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How the absence of gravity affects the physiology of human beings is generating global research interest as space exploration, including missions aboard the International Space Station, continues to push boundaries. Here, we examined changes in retinal microcirculation and visual electrophysiology in mice suspended by their tails to simulate the cephalad movement of blood that occurs under microgravity conditions. Tail suspension was performed with a head-down tilt with a recommended angle of 30°. Mice in the control groups were similarly attached to a tether but could maintain a normal position. Morphologically, the 15-day tail-suspended mice showed retinal microvascular dilation, tortuosity, and a relatively long fluorescence retention; however, the average diameter of the major retinal vessels was not notably changed. In addition, optical coherence tomography showed their optic nerve head had an increased diameter. However, the mice could adapt to the change, with microcirculation and the optic nerve head recovering following 30-day tail suspension. Expression of rhodopsin and cone-opsins was not notably changed, and no retinal apoptotic-positive cells were detected between 15- and 30-day tail suspensions. Moreover, the three experimental groups of suspended mice showed normal retinal layers and thickness. Functionally, following 15-day tail suspension, scotopic electroretinograms showed a decline in the oscillatory potentials (OPs), but not in the b wave; simultaneously, the peak time of flash visual evoked potential component N1 was delayed compared to its baseline and the time-matched control. Following 30-day tail suspension, the OPs (O2) amplitude recovered to approximately 97% of its baseline or 86% of the time-matched control level. By simulating cephalad shifting of blood, short-term tail suspension can affect rodent retinal microcirculation, the optic nerve head, and disturb visual electrophysiology. However, the change is reversible with no permanent injury observed in the retina. The mice could adapt to the short-term change of retinal microcirculation, indicating new conditions that could be combined with, or could enhance, simulated microgravity for further studying the impact of short- or long-term outer space conditions on the retina.

Aims To determine the influence of single-vision lenses (SVLs) and progressive addition lenses (PALs) on the near vision posture of myopic children based on their near phoria. Methods Sixty-two myopic children were assigned to wear SVLs followed by PALs. Eighteen children were esophoric (greater than +1), 18 were orthophoric (−1 to 1) and 26 were exophoric (less than −1) at near. Reading distance, head tilt and ocular gaze angles were measured using an electromagnetic system after adaptation to each lens type. Results The lens type did not influence reading distance or head tilt angle (p>0.05 for both), but ocular gaze angle decreased significantly with the PALs (F=9.25, p=0.004). With the PALs, exophoric children exhibited significantly increased head tilt angle (p=0.003) and reduced ocular gaze angle (p=0.004) compared with esophoric children. Near non-exophoric children exhibited similar eye and head postures when wearing SVLs and PALs, whereas exophoric children exhibited reduced ocular gaze angle (t=−3.18, p=0.04) with PALs compared with SVLs. Using PALs for reading, the mean addition power employed by esophoric children was significantly greater than exophoric children (p=0.04). Conclusions The lens type and the near phoria state affected near vision posture. During reading, myopic esophoric children used a lower portion of their PALs compared with exophoric children, resulting in greater addition power. These results may partially explain why myopic children with near esophoria exhibited superior treatment effects in myopia control trials using PALs.

Purpose To investigate near-vision posture in Chinese myopic schoolchildren and compare near-vision posture during different near-vision tasks (i.e., playing video games, reading, and writing). Methods The study investigated 120 myopic children (grades 1 through 6 and aged 6 to 13 years). An electromagnetic motion-tracking system was used for continuous measurements of the working distance and head declination of the subjects while they were playing video games or reading or writing at a desk. The reading and writing documents were adjusted by grade level (i.e., grades 1 to 2, 3 to 4, and 5 to 6). For analysis, the subjects were grouped in two refractive groups according to their median spherical equivalent refractive error (−1.50D). Results The myopic schoolchildren used close working distances for all tasks: 21.3 ± 5.2 cm (video games), 27.2 ± 6.4 cm (reading), and 24.9 ± 5.8 cm (writing). The mean head declinations were 63.5 ± 12.2 deg (video games), 37.1 ± 12.8 deg (reading), and 44.5 ± 14.1 deg (writing). Working distance decreased significantly across time for the reading and writing tasks (p < 0.001). Head declination increased significantly across time only for the reading task (p < 0.001). Grade level significantly influenced working distance, but the difference was not significant when working distance was adjusted by the subject’s size. No differences were observed within the refractive or the accommodative lag groups in terms of the posture data (p > 0.05). Working distance was negatively correlated with head declination (r = −0.53, p < 0.001). Conclusions Close working distances were observed for Chinese myopic schoolchildren. The attention dedicated to each task, the task difficulty, and the page/screen size may affect near working distance and head declination. Handheld video games were associated with the closest working distance, which may be a risk factor for myopia progression, according to previous studies.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text, Background: The aim of this study was to describe the design, methods, and baseline characteristics of children enrolled in the Personalized Addition lenses Clinical Trial (PACT). PACT aims to test the myopia control efficacy of progressive addition lenses (PALs) with personalized addition values compared with standard (+2.00 D) addition PALs and single vision lenses (SVLs). Methods: PACT is a randomized, controlled, double-masked clinical trial. Two hundred eleven myopic Chinese children (7–12 years) were enrolled and randomized into 1 of the 3 following groups: personalized addition PALs; +2.00 addition PALs; and SVLs. Personalized addition values were determined based on the highest addition that satisfied Sheard criterion. Axial length and other biometric data were also recorded. Results: At baseline, no differences were found between the right and left eyes for any of the main parameters. The enrolled children were 9.7 ± 1.1 years’ old with cycloplegic autorefraction (right eye [OD]: −2.36 ± 0.64 D), near phoria (1.0 ± 5.0 prism diopter esophoria), lag of accommodation (1.40 ± 0.50 D) and axial length (OD: 24.58 ± 0.74 mm). The personalized addition values ranged from +0.75 to +3.00 (average ± SD: 2.19 ± 0.73 D). Conclusion: PACT is a clinical trial evaluating whether myopia progression in children can be slowed by wearing personalized addition PALs compared with fixed addition PALs and SVLs as measured by cycloplegic autorefraction and axial length. Baseline data were comparable with those of previous myopia control studies in children. Subjects will be followed up every 6 months for 2 years.

Chemical looping combustion (CLC) is a novel technology with inherent CO 2 capture, especially for solid fuels. The existence of ash in solid fuels is one major challenge for CLC technology development. In this work, interaction between an iron-based oxygen carrier and four different types of coal ash was studied in a laboratory-scale fluidized reactor. Different factors – the ash component, the redox cycle number, and the ash size – were taken into account. Chemical composition of the ash had effect on the reduction time from Fe 2 O 3 to Fe 3 O 4 in the fluidized bed. The presence of reactive components (such as Fe 2 O 3 and CaSO 4 ) in the ash, functioning as oxygen carriers, extended the reduction time. However, the chemical combination between the ash contents and the carrier can shorten the reduction time. The effect of ash on the carrier’s reactivity depended on the ash type. Most ashes decreased the reactivity of the carrier, except the ash mainly composed of CaSO 4 which showed an increased reactivity due to the deposited reactive CaSO 4 . The effect of ash on decreasing the carrier’s reactivity increased with the cycles. Meanwhile, the larger ash (900–1000 μm) corresponded to a higher CO conversion, and thus had less effect on the reactivity than the smaller ash (300–400 μm). This occurrence can be attributed to the non-uniform solid–solid contact between the larger ash and the carrier. Sintering and agglomeration of the carrier particles occurred in the existence of most ashes, except the lignite ash enriched in CaO. Ash deposition and the formation of new compounds were detected. One common compound formed in the presence of SiO 2 -rich ash was Fe 2 SiO 4 , which has a low melt point (1170 °C) and a low thermal conductivity with a greater adhesion. The physical ash deposition and the formation of Fe 2 SiO 4 through chemical reactions were proposed to be the main reasons for the effect of ash on the carrier’s reactivity and the occurrence of sintering and agglomeration. The existence of ash not only has impact on the carrier’s reactivity, but also causes solid fluidization disturbances. More effort is deserved to put into the ash-related issue in solid fuel CLC.

