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Copyright: 2011 Wörner et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited, A review of the current data on the cell density of normal adult human endothelial cells was carried out in order to establish some common parameters appearing in the different considered populations. From the analysis of cell growth patterns, it is inferred that the cell aging rate is similar for each of the different considered populations. Also, the morphology, the cell distribution and the tendency to hexagonallity are studied. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that this phenomenon is analogous with cell behavior in other structures such as dry foams and grains in polycrystalline materials. Therefore, its driving force may be controlled by the surface tension and the mobility of the boundaries., Depto. de Optometría y Visión, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, pub

While multifocal intraocular lenses (MIOLs) are increasingly implanted to correct for presbyopia, how one sees with a multifocal correction is hard to explain and imagine. The current study evaluates the quality of various visual simulating technologies by comparing vision with simulated MIOLs pre-operatively and the implanted MIOLs post-operatively in the same patients. Two simulation platforms were used: (1) a custom-developed adaptive optics (AO) system, with two visual simulator devices: a spatial light modulator (SLM) and an optotunable lens operating under temporal multiplexing (SimVis); and (2) a wearable, binocular, large field of view SimVis2Eyes clinical simulator (SimVis Gekko, 2Eyes Vision, Madrid, Spain). All devices were programmed to simulate a trifocal diffractive MIOL (POD F, FineVision, PhysIOL). Eight patients were measured pre-operatively simulating the trifocal lens and post-operatively with implantation of the same MIOL. Through-focus decimal visual acuity (TF VA) was measured (1) monocularly in monochromatic light using a four-alternative-forced-choice procedure in the AO system, and (2) binocularly using a clinical optotype in white light. Visual simulations pre-operatively predict well the TF VA performance found post-operatively in patients implanted with the real IOL. The average RMS difference between TF curves with the different visual simulators was 0.05 ± 0.01. The average RMS difference between the TF VA curves with the SimVis pre-operatively and the real MIOL post-operatively was 0.06 ± 0.01 in both platforms, and it was higher in cataract eyes (0.08 ± 0.01, on average across simulators) than in eyes with clear lens. In either group, the shape of the TF curves is similar across simulators and pre-and post-operatively. TF curves cross-correlated significantly between simulators (lag k = 0, rho = 0.889), as well as with results with the real MIOL implanted (lag k = 0, rho = 0.853). Visual simulations are useful programmable tools to pr, European Research Council, H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, Gobierno de España, PhysIOL Group (Bélgica), Depto. de Optometría y Visión, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, pub

Purpose: To test the performance of a new monofocal intraocular lens, intended to extend depth of focus (Tecnis Eyhance, ICB00; Johnson & Johnson Vision, Inc) (ICB-IOL), in comparison to a standard monofocal IOL (Tecnis 1-piece, ZCB00; Johnson & Johnson Vision, Inc) (ZCB-IOL) of the same platform and material. Methods: Assessment of the optical performance of the two IOLs was made in vitro using an optical test bench with a model eye. The spherical aberration, modulation transfer function (MTF), and area under the MTF (MTFa) were obtained for pupil sizes ranging from 2 to 5 mm. Through-focus MTFa curves between -3.00 and +1.00 diopters (D) were obtained with three pupil sizes (2, 3, and 4.5 mm). Halo formation was also assessed for both lenses. Results: The ICB-IOL had slightly worse optical quality at its best focus (ie, lower MTF scores at distance vision) and more negative spherical aberration than the ZCB-IOL for pupils ranging from 2 to 3 mm. The maximum of the through-focus MTFa curve of the ICB-IOL with a 2-mm pupil shifted to a myopic defocus of -0.50 D. For larger pupils (≥ 3.5 mm), there were no differences in spherical aberration, MTF scores, and halo energy between the two lenses. Conclusions: The new ICB-IOL is a modified monofocal lens with 0.50 D of additional power in its central 2-mm zone and more negative spherical aberration values, which induce a myopic shift of the maximum of optical quality and could improve intermediate vision. For pupils larger than 3.5 mm, there were no differences between IOLs. The new ICB-IOL design would produce photic phenomena comparable to a standard IOL., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España, Fondos FEDER, Depto. de Optometría y Visión, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, pub

To review binocular and accommodative disorders documented after corneal or intraocular refractive surgery, in normal healthy prepresbyopic patients. A bibliographic revision was performed; it included works published before 1st July 2017 where accommodation and/or binocularity was assessed following any type of refractive surgical procedure. The search in Pubmed yielded 1273 papers, 95 of which fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Few publications reporting binocular vision and/or accommodative changes after refractive surgery in normal subjects were found. The reduction in fusional vergence is the most frequently reported alteration. Anisometropia is an important risk factor for postoperative binocular vision-related complaints. Most diplopia-related visual complaints, irrespective of the surgical procedure, were in fact misdiagnosed preoperative disorders. The preoperative evaluation of patients seeking spectacle/contact lens independence should include a complete binocular and accommodation assessment where parameters such as the phoric posture, accommodative amplitude and facility, near point of convergence, fusional reserves and accommodative convergence/accommodation coefficient are measured. This would allow the identification of risk factors that could compromise the success of the refractive surgery and cause clinical symptoms., Depto. de Optometría y Visión, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, pub

