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Yield learning in modern technologies requires fail data logging from the scan and memory structural tests to gain insight into the failing location inside a chip.Currently there is no standard format to store the fail data in an efficient way. A group of more than 20companies from ATE, EDA, Semiconductor and Yield Management companies has been working to enhance the Standard Fail Data log Format (STDF) V4 to enable efficient fail data log for scan and memory fails. This paper describes the proposed memory fail datalog format.

The modern history of children’s books in Britain is commonly regarded as beginning in the 1740s, when John Newbery opened a shop in London and began to publish and sell books for ‘little masters and misses’. The first serious historian of the subject, Harvey Darton, wrote in Children’s Books in England of ‘Newbery the Conqueror’, and (with tongue firmly in cheek) described the year 1744, in which Newbery published his first title, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, as ‘a date comparable to the 1066 of the older histories’.

Imaging studies have reported impaired activation of the striatum and their frontal projection sites in dsytonia, areas which are considered to play a role in motor preparation, movement initiation and execution. The aim of this study was to investigate the processes of motor preparation, response initiation and execution in patients with idiopathic torsion dystonia (ITD). We assessed 12 patients with ITD and 12 age-matched controls on a number of reaction time (RT) tasks that differed in degree of motor preparation possible. Subjects performed a visual simple RT (SRT) task, an uncued four-choice reaction time (CRT) task and a fully precued four-choice RT task. A stimulus 1-stimulus 2 (S1-S2) paradigm was used. The warning signal/precue (S1) preceded the imperative stimulus (S2) by either 0 ms (no warning signal or precue) 200 ms, 800 ms, 1,600 ms or 3,200 ms. The patients with ITD had significantly slower RTs and movement times than normals across all RT tasks. The unwarned SRT trials were significantly faster than the uncued CRT trials for both groups. For both groups, precued CRTs were significantly faster than the uncued CRTs. The results show that while response initiation and execution are significantly slower in patients with ITD than normals, movement preparation is not quantitatively or qualitatively different. The results are discussed in relation to previous imaging, behavioural and electrophysiological studies and models of fronto-striatal dysfunction in ITD.

California heralded the New Year with a wave of rolling blackouts, spiraling wholesale electricity prices, and at least one utility bankruptcy. California, which symbolizes the electronic age and represents an eighth of the U.S. economy and its population, faces electricity supply issues not seen since the Great Depression and the collapse of the great utility holding companies. To what extent is California the bellwether for the restructured electric industry in the United States? We do not believe that the recent crisis in California is a signal that competition and deregulation have failed. Indeed, it remains our firm belief that market-oriented restructuring of the electric industry remains the best opportunity to provide consumer benefits and to develop reliable new sources of supply. After all, a major impetus for introducing competition into the generation and marketing of electricity has been the previous failures in long-term planning decisions made by public utilities and their regulators. The regulated monopoly regime simply did not provide the correct economic incentives for a company to provide electric service efficiently. To what extent can other states that have restructured their electric industries expect to see California-like dramatic sustained price increases and supply shortages resulting in rolling blackouts? The root cause of California's problems was its long-term failure to build generating plants during the most sustained economic boom in the state's history. California's most significant restructuring problem was also a local issue. The California restructuring law required utilities collecting stranded costs to retain fixed price obligations to retail customers, while preventing them from hedging their price risk in the wholesale market by entering into long-term supply contracts. The California market design flaws have been avoided in the restructuring legislation enacted by the twenty-four states and the District of Columbia that have restructured electricity markets. Among these states are Pennsylvania and Illinois - the states where Exelon conducts public utility businesses. The restructuring efforts in these other states are generally yielding results quite different from those in California and demonstrate that thoughtful, market-oriented, evolutionary restructuring can work well for all parties. This is not a reason, however, for complacency. Government agencies, utilities and all market stakeholders must work hard to make sure this answer remains valid a few years hence. This work includes establishing appropriate pricing and incentives to encourage the building of new supply and the development of demand-side management programs; establishing regional transmission organizations in order to support the expansion of and appropriate pricing for transmission; establishing appropriate rules and pricing regarding the utilities' provider of last resort or default supply obligation. The default supply issue is one of the most significant challenges to the transition to competition. If the delivery companies retain primary responsibility for arranging supply and thus lock up most of the generation sources, the result is reliable service and stable rates for customers. However, new market entrants' access to supply sources will be limited and at high prices, making it difficult for them to compete. To resolve this dilemma, we propose a bifurcated approach to default service offerings and pricing. For large customers, who have the most desirable service characteristics to competitive suppliers and thus more opportunity to hedge their price risk, the utilities' only default service obligation would be unbundled energy at a market price. For mass market customers, who lack hedging ability because of limited, if any, market development, the utilities would provide a fixed price, multi-year energy supply offering. The price for both offerings must include a risk premium adequate to compensate the utility for the risk it assumes and to avoid rates that are too low to allow alternative suppliers to compete. We believe our default supply resolution will achieve the competing goals of price stability, reliability, and the development of a mature competitive market. The California experience is not an accident or the product of bad luck. It is the product of choices - long-term choices about siting generation and transmission, and the more recent choice of a market design that imposed asymmetric risks on utilities to the ultimate detriment of all. If other states make similar choices, similar consequences can be expected to follow. In short, the California experience is no reason to reject restructuring; it is rather a forceful lesson on the importance of doing it right.

The responses of siblings to a childhood mental illness have been conceptualized in different ways. When siblings have not been ignored, they have been viewed most frequently as an influence upon the illness or as subject to the same dynamics that were believed to have caused the mental illness. As conceptualizations of the causes of mental illness have changed, the literature on siblings has changed to focus on the impact of the illness on the sibling. How siblings and sibling relationships are conceptualized has important implications for clinical research and practice. More research is needed to understand the sibling experience in childhood mental illness. Clinicians can do more for the family if all of the family dynamics and responses to the illness are explored.

Milieu therapists are confronted with a dilemma when more than one child in the same family requires hospitalization. Conventional wisdom discourages simultaneous hospitalization of siblings on the same unit. The sibling bond, however, is an important aspect of development and can be used therapeutically. This paper examines issues and opportunities presented to milieu therapists by the simultaneous hospitalization of siblings, and makes recommendations for maximizing therapeutic use of the sibling bond.

This article examines some of the advances, particularly those in the area of attachment theory, that have been made in understanding the developing child. The implications of attachment theory for understanding of developmental psychopathology are discussed. The role played by parents in the child's development is briefly outlined. The implications that attachment theory presents for the milieu treatment of children are discussed.

(1976). Racism and sexism in children's books. New Community: Vol. 5, No. 1-2, pp. 157-160.

The phrase ‘American way of life’ seems to have originated through the near monopoly which Hollywood possessed in the film industry during the period between the two world wars. It was reinforced by an assertive nationalistic spirit which, it can be argued, reached high fever points with the ‘red scare’ and restrictions on immigration in the early nineteen-twenties, with the Second World War, and with the subsequent Gold War and McCarthy troubles during the Truman and Eisenhower Administrations. More than a century before, however, European writers like Alexis de Tocqueville had been referring to Americans as a people or race apart and distinct from the folk of the ‘Old World’. In fact ever since the premonitory grumblings of the troubles culminating in the political divorce of the eastern and western English-speaking peoples there had been, from the latter, intermittent but quite persistent assertions that they were culturally, even physically distinct, different and superior.

Although it is impossible to assess the exact numbers of emigrants from Cornwall to the United States in the century before the outbreak of the first World War, it cannot have been far short of a hundred thousand. Some Cornish people had gone to the New World before the American Revolution, but group and family rather than individual migrations began in the period of economic dislocation following the close of the Napoleonic wars, or, more specifically after a financial and economic speculative boom collapsed with particularly devastating effects in some West Cornish mining districts in 1825. It may be postulated that this was the first major slump in peace-time to afflict the mining industry which had come to be regarded as the mainstay of Cornish economic life; earlier recessions and disturbances could easily be associated, rightly or wrongly, with the wars against the French which had raged more than half the years of the long reign of George III. In the course of the next century there were to...

Among the immigrant groups which made a considerable contribution to the development of the United States and of the American way of life the Cornish people must be reckoned. Older accounts of the mining, camps of the Pacific Coast actually enumerate the “Cornish nationality” among the races that thronged to the gold and silver diggings. Yet, throughout the nineteenth century, British, census returns reveal that there were rarely more than a third of a million Cornish folk in the “old country”, and after 1861 their numbers declined. Yet this people impressed themselves upon the American scene, even on some of its most superficial observers, and this for a variety of reasons, apart from the local provincialisms created by geographic remoteness and physical difficulties of communication in the homeland until well into the “railway age”.

GLYCOGEN deposits have been demonstrated with light and electron microscope in the hindbrain areas of rabbits affected with hereditary ataxia. 1,2 This raises the possibility that the underlying specific hereditary defect is in some way related to carbohydrate metabolism. Consequently, a quantitative study has been made of glycogen and of major intermediates of glycolysis in brains of ataxic rabbits. In order to assess the glycolytic capacity and metabolic status, these substances, as well as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine, were measured in two samples of tissue from each animal. One sample was frozen as quickly as possible after removal from the animal; the second sample was frozen about one minute later, ie, after a measured period of ischemia. Three enzymes concerned with glycogen metabolism and two enzymes of the pentose pathway were also measured. The lesions of hereditary ataxia develop in a predictable pattern. 3 To take advantage of this