i es va utilitzar un Diagrama de Gantt per a veure el transcurs del temps amb les tasques planificades. Per al seguiment dels objectius, es va utilitzar la metodologia Scrum per a completar les tasques amb un temps curt i revisar el projecte cada cert temps per a actualitzar aquestes tasques i seguir desenvolupat el videojoc. Per a alguns aspectes gràfics s'han utilitzat llibreries de recursos amb llicència de comercialització per a utilitzar-les en el projecte i en un futur poder distribuir-el. El resultat del projecte ha estat un videojoc complet i funcional amb una història, mecàniques i gràfics ben implementats. Hi ha alguns aspectes del joc que es podrien millorar per a fer-lo més intuïtiu i atractiu per a l'usuari, però s'han aconseguit la majoria d'objectius plantejats al començament del projecte. This project is based on the creation of a video game with the Unity development engine version 2020.4f1. A 2D single-player action-adventure game has been created where you will have to explore the different places on the map, fighting against dangerous monsters and advancing in the story with the help of the notes that are found. It has been decided to carry out this project as a final master work because during the course small video games have been made in different ways and it has been considered that a good final project would be to gather the different knowledge obtained in a single project. Starting with the approach, all the general tasks were planned to finish the project on time and a Gantt Chart was used to see the course of time with the planned tasks. For the follow-up of the objectives, the Scrum methodology was used to complete the tasks in a short time and review the project from time to time to update those tasks and continue developing the video game. For some graphical aspects we have used libraries of resources with commercial license to use them in the project and in the future to be able to distribute it. The result of the project has been a complete and functional videogame with a well implemented story, mechanics and graphics. There are some aspects of the game that could be improved to make it more intuitive and attractive to the user, but most of the objectives set at the beginning of the project have been achieved.