In solid fuel (such as lignite) chemical looping combustion, solid fuels undergo pyrolysis and gasification. The volatiles from pyrolysis and the gasification product (CO/H 2 ) react with oxygen carriers. The gas conversion (to CO 2 /H 2 O) in the fuel reactor is a key point. However, char particles of different sizes and conversion ratios cause segregation in the fuel reactor, which influences the contact time between fuel gases and the carrier, thereby changing the gas conversion behavior. In order to gain information on obtaining a high gas conversion in the fuel reactor, this work focused on the effect of the char particle segregation on gas conversion. Different factors – the char particle size, the fluidizing gas velocity, and the oxygen carrier reactivity – were taken into account. Smaller char particles with low density would float on top of the fluidized bed, corresponding to a low gas conversion ( U mf in the Fe63Al bed) can reduce the segregation effect, resulting in a higher CO conversion. High reactivity carriers can convert CO completely although segregation exists, whereas low reactivity carriers exhibit the segregation effect and thus corresponds to a low CO conversion.

Purpose The spatial frequency (SF) characteristics of accommodation in children are not well understood. In this study, we measured accommodative responses to grating targets to investigate the SF dependence of accommodation in children. Methods The effects of SF and contrast on the accommodative system were evaluated in two groups of children, including 22 with emmetropia and 20 with myopia. The contrast detection thresholds at five SFs were measured using a near-contrast sensitivity function test. The accommodative responses to grating targets with low (1.5 cycles per degree [cpd]), medium (6 cpd), and high (18 cpd) SFs were measured with a Grand Seiko WAM-5500 in dynamic mode for 30 seconds under standard and detection threshold contrast conditions. The accommodative lag and accommodative microfluctuations (AMFs) were compared between the two groups. Results Under standard contrast conditions, no significant difference was found in the accommodative lag across SFs (F = 2.03, P = 0.14) or between the two groups (F = 3.57, P = 0.07). The AMFs were lowest at 6 cpd in emmetropia group (F = 6.51, P = 0.003) and in total (F = 10.82, P < 0.001). Children in emmetropia group showed greater AMFs at high SFs under detection threshold contrast conditions than under standard contrast conditions (P < 0.05). Conclusions This study demonstrated that the instability of accommodation was SF dependent in children. The AMFs in children were smallest at the medium SF for standard contrast grating targets. Myopic children are less sensitive to the low-contrast-induced blur for high SFs than emmetropic children. Translational Relevance This study provides a possibility to stabilize accommodative response of children by transforming SF components of fixation targets.

Chemical looping combustion (CLC) is a novel CO2 capture technology with inherent separation of N2 with CO2 produced by fossil fuel combustion. Fe-based oxygen carrier is one of the most promising ...

Raw ilmenite was tested as an oxygen carrier for chemical looping combustion (CLC) in a dual fluidized bed reactor for 100 h. After this 100 h test, 21 wt % of the total used raw ilmenite was impre...

In a previous work by our group, a new kind of ilmenite oxygen carrier, namely, natural ilmenite particles impregnated with foreign ions (K+, Na+, or Ca2+), was reported as having a promoted reactivity. The objective of this work was to investigate the detailed reduction kinetics of the new foreign-ion-promoted ilmenite carrier. Ilmenite particles impregnated with different types of foreign ions, including K+, Na+, and Ca2+, at different loading ratios were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) using CO as the reducing gas. The samples tested by TGA for kinetics included the initial ilmenite particles and particles extracted from the fluidized-bed reactor after 40, 70, or 100 continuous redox cycles, as was done in the previous work. The obtained kinetic parameters were applied for the design of a chemical-looping combustion (CLC) reactor. The findings confirmed that the impregnation of foreign ions can promote the reduction rate of ilmenite. The kinetic data obtained by TGA indicated that the ...

A new kind of ilmenite oxygen carrier was prepared by impregnating the raw ilmenite particles with K2CO3, Na2CO3, or Ca(NO3)2. The cyclic reduction reactivity of the new oxygen carrier was investigated in a fluidized bed reactor. It has been found that the addition of foreign ions can significantly promote the reduction reactivity of ilmenite. The effect of foreign ions on enhancing the reduction reactivity of ilmenite is in the sequence of K+ > Na+ > Ca2+. The effect of the loading amount of K+ on increasing the ilmenite reactivity is in the sequence of 15 wt % K+ > 10 wt % K+ > 5 wt % K+. The reduction reactivity of the ilmenite impregnated with 15 wt % K+ can be improved ∼8 times faster than that of the activated raw ilmenite. This reactivity reaches up to the same level of the synthetic Ni-based carrier. The modified ilmenite obtains a porous structure caused by the migration of K or Na ions. One possible explanation for the reactivity enhancement of ilmenite with the addition of foreign ions, especia...

Chemical looping combustion (CLC) is a promising technology with inherent CO 2 separation, in which the oxygen required for fuel combustion is transferred by a so-called oxygen carrier through a redox cycle. The fundamental steps involved in CLC are gas–solid reactions, i.e., metal oxidation and oxide reduction. Gas–solid reaction kinetics is important for CLC and has been studied by many researchers. Most research focuses on macroscopic behavior, such as the effect of the solid product on the pore structure inside particles. However, the nucleation and growth of the solid product is a critical step for the gas–solid reaction, and the growth mechanism of the solid product is still not clear. In this work, the nucleation and growth process of the solid product (iron oxides) in different oxidation stages of the Fe in CLC was studied. The rate equation theory considering surface reaction and diffusion, the nucleation and growth of solid products, and Ostwald ripening was used to analyze the evolution of island density with time and its effect on the kinetics of Fe oxidation. The oxidation time, the reaction temperature, and the oxygen concentration were considered. It was found that the solid product appeared as dispersed, three-dimensional islands. At the beginning of the reaction, the islands were small and densely distributed on the reactant surface. As the oxidation time increased, the size of the islands became larger, while the density decreased at first, then increased. The temperature increase caused the islands to grow in size while the distribution of the islands grew sparser. The O 2 concentration only influenced the island density. The nucleation or growth of the islands changed the surface morphology of the solid product, and decreased the apparent reaction rate. The reaction kinetics was greatly influenced by the arrangement of the solid product.

Chemical looping combustion (CLC) uses a metal oxide (the oxygen carrier) to provide oxygen for the combustion of a fuel and gives an inherent separation of pure CO2 with minimal energy penalty. In solid-fuel CLC, volatile matter will interact with oxygen carriers. Here, the interaction between iron-based oxygen carriers and a volatile hydrocarbon (n-heptane) was investigated in both a laboratory-scale fluidised bed and a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA). Experiments were undertaken to characterise the thermal decomposition of the n-heptane occurring in the presence and in the absence of the oxygen carrier. In a bed of inert particles, carbon deposition increased with temperature and acetylene appeared as a possible precursor. For a bed of carrier consisting of pure Fe2O3, carbon deposition occurred once the Fe2O3 was fully reduced to Fe. When the Fe2O3 was doped with 10 mol % Al2O3 (Fe90Al), deposition started when the carrier was reduced to a mixture of Fe and FeAl2O4, the latter being very unreactive. Furthermore, when pure Fe2O3 was fully reduced to Fe, agglomeration of the fluidised bed occurred. However, Fe90Al did not give agglomeration even after extended reduction. The results suggest that Fe90Al is promising for the CLC of solid fuels. © 2012 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Citation information: Xu J, Bao J, Lu F & He JC. An indirect method to compare the reference centres for corneal measurements. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2012, 32, 125–132. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00880.x Abstract Purpose: Corneal measurements are commonly presented with respect to a specific reference centre, but the location of the reference centre on the corneal surface could vary from one diagnostic modality to another. This study aimed to develop a method for comparing reference centres used by corneal measurement systems. Methods: An indirect method was developed to compare reference centres by making use of the pupil centre and its offset from the reference centre. Reference centres in a Scheimpflug imaging system, the Pentacam HR, and a Placido-ring corneal topography system, the ATLAS Corneal Topography System, were compared for the right and left eyes of 30 subjects. The subjects all had similar pupil sizes when measured by the two systems. Differences and correlations of the pupil centre offsets between the two systems were statistically tested and compared by Bland–Altman analyses. Results: There were no significant differences in mean pupil offsets between the two systems for either the right or left eyes (p > 0.05). There were strong correlations of the pupil centre offsets between the two systems for each eye (right eye x-axis: r = 0.95, p

Distribution of AVS (acid volatile sulfide)-SEM (simultaneously extracted metals), transformation mechanism and risk assessment of heavy metals in the Nanhai Lake in Baotou City were discussed in this work. The results showed that the content of heavy metals in sediments increased due to the water pumped from the Yellow River, domestic sewage, municipal runoff and yacht waste release. Increasing water depth, domestic sewage influx and hydrophyte booming made the AVS level higher in downstream than upstream. The vertical distribution of AVS is characterized as multiple-peak in the sediment cores from the studied lake. Comparatively, the control abilities of the carbonate and sulfate to the heavy metals were five orders of magnitude lower than the sulfide phase. Therefore, AVS was the key factor controlling the precipitation of heavy metals in the Nanhai Lake. The ratio of SEM/AVS in the sediments, the acute sediment quality criteria and the chronic sediment quality criteria indicated that no acute toxicity for benthic organisms can be expected, and the AVS plays an important role in controlling the bioavailability and toxicity of heavy metals in the Nanhai Lake.

DNA methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B) is critically involved in de novo DNA methylation and genomic stability, while the regulatory mechanism in liver is largely unknown. We previously reported that diurnal variation occurs in the mRNA expression of Dnmt3b in adult mouse liver. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism underlying the diurnal expression pattern. The highest level and the lowest level of Dnmt3b mRNA expression were confirmed to occur at dawn and in the afternoon, respectively, and the expression pattern of Dnmt3b closely coincided with that of Bmal1. Since the diurnal pattern of Dnmt3b mRNA expression developed at weaning and scheduled feeding to separate the feeding cycle from the light/dark cycle led to a phase-shift in the expression, it could be assumed that feeding plays a critical role as an entrainment signal. In liver-specific Bmal1 knockout (L-Bmal1 KO) mice, L-Bmal1 deficiency resulted in significantly higher levels of Dnmt3b at all measured time points, and the time when the expression was the lowest in wild-type mice was shifted to earlier. Investigation of global DNA methylation revealed a temporal decrease of 5-methyl-cytosine percentage in the genome of wild-type mice in late afternoon. By contrast, no such decrease in 5-methyl-cytosine percentage was detected in L-Bmal1 KO mice, suggesting that altered Dnmt3b expression affects the DNA methylation state. Taken together, the results suggest that the feeding and hepatic clockwork generated by the clock genes, including Bmal1, regulate the diurnal variation in Dnmt3b mRNA expression and the consequent dynamic changes in global DNA methylation.

Knowing the actual behavior of readers will help us understand how near work influences a reader’s eyes, comfort, reading efficiency, pleasure, and the ability to learn to read. We designed a methodology for reading behavior research, and investigated the reading behavior of emmetropic schoolchildren in China and factors that influence their reading. Children from grades 2 through 5 read text in an armchair, at a desk, and when reading and writing at the desk with three different font sizes. Their preferred reading distance was very near to the eyes, averaging 28.5±6.4cm in the armchair, 25.4±6.6cm at the desk and 20.6±6.5cm in the reading/writing task, and was always slightly closer for the smallest font. Second grade children averaged just a 16.3±4.1cm reading distance in the reading/writing task. Head tilt and angle of gaze were altered by reading condition and font size. Reading speed was fastest at the desk and for those with longer reading distances and, surprisingly, for the smallest font size. Reading behavior is not a fixed entity but differs with grade level and reading condition. This suggests that reading behavior can be altered through better ergonomics and text design which may reduce myopia, aesthenopia, and binocular anomalies and help children read better.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if hyperbaric oxygen ( HBO) may induce structural changes of neurons in hippocampus from infantile rats and if the changes are reversible. METHODS: All 27 healthy SD infantile rats were exposed to HBO (0.25 MPa) or hyperbaric air (HBA) for 1 to 3 courses (10 days as 1 course). The hippocampus was taken at the end of each course to observe its morphology b y light microscope and electron microscope. RESULTS: HBO exposure induced capillary dilation, nuclear membr ane winding or blurring and some mitochondria swelling with its crista blurring i n neurons. The changes occurred after 1 course exposure and became significant w ith time. Most of the changes recovered 20 days after stopping exposure. No chan ge was found after HBA exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term HBO exposure can cause capillary dilati on and ultrastructural injury of neurons in hippocampus from infantile rats. The damage is not serious, but reversible.

Purpose: To investigate the effects of rigid-gas-permeable contact lens (RGP-CL) wear on Zernike astigmatism and visual performance in myopic eyes. Methods: A wavefront sensor was used to evaluate Zernike astigmatism for 21 eyes with minimum astigmatism and 18 eyes with moderate astigmatism under three different modes of refractive correction: the RGP-CL, spectacle lens correcting spherical equivalent (SL) and spectacle lens fully correcting spherical error and astigmatism (fSL). Contrast visual acuity was assessed with a VA tester at four contrast levels and two luminance backgrounds. Results: Compared to the SL wear, RGP-CL wear changed the main axis astigmatism [Formula: see text] from -0.09 ± 0.34 to 0.34 ± 0.22 for the minimum astigmatism group, while the contrast VA was improved about 0.05 LogMAR (F = 8.06, p < 0.01). For the group with moderate astigmatism, significant reduction in [Formula: see text] was found for both fSL wear (t = 4.78, p < 0.001) and RGP-CL wear (t = 6.29, p < 0.0001). The changes in astigmatism were significantly correlated between the fSL and RGP-CL wears (r = 0.897, p < 0.0001 for [Formula: see text]; and r = 0.643, p = 0.004 for [Formula: see text]. Contrast VA was significantly improved for both fSL and RGP-CL wears and the improvements were significantly correlated between each other for all four contrast levels and two backgrounds. Conclusion: RGP-CL wear induces astigmatism for the eyes with minor astigmatism probably due to a correction of corneal astigmatism and thus a manifesting of the lens astigmatism. For the astigmatic eyes, RGP-CL wear has similar effect on correcting astigmatism as the spectacle lens wear with spherical-cylinder correction and also produces similar visual improvement.

PURPOSE To measure dynamic change characteristics of spatial and temporal variations in the post-blink tear film of normal eyes. METHODS A wavefront sensor was used to measure dynamic changes in wavefront aberrations, up to the seventh order, for 10 seconds in a group of 33 normal young adults. Tear menisci were imaged with an anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) system and tear film break-up times (TFBUTs) were determined. RESULTS Systematic changes in main axis astigmatism (R(2) = 0.933, P < 0.0001), vertical coma (R(2) = 0.935, P < 0.0001) and spherical aberrations (R(2) = 0.879, P = 0.0002) occurred during the 10-second post-blink period. Both lower tear meniscus height and area increased by 10 seconds compared with the initial levels (P < 0.0001 for each). The change of vertical coma had significant correlation with the increase of lower tear meniscus areas during the 10-second post-blink period (R(2) = 0.181, P = 0.014). Subjects with TFBUTs < 15 seconds had significantly increased main axis astigmatism, vertical coma, and spherical aberrations by 10 seconds. Subjects with longer TFBUTs did not have any significant wavefront aberrations during that period. CONCLUSIONS Systematic changes in some Zernike aberrations after blinking are associated with the changes in tear menisci and TFBUT. There was a substantial individual variation in dynamic changes of Zernike aberrations, suggesting the necessity to explore individual differences in tear quality and tear performance. Dynamic wavefront measurement combined with anterior segment optical coherence tomography could provide a useful tool to understand spatial and temporal processes of the tear film in clinical practice.

Table of contents O1 Changes in peripheral refraction associated with decreased ocular axial growth rate in marmosets Alexandra Benavente-Perez, Ann Nour, Tobin Ansel, Kathleen Abarr, Luying Yan, Keisha Roden, David Troilo O2 PPARα activation suppresses myopia development by increasing scleral collagen synthesis--a new drug target to suppress myopia development Chanyi Lu, Miaozhen Pan, Min Zheng, Jia Qu, Xiangtian Zhou O3 Evidence and possibilities for local ocular growth regulating signal pathways Christine F Wildsoet O4 Myopia researches at Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Fan Lu, Xiangtian Zhou, Jie Chen, Jinhua Bao, Liang Hu, Qinmei Wang, Zibing Jin, Jia Qu O5 Color, temporal contrast and myopia Frances Rucker, Stephanie Britton, Stephan Hanowsky, Molly Spatcher O6 The impact of atropine usage on visual function and reading performance in myopic school children in Taiwan Hui-Ying Kuo, Ching-Hsiu Ke, I-Hsin Kuo, Chien-Chun Peng, Han-Yin Sun O7 Increased time outdoors prevents the onset of myopia: evidence from randomised clinical trials Ian G Morgan O8 Environmental risk factors and gene-environment interactions for myopia in the ALSPAC cohort Jeremy A. Guggenheim, Rupal L. Shah, Cathy Williams O9 Retinal metabolic profiling identifies declines in FP receptor-linked signaling as contributors to form-deprived myopic development in guinea pigs Jinglei Yang, Peter S. Reinach, Sen Zhang, Miaozhen Pan, Wenfeng Sun, Bo Liu, Xiangtian Zhou O10 The study of peripheral refraction in moderate and high myopes after one month of wearing orthokeratology lens Jun Jiang, Haoran Wu, Fan Lu O11 Axial length of school children around the earth’s equatorial area and factors affecting the axial length Kazuo Tsubota, Hiroko Ozawa, Hidemasa Torii, Shigemasa Takamizawa, Toshihide Kurihara, Kazuno Negishi O12 Processing of defocus in the chicken retina by retinal ganglion cells Klaus Graef, Daniel Rathbun, Frank Schaeffel O13 Blue SAD light protects against form deprivation myopia in chickens, by local signaling within the retina Ladan Ghodsi, William K. Stell O14 Contributions of ON and OFF pathways to emmetropization and form deprivation myopia in mice Machelle T. Pardue, Ranjay Chakraborty, Han na Park, Curran S. Sidhu, P. Michael Iuvone O15 Response of the human choroid to defocus Michael J Collins O16 What can RNA sequencing tell us about myopic sclera? Nethrajeith Srinvasalu, Sally A McFadden, Paul N Baird O17 Overview of dopamine, retinal function, and myopia P. Michael Iuvone O18 The eye as a "robust" optical system and myopia Pablo Artal O19 Effect of discontinuation of orthokeratology lens wear on axial elongation in children Pauline Cho, SW Cheung O20 Myopia prevention in Taiwan Pei-Chang Wu O21 Alternatives to ultraviolet light and riboflavin for in vivo crosslinking of scleral collagen Quan V. Hoang, Sally A. McFadden O22 Absence of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC) alters normal refractive development in mice Ranjay Chakraborty, Duk C. Lee, Erica G. Landis, Michael A. Bergen, Curran Sidhu, Samer Hattar, P. Michael Iuvone, Richard A. Stone, Machelle T. Pardue O23 Scleral micro-RNAs in myopia development and their potential as therapeutic targets Ravi Metlapally O24 Effects of the long-wavelength filtered continuous spectrum on emmetropization in juvenile guinea pigs Ruiqin Li, Qinglin Xu, Hong Zhon, Chenglin Pan, Weizhon Lan, Xiaoning Li, Ling Chen, Zhikuan Yang O25 Ocular and environmental factors associated with eye growth in childhood Scott A. Read O26 Overview- prevention and prediction of myopia and pathologic myopia Seang-Mei Saw O27 New insights into the roles of retinal dopamine in form-deprivation myopia and refractive development in C57BL/6 mice Shi-Jun Weng, Xiao-Hua Wu, Kang-Wei Qian, Yun-Yun Li, Guo-Zhong Xu, Furong Huang, Xiangtian Zhou, Jia Qu, Xiong-Li Yang, Yong-Mei Zhong O28 The effects of the adenosine antagonist, 7-methylxanthine, on refractive development in rhesus monkeys Earl L Smith III, Baskar Arumugam, Li-Fang Hung, Lisa A. Ostrin, Klaus Trier, Monica Jong, Brien A. Holden O29 Application of SWATH™ based next generation proteomics (NGP) in studying eye growth: opportunities and challenges Thomas Chuen Lam, Bing Zuo, Samantha Shan, Sally A. McFadden, Dennis Yan-yin Tse, Jingfang Bian, King-Kit Li, Quan Liu, Chi-ho To O30 How could emmetropization make use of longitudinal chromatic aberration? Timothy J. Gawne, John T. Siegwart Jr., Alexander H. Ward, Thomas T. Norton O31 Balance effect of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor subtype activation on refraction development Xiangtian Zhou O32 BMP gene expression changes in chick rpe in response to visual manipulations Yan Zhang, Yue Liu, Carol Ho, Eileen Phan, Abraham Hang, Emily Eng, Christine Wildsoet