Purpose: To assess the biomechanical stability of three different marketed intraocular lenses (IOLs) with different haptic designs (four-loop IOL [Micro F FineVision model] and double C-loop IOL [POD F and POD FT models], all manufactured by PhysIOL), in silico (computer simulation) and in vivo (in the context of lens surgery). Methods: An in silico simulation investigation was performed using finite element modeling (FEM) software to reproduce the compression test defined by the International Organization for Standardization and in vivo implantation in patients in the context of lens surgery was evaluated 1 day and 3 months postoperatively. IOL decentration and rotation were tested. In addition, the stress and strains were analyzed with the finite element method. Results: In the in silico evaluation, the compression force for the POD F IOL was slightly lower than for the POD FT IOL and Micro F IOL for all compression diameters. The axial displacement was maximum for the POD FT IOL and the tilt, rotation, and lateral decentration were substantially lower than the acceptable tolerance limits established in ISO 11979-2. In the in vivo evaluation, a total of 45 eyes from 45 patients were selected, 15 eyes for each IOL model under assessment. Statistically significant differences were found between the Micro F and POD F IOLs for lateral decentration in the x-direction (in absolute value) at 3 months postoperatively (P = .03). Conclusions: Although statistically significant differences have been found when comparing the displacement, tilt, and rotation between the different lenses, these differences cannot be considered clinically relevant, which would suggest that all three IOL models yield excellent stability in those terms. FEM appears to be a powerful tool for numerical studies of the biomechanical properties of IOLs. [J Refract Surg. 2020;36(9):617-624.], Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España, Fondos FEDER, Depto. de Optometría y Visión, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, pub

Purpose: To demonstrate the influence of the surgeon's and the operating room (OR) technicians' experience upon the outcome of femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS). Materials and methods: Our study included 250 eyes from 156 patients who had undergone either cataract surgery or clear-crystalline-lens extraction and where capsulorhexis and lens fragmentation had been performed using the CATALYS® Precision System femtosecond platform (Abbott Medical Optics Inc., Santa Ana, CA, USA). The patients were operated either by an experienced surgeon in the use of femtosecond laser or by an inexperienced surgeon in that field and two technicians. The quantitative outcome measures were: Suction loss rate, vacuum time, number of consumables used by the patient, and intraoperative complication rate. Results: Both for the experienced and the inexperienced surgeons, suction loss rates as well as vacuum time decreased progressively as time went by and more surgical procedures had been completed by that surgeon. For a given surgeon suction time decreased significantly, going from 137 to 99s, as the assisting technician gradually gained experience. The number of consumables used in each procedure by the experienced surgeon ranged from 1.10 (for the first 50 cases) to 1.02 from those initial cases onwards. Regarding intraoperative complications, they also decreased progressively as the number of procedures completed by the surgeon increased. Conclusions: The experience of each team member involved in such procedures-be it surgeons or technicians-have an impact, to a greater or lesser extent, upon the surgery's outcome, as quantified by the outcome variables of choice., Depto. de Optometría y Visión, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, pub

In recent years, the design of intraocular lenses (IOLs) has experienced a great deal of development and there is now a wide variety of designs. At the moment, some of the most interesting designs that allow for the greatest degree of innovation and customisation are lenses that combine a refractive part with a diffractive part

In the long march to defend their activity, free and community radio stations have sought support from international Human Rights organizations. The Council of Europe has been the most proactive in their promotion at the European level, being the antecedent and basis of European Union policies in this area. However, there is a scarcity of studies on its work. The aim of this article is to know the origins and evolution of the Council’s policies on radio and community media, as well as their influence on these policies. On the one hand, declarations, recommendations, studies and other Council’s documents are analyzed, starting from a reconstruction of its interaction with the radios’ movement. On the other hand, it observes the appropriation of the notion of the right to communicate by both the Council and the radio stations. The methodology employed is qualitative, utilising documentary analysis and process tracking techniques., En la larga marcha para defender su actividad, las radios libres y comunitarias han apelado a los organismos internacionales de Derechos Humanos. El Consejo de Europa es el que más las ha promocionado en el ámbito europeo, siendo el antecedente y aportando el fundamento de las políticas de la Unión Europea en esta materia; su labor, sin embargo, apenas ha sido estudiada. El presente artículo pretende conocer la gestación y evolución de las políticas del Consejo sobre el sector, y la influencia de este en dichas políticas. Por un lado, se analizan declaraciones, recomendaciones, estudios y otros documentos emitidos por este organismo, a partir de una reconstrucción de su interacción con el movimiento de las radios. Por el otro, se observa la apropiación de la noción de derecho a comunicar por parte de ambos actores. La metodología empleada es cualitativa, aplicando las técnicas del análisis documental y el rastreo de procesos.

Exea es una infraestructura temática digital, de apoyo a la investigación abierta, colaborativa e interdisciplinar. Desarrollada íntegramente con código abierto suministra servicios digitales sostenibles para los proyectos, grupos y laboratorios de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades de los Institutos del Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales (CCHS) del CSIC. A través de Exea[1]se puede acceder a contenidos y datos estructurados resultantes de proyectos de investigación de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales, de acuerdo a patrones y estándares científicos, como son los principios FAIR (acrónimo del inglés – Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) permitiendo soportar todo el ciclo de vida de los datos digitales, su preservación e integridad, más allá de la vigencia temporal de los proyectos. Exea proporciona, además del alojamiento de las bases de datos, corpus de textos, aplicaciones y software adