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The α-glucosidase inhibition effects of the 80% ethanol extracts in the seeds of five Vigna species (V. nakashimae, V. nipponensis, V. umbellate, V. radiate, and V. angularis) were evaluated and their half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values showed considerable differences (p 900 μg/ml. V. nakashimae exhibited the most potent inhibition with IC50 value of 7.3 ± 1.1 μg/ml, followed by V. nipponensis (184.0 ± 9.5 μg/ml) and V. umbellata (520.0 ± 8.1 μg/ml). Bioactivity-guided fractionation of V. nakashimae seeds yielded three phenolics by silica gel chromatography and their structures were elucidated as gambiriin D (1), luteoliflavan-7-O-glucopyranoside (2), and catechin-7-O-glucopyranoside (3) using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In particular, gambiriin D (1) possessed strong inhibition activity with IC50 of 36.8 ± 2.3 μM through simple reversible slow-binding inhibition (kinetic parameters: k4 = 0.0048 μM−1s−1; Kiapp = 48 μM). Furthermore, this compound inhibited recombinant human aldose reductase with IC50 value of 12.0 ± 0.7 μM. Results suggest that V. nakashimae may be a potent α-glucosidase inhibition for health products.

Data presented here are associated with the article: “In-depth proteomic analysis of soybean ( Glycine max ) seeds during controlled deterioration treatment (CDT) reveals a shift in seed metabolism” (Min et al., 2017) [1] . Seed deterioration is one of the major problems, affecting the seed quality, viability, and vigor in a negative manner. Here, we display the gel-based and gel-free proteomic data, associated with the CDT in soybean seeds. The present data was obtained from 2-DE, shotgun proteomic analysis (label-free quantitative proteomic analysis) using Q-Exactive, and gene ontology analysis associated with CDT in soybean seeds (Min et al., 2017) [1] .

Seed aging is one of the major events, affecting the overall quality of agricultural seeds. To analyze the effect of seed aging, soybean seeds were exposed to controlled deterioration treatment (CDT) for 3 and 7 days, followed by their physiological, biochemical, and proteomic analyses. Seed proteins were subjected to protamine sulfate precipitation for the enrichment of low-abundance proteins and utilized for proteome analysis. A total of 14 differential proteins were identified on 2-DE, whereas label-free quantification resulted in the identification of 1626 non-redundant proteins. Of these identified proteins, 146 showed significant changes in protein abundance, where 5 and 141 had increased and decreased abundances, respectively while 352 proteins were completely degraded during CDT. Gene ontology and KEGG analyses suggested the association of differential proteins with primary metabolism, ROS detoxification, translation elongation and initiation, protein folding, and proteolysis, where most, if not all, had decreased abundance during CDT. Western blotting confirmed reduced level of antioxidant enzymes (DHAR, APx1, MDAR, and SOD) upon CDT. This in-depth integrated study reveals a major downshift in seed metabolism upon CDT. Reported data here serve as a resource for its exploitation to metabolic engineering of seeds for multiple purposes, including increased seed viability, vigor, and quality. Biological significance Controlled deterioration treatment (CDT) is one of the major events that negatively affects the quality and nutrient composition of agricultural seeds. However, the molecular mechanism of CDT is largely unknown. A combination of gel-based and gel-free proteomic approach was utilized to investigate the effects of CDT in soybean seeds. Moreover, we utilized protamine sulfate precipitation method for enrichment of low-abundance proteins, which are generally masked due to the presence of high-abundance seed storage proteins. Reported data here serve as resource for its exploitation to metabolic engineering of seeds for multiple purposes, including increased seed viability, vigor, and quality.

The purpose of this study was to determine how seeding time changes the properties of soybean products meju and doenjang. Soybeans were seeded on the last day of May (5L), on the mid day of June (6M), and on the last day of June (6L), respectively. The 5L soybeans experienced a distinguishing hot and humid climate at the ripening stage, and these climate conditions resulted in smaller seed sizes. Fermentation briskly progressed in all doenjang until 120 days, and the 5L doenjang exhibited the lowest fermentation efficiency. The 5L soybeans showed the highest GABA, polyphenol contents, and ACE inhibitory activity, and the 6M soybeans showed the highest radical scavenging activity among the groups tested. In doenjang, the functional properties generally increased as the aging time approached the 120 th day, and the 6M doenjang showed the highest functional properties at the 120 th day. Therefore, 6M soybeans had the most appropriate characteristics when producing doenjang.

Background Bakanae disease is an important fungal disease caused by Gibberella fujikuroi. Incidence of rice bakanae disease creates serious problems in the foremost rice growing countries, and no rice variety has been found to be completely resistant to this disease. However, breeding rice varieties resistant to bakanae disease may be a cost-saving solution preferable to the application of fungicides. In this study, we aimed to determine the exact position and the candidate gene for qBK1, a major resistant quantitative trait locus (QTLs) for bakanae disease. Results The genotypes/phenotypes of recombinants selected from backcrossed recombinant inbred lines of two rice varieties, Shingwang (resistant) and Ilpum (susceptible), indicated that the locus qBK1, conferring resistance to bakanae disease in Shingwang, was delimited to a 35-kb interval delimited by InDel 18 (23.637 Mbp) and InDel 19–14 (23.672 Mbp). Sequence analysis of this 35-kb region revealed four candidate genes, LOC_Os01g41770, LOC_Os01g41780, LOC_Os01g41790, and LOC_Os01g41800. There were many non-synonymous SNPs in LOC_Os01g41770 and the transcript of LOC_Os01g41790 was early terminated in Shingwang, whereas there were no differences in both LOC_Os01g41780 and LOC_Os01g41800 sequences between Ilpum and Shingwang. Expression profiling of the four candidate genes showed the up-regulation of LOC_Os01g41770, LOC_Os01g41780, and LOC_Os01g41790 in Ilpum and of LOC_Os01g41800 in Shingwang after inoculation of G. fujikuroi. Conclusion Utilization of marker-assisted selection (MAS) with a precise molecular marker on qBK1 could provide an effective tool for breeding rice varieties resistant to bakanae disease. To our knowledge, this is the first report on fine mapping and candidate gene approaches for identifying the gene for qBK1. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12284-019-0295-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

This study was conducted to obtain basic information on protein profile changes by artificial aging in soybean seeds. Seed proteins were extracted using the protamine sulfate precipitation method, which improves the detection of low-abundance proteins (LAPs) by depleting the major seed storage proteins . Isolated proteins were separated by high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), and differentially modulated protein spots were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF. A total of 33 differential proteins were identified of which 31 and 2 showed decreased and increased abundances, respectively. Functional annotation of the identified proteins revealed that proteins were mainly associated with primary metabolism (55%) and response to stimulus (20.9%). Proteins with increased abundance were associated with nutrient reservoir activity (spots 5, 10), while the decreased abundance proteins were mainly involved in the primary metabolism such as carbohydrate metabolic process (spots 1–3, 11), protein folding (spots 6–9, 33), glucose metabolic process (spot 25) oxidoreductase activity (spots 19–24), UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase activity (spots 12, 13). These results provide information about proteome changes, especially, LAPs during artificial seed aging treatment.

This study evaluated the changes of phytoestrogen contents and antioxidant activities of soybean-powder milk (SPM) prepared from yellow soybean during fermentation with Lactobacillus plantarum P1201. In consequence, the levels of total phenolic and isoflavone-aglycone contents, ABTS and DPPH radical-scavenging activities, and FRAP assay values increased, while isoflavone-glycoside contents decreased during fermentation. The highest levels of daidzein, glycitein, and genistein were present in the Daepung SPM at concentrations of 177.92, 20.64, and 106.14 μg/g, respectively after 60 h of fermentation. Moreover, Daepung SPM showed the highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity of 48.54%, an ABTS radical-scavenging activity of 99.25%, and a FRAP assay value of 0.84 at the end of fermentation. The fermented Daepung SPM possessed highest isoflavone aglycone contents and antioxidant activities, which can be utilized for the development of functional foods.

Soybean is one of the important food crop around the world. Especially in East Asia, it is the main ingredient for traditional food like soy sauce and soy paste. The double cropping system including soybean following onion, Chinese cabbage, and potato is widely adopted in Southern region of Korea. In this system, sowing date of second crop (soybean) can be delayed depending on first crops' growth period and weather condition. When planting date is delayed it is known that soybean yield is declined because of shorter vegetative growth period and earlier flowering induced by warm temperature and changes in photoperiod. The objective of this study was to determine soybean growth and yield responses as plant populations at late planting date. Field experiment was conducted at Department of Functional Crop, National Institute of Crop Science, RDA located in Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-Do for two years ('13-'14) in upland field with mid-late maturity cultivar Daewon. A split-plot block design was used with three replications. Main plots were three sowing dates from June 20 to July 20 with 15 days intervals, and subplots were 4 levels of planting densities. Data of maturity (R8) was recorded, yield components and yield were examined after harvesting. Experimental data were analyzed by using PROC GLM, and DMRT were used for mean comparison. Optimum planting population for maximizing soybean yield in late planting which compared with standard population. In mid-June planting, higher planting density causes increased plant height and decreased diameter which lead to higher risk of lodging, however, reduced growth period due to late planting alleviated this problem. Therefore higher seeding rates can provide protection against low seedling emergence caused by late planting in this region.

Antioxidant activities of roasted soybeans from Daewon, Daepung, Neulchan, and Taekwang cultivars were evaluated using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and FRAP assays. Roasted soybeans exhibited significantly (p

This study develops differential protein profiles of soybean (Glycine max) seeds (cv. Saedanbaek and Daewon) varying in protein (47.9 and 39.2%) and oil (16.3 and 19.7%) content using protamine sulfate (PS) precipitation method coupled with a 2D gel electrophoresis (2DGE) approach. Of 71 detected differential spots between Daewon and Saedanbaek, 48 were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF. Gene ontology analysis revealed that up-regulated proteins in Saedanbaek were largely associated with nutrient reservoir activity (42.6%), which included mainly seed-storage proteins (SSPs; subunits of glycinin and β-conglycinin). Similar results were also obtained in two cultivars of wild soybean (G. soja cv. WS22 and WS15) differing in protein content. Western blots confirmed higher accumulation of SSPs in protein-rich Saedanbaek. Findings presented and discussed in this study highlight a possible involvement of the urea cycle for increased accumulation of SSPs and hence the higher protein content in soybean seeds.

Seed coat color is an important attribute determining consumption of soybean seeds. Soybean cultivar Mallikong (M) has yellow seed coat while its naturally mutated cultivar Mallikong mutant (MM), has brown colored seed coat. We used integrated proteomics and metabolomics approach to investigate the differences between seed coats of M and MM during different stages of seed development (4, 5, and 6 weeks after flowering). 2DE profiling of total seed coat proteins from three stages showed 178 differentially expressed spots between M and MM of which 172 were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF. Of these, 62 were upregulated and 105 were downregulated in MM compared with M, while five spots were detected only in MM. Proteins involved in primary metabolism showed downregulation in MM suggesting energy in MM might be utilized for proanthocyanidin biosynthesis via secondary metabolic pathways that leads to the development of brown seed coat color. Besides, downregulation of two isoforms of isoflavone reductase indicated reduced isoflavones in seed coat of MM that was confirmed by quantitative estimation of total and individual isoflavones using HPLC. We propose that low isoflavones level in MM may offer a high substrate for proanthocyanidin production that results in the development of brown seed coat in MM.

본 연구는 장류용 콩 품종의 논 재배 시 만파에 따른 생육 및 수량성 변이를 검토하기 위하여 경남 밀양에서 2012년부터 2013년에 걸쳐 수행하였다. 이용된 품종은 대원콩, 남풍, 대풍, 새단백, 선유, 우람, 천상, 태광 등의 중만생종품종과 참올, 황금올의 조생종 품종이었으며 6월 20일, 7월 5일, 7월 20일 세 차례에 걸쳐 파종하였다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 경장은 중만생종에서 만파할수록 대체로 감소하였으며 조생종에서는 유의한 변화가 관찰되지 않았다. 7월 20일 파종 시 분지수는 태광, 대풍, 선유, 참올 등에서 많이 발생하였고 마디수는 우람, 천상에서 가장 많았다. 2. 대부분 품종에서 6월 20일 파종 시에 가장 많은 협수를 기록하였으나 대풍, 우람, 천상은 7월 5일 파종 시에 오히려 협수가 많았다. 3. 만파 시 백립중은 적기 파종과 비교하였을 때 감소하였으며 수량은 적기 파종과 만파 시 모두 대풍, 태광, 우람 순으로 가장 높았다. 4. 만파에 따른 수량감소율은 남풍이 9.6%로 가장 낮아 만파적응성이 가장 높은 품종인 것으로 보인다. 5. 파종기에서 개화기까지의 기간은 파종기가 늦춰지더라도 비교적 일정하였으나 개화기에서 성숙기까지는 만파할수록 크게 단축되었다. 중만생종 중 선유, 조생종 중 황금올은 등숙기간의 단축이 가장 적어 만파에 따른 영향을 가장 적게 받는 것으로 나타났다. 【Double cropping system including paddy field soybean is widely adopted nationwide, due to rise in market price and its higher income than paddy field rice. Sowing date of soybean as a second crop is being delayed depending on first crop's growth period and harvesting time. Due to the increased temperature in October and delayed first frost date, soybean could be harvested without frost damage even in late-plating. Therefore, selection of soybean cultivar which is appropriate for this environment is very important. The effect of sowing date and genotype of soybean on growth and yield was investigated for three planting dates (June 20, July 5, and July 20) with ten cultivars developed for soy-pate production, to figure out plant development and yield pattern in delayed planting. As planting date is delayed, plant height and pod number was decreased and this pattern was more clearly detected in mid-late maturity cultivars. Hundred-seed weight did not show significant changes even in late planting, due to compensations between yield components. Yield reduction of July 20 in contrast to that of June 20 showed that Nampung (9.6%) showed the least yield decline. Maximum yield was achieved from Daepung, Taekwang, and Uram among other soybean cultivars in late planting. Shortening of growth period was strongly detected in reproductive stage while length of vegetative stage was regularly maintained in both early and mid-late maturity cultivars.】

In this study, we evaluated changes in physicochemical properties, total phenol and isoflavone contents, and antioxidant activity during soymilk fermentation by a potential probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum P1201. The P1201 strain showed survival rates of 58.14% and 62.22% after 4 h exposure to acid and artificial gastric acid conditions (pH 2.5), respectively. The optimal conditions for soy-yogurt fermentation by L. plantarum were determined to be as follows: temperature of 35oC, seed volume of 5.0%, and sucrose content of 10.0%. The total phenol and isoflavone contents and antioxidant activity were higher in soy-powder milk (SPM) yogurt than soymilk yogurt. In particular, the highest levels of isoflavone-aglycones, such as daidzein, glycitein, and genistein (91.50, 12.34, and 61.39 μg/g, respectively), were observed after 48 h of SPM fermentation. Thus, these results suggest that the soy-yogurt extract could be used as a potential source of natural antioxidants in food. Kewwords: probiotic, Lactobacillus plantarum P1201, soy-yogurt, antioxidant, isoflavone

We tested the possibility of Korean whole soybean for the production of soybean meat. The moisture, crude ash, crude protein, crude fat, and carbohydrate contents of the produced soybean meats were determined to be the 47.42 (R1), 44.82 (R2), 46.72 (R3), and 46.20 (R4) g%, 1.81, 2.18, 2.24, and 2.28 g%, 28.65, 26.24, 20.77, and 21.91 g%, 9.12, 9.74, 9.51, and 10.95 g%, and 13.0, 16.0, 20.76, and 18.66 g%, respectively. The most abundant amino acids and fatty acids in the soybean meats were glutamic acid (20,702.17, 18,869.75, 11,640.85, and 15,983.47 mg%) and palmitoleic acid (719.54, 749.38, 708.65, and 818.56 mg%), respectively. The best acceptability in a sensory test was observed at the produced soybean meat with R2 condition. The texture analysis indicated that hardness and gumminess were higher in the produced soybean meat with R2 condition than the other conditions, but there were few differences in the color (i.e. L, a, and b values) by the various cooking methods. In addition, the isoflavone aglycone types (daidzein, glycitein, and genistein) were higher in the produced soybean meat

A novel allele of the putative soybean raffinose synthase gene, RS2, was discovered in PI200508 that is associated with the low raffinose and stachyose content. Soybean line PI200508 was identified as expressing reduced levels of raffinose and stachyose as well as elevated levels of sucrose. The RS2 mutant gene shows three base pairs InDel with the normal gene. Based on InDel region we developed novel co-dominant and dominant marker. The aim of this study was to develop Korean soybean cultivars, Daewon, Cheongja, and Danmiput, containing low levels of raffinose and stachyose. A specific markers assay for the PI200508 RS2 allele was developed to allow direct selection of the low raffinose and stachyose phenotype. Our findings highlight the efficiency of allele-specific markers in selection, which is evident in the matching genotype and results of the HPLC in the F2 generations of Daewon×PI200508 population.

Changes in β-glycosidase activity, total phenolic and isoflavone contents, and antioxidant activities during the fermentation of brown soybeans (Galmi) fermented food cheonggukjang by the potential probiotic Bacillus subtilis CSY191 were investigated. The total phenolic and isoflavone-glycoside and -aglycone contents as well as ABTS radical scavenging activity and FRAP assays of extracts increased, but malonylglycoside content decreased after a steaming process. It was found that fermentation enhanced the total phenolic and isoflavone-aglycone and -malonylglycoside contents, corresponding to antioxidant activities increased, but isoflavone-glycoside content decreased. The highest levels of daidzein, glycitein, and gensitein were present at concentrations of 156.5 μg/g, 10.2 μg/g, and 2.5 μg/g after 48 h of fermentation. In addition, ABTS radical scavenging activity and FRAP assay increased significantly during fermentation. We suggest that the high antioxidant activity of cheonggukjang of brown soybeans might be related to the markedly higher levels of total phenolic content and isoflavone-aglycones achieved during fermentation.

This study was carried out to examine whether the leaf size is likely to be used as a selection criterion for large seed genotype in soybean (Glycine. max (L.) Merr.) breeding program. Two hundred twenty nine soybean germplasms which had collected in Korea, United States, China and Japan were used in this experiment. The area of unifoliate leaf, middle leaflet of first trifoliate and third trifoliate leaf ranged from 3.2 cm 2 to 33.8 cm 2 , 9.2 to 29.5 cm 2 , and 7.2 to 58.9 cm 2 , respectively. One hundred seed weight also showed great variation from 2.7 to 39.0 gram. The average leaf area of unifoliate, middle leaflet of first trifoliate and third trifoliate leaf were 15.7 cm 2 , 18.1 cm 2 and 32.7 cm 2 , respectively, and that of seed average weight was 17.2 gram per one hundred seed. Significantly positive correlations were observed between seed weight and leaf area of unifoliate (r=0.80**), first trifoliate (r=0.75**) and third trifoliate (r=0.67**), respectively. Both the leaf length and leaf width of unifoliate, middle leaflet of first trifoliate and third trifoliate leaf were significantly positively correlated with seed weight and both the correlations of unifoliate were higher than the other leaves. The correlations of leaf width in soybean leaflet were higher than those of leaf length. Leaf length/width (L/W) ratio of upper leaf was higher than that of lower leaf in the leaf size. Both the leaf area and leaf width of unifoliate leaf are the most suitable predictive characteristics of early selection in related to seed weight for soybean breeding program.Keywords : soybean, seed weight, leaf size, correlation, breeding

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), a species of the Potyvirus genus in the Potyviridae family, is one of the most typical viral diseases and results in yield and quality loss of cultivated soybean. Due to the depletion of genetic resources for resistance breeding, a trial of genetic transformation to improve disease resistance has been performed by introducing the SMV-CP gene by the RNA interference (RNAi) method via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Among 30 transgenic plants produced, 7 lines with enough seeds were infected with SMV and two lines (3 and 4) showed viral resistance to SMV infection. In genomic Southern blot analysis, all the lines tested contained at least one T-DNA insertion. Subsequent investigation confirmed that no viral CP gene expression was detected in two SMV-resistant lines after artificial inoculation of SMV, while non-transgenic control and other transgenic lines expressed substantial amounts of the viral gene. Viral symptoms affected seed morphology, and clean seeds were harvested from the resistant lines. Also, strong viral gene expression was detected from the seeds of susceptible lines. In further generations, the same phenotypic appearance was maintained among non-transgenic and transgenic plants. Finally, the presence of helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro), known as a suppressor of gene silencing apparatus, was checked among transgenic lines. No expression of HC-Pro in resistant lines indicated that the viral CP-RNAi transformation into soybean somehow created a functional gene silencing system and resulted in a viral-resistant phenotype.

The investigation was conducted to analyze the exhaust emission characteristics in diesel engine according to intake air mass flow. In this study, the test diesel engine with a 5,899 cubic centimeter displacement and power of the 260 ps was used to analyze the emission characteristics according to the intake air mass flow. In addition, the test modes were applied by the ND-13 and ETC mode. In order to analyze the emission characteristics, the engine dynamometer with 440 kW and emission gas analyzer (AMA-4000) were utilized. From the experimental results, it is revealed that the NOx and HC emissions in the intake air mass flow of large amount have high levels compared to those in the intake air mass flow of small amount in the ND-13 mode. However, the PM emission was shown the opposite trend in the NOx and HC emission due to the trade-off relation between the NOx and PM.

Phomopsis seed decay (PSD), primarily caused by Phomopsis longicolla, is one of the most important seed-borne diseases and causes serious seed yield loss in soybean. This study was performed to evaluate reactions to P. longicolla in Korean soybean major elite cultivars, which were mainly used for parents of genetic mapping populations. The natural incidence of P. longicolla and other seed-borne fungi was determined in the fields at three different locations in South Korea during 2009–2010. The significant differences in sensitivity to seed-borne diseases were shown among cultivars. Taekwangkong exhibited the greatest resistance to P. longicolla with average incidence of 0.33% and other seed-borne fungi with average incidence of 6.17%. Moreover, Taekwangkong was free of P. longicolla infection both in Milyang and in Daegu. To confirm the effective resistance source, the Korean virulent strain of P. longicolla, SSLP-3, was inoculated artificially on soybean of R4–R7 growth stage in the greenhouse. Taekwangkong exhibited a higher level of resistance to P. longicolla with significantly lower incidence (8.67%) than any other Korean elite cultivars (78.0–99.33%) and the previously reported resistant PI genotypes (35.0–55.67%). Further verification of resistance in Taekwangkong to P. longicolla by testing germination vigor of healthy seeds in vitro showed a higher germination rate than those of the susceptible cultivars. It could be suggested that Taekwangkong is a newly identified resistance source and the better source of resistance to P. longicolla to develop breeding populations for exploiting resistance gene(s) in further studies.

The customer load profile clustering method is used to make the TDLP (Typical Daily Load Profile) to estimate the quarter hourly load profile of non-AMR (Automatic Meter Reading) customers. This study examines how the repeated clustering method improves the ability to discriminate among the TDLPs of each cluster. The k-means algorithm is a well-known clustering technology in data mining. Repeated clustering groups the cluster into sub-clusters with the k-means algorithm and chooses the sub-cluster that has the maximum average error and repeats clustering until the final cluster count is satisfied.

To select proper soybean cultivars for producing functional cheonggukjang, a comparison was made of the physiological activities of different cheonggukjang prepared with 30 different soybean cultivars. The isoflavone content was highest in the cheonggukjang made from ‘Daepung’ soybeans at 208.75 mg%. In general, the contents of glycone types (and derivatives) of isoflavone, specifically daidzin, glycitin, genistin, and malonylgenistin, were higher than that of aglycone types. The polyphenol contents ranged from 30.62 to 80.32 mg%. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity of the cheonggukjang made from yellow soybeans had a higher activity than those of black soybeans. Although there are no consistent tendencies in the functional activity of cheonggukjang according to soybean color and size, the antioxidative activity is highest in the cheonggukjang made of yellow soybeans. Additionally, the fibrinolytic and inhibitory activities against angiotensin I-converting enzyme are highest in the cheonggukjang made of black soybeans. From these results, it can be concluded that the DPPH free radical scavenging activity and SOD-like activity in cheonggukjang depends on the phenolic compound content in soybean.

In order to select the most ideal soybean cultivars for producing cheonggukjang, the protein degradation characteristics of cheonggukjangs prepared with 30 different soybean cultivars were compared. Cheonggukjang prepared with ‘Nampung’ (18.00±0.28%) and ‘Sohwang’ (17.91±0.63%) soybeans showed the highest contents of viscous substances. Acidic-protease activity was highest (590.24±2.92 μg/mL) in cheonggukjang prepared with small ‘Pungsannalmul’ soybeans. Neutral-protease activity was highest (528.13±3.11 and 527.36±0.44 μg/mL, respectively) in cheonggukjang prepared with ‘Singi’ and ‘Nampung’ soybeans. Cheonggukjang prepared with ‘Wonkwang’ and ‘Sohwang’ soybeans had amino-type nitrogen contents of 780.50±2.92 and 729.95±1.07 mg%, respectively. Glutamic acid, which is a major component of viscous substances, was also detected. Although total free amino acid levels in cheonggukjang prepared with ‘Daewon’ and ‘Wonkwang’ soybeans measured 2,551.21 and 2,340.02 mg%, respectively, cheonggukjang prepared with black soybeans exhibited low levels of total free amino acids. Therefore, based on protein degradation characteristics, large ‘Daewon’ soybeans and small ‘Wonkwang’ soybeans were the most suitable for producing cheonggukjang.

The objective of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of Korean traditional soy sauces made with soybeans sown in different producing regions(Hadong, Paju) and in different seeding periods(late-May, mid-June, late-June). The total acidity, salt content, chromaticity, browning, amino nitrogen content and the reducing sugar content of the soy sauce samples were compared. It was found that the total acidity level and the amino nitrogen contents were significantly lower in the soy sauce made with mid-June soybeans, and that these properties increased as the sauce aged. Salt content increased with the aging period regardless of the region of production. The reducing sugar content of Paju soy sauce was the highest in late -June, and for the Hadong region, highest in late-May. The sauce made with Hadong soy beans showed an increase in reducing sugar content positively correlated with the aging period. Reducing sugar content in the samples of Paju soy sauce decreased up to 60 days of aging, but increased after this point. In Paju soy sauce, the brightness(L value) was significantly higher in mid-June, and the Hadong variant it was higher in late -May. The yellowness(b value) at the beginning of the aging process was high in late -June for Hadong soy sauce, but overall it was higher in the mid-June period. The more matured soy sauce samples were darker and showed both higher a and b values. The browning was the lowest in the mid -June regardless of the regions and it increased with the aging period regardless of the production regions. The salt, amino nitrogen contents, browning and yellowness showed significant correlations among the samples. In conclusion, the seeding period of soy beans may affect the characteristics of produced soy sauce alongside the aging conditions.

This study assessed the altitudinal variations in the anthocyanin and isoflavone contents of six black seed coated soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] cultivars. The black soybean cultivars Heugcheong, Seonheuk, Geomjeong 1, Geomjeong 2, Cheongja 2, and Cheongja 3 were planted at Milyang (12 m above mean sea level — low altitude) and Muju (600 m — high altitude), Korea on 10 June 2005 and 2006. The total anthocyanin and isoflavone contents and individual components were investigated by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All black soybean cultivars cultivated in high altitude possessed significantly higher total anthocyanin (p < 0.01) and isoflavone (p < 0.01) contents than those grown in low altitude. For anthocyanin composition, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, and peonidin-3-O-glucoside contents were significantly higher while delphinidin-3-O-glucoside contents was significantly lower at high altitude. The composition of individual isoflavones, 6″-O-malonyldaidzin, and 6″-O-malonylgenistin contents significantly increased at high altitude.

The contents of lignan, protein, and oil of nine Sesamum indicum cultivars were analyzed. To determine the lignan contents, sesamin 1 and sesamolin 2 were isolated from the ethylacetate extracts of the Suwon cultivar, and the structures were fully characterized by spectral and physical methods. The seeds of nine cultivars were screened for two lignans, which were determined by HPLC using a reversed phase column coupled with a photodiode array detector. Suwon cultivar showed the highest concentration (1: and 2: ), whereas Soonheuk displayed the lowest (1: and 2: ). The average content ratio of sesamin 1 (3.64 mg/g) was significantly higher than that of sesamolin 2 (2.57 mg/g). The protein content ranged from to , Suwon containing the highest level and Soonheuk had the lowest. Kwangbaek showed the highest oil level (), while Soonheuk exhibited the lowest (). Sesamin 1 exhibited a stronger radical-scavenging activity in the ABTS () than its DPPH radical-scavenging activity (>). These results lead to the conclusion that lignan content is affected by protein and oil contents. Concentration of the chemical components in the cultivars could be a key factor in the selection process of a high quality species.

This study was carried out to establish a new breeding scheme which is connected with conventional breeding method and anther culture method. To develop a herbicide resistant and direct seeding rice, plants were subjected to anther culture and regenerated plants from 5 crosses were studied to confirm the introduction of bar gene. After PCR analysis, we selected 227 plants which were carrying herbicide resistance gene (bar) out of 1,508 regenerated plants from anther culture. Among 169 lines carrying herbicide resistant gene from 5 crosses including YR23235 (Dongjin Ds3(Ba )/ Milyang165), 42 lines that had superior agronomic characters were selected for further research. Among them, YR23235Acp79 which showed herbicide resistance, direct seeding adaptability and superiority in major agronomic characters was named Milyang 204. This breeding scheme proved that the anther culture of plants crossed between transformant and cultivar or transform ant alone could be utilized in breeding programs for a rapid progeny fixation and development of a variety.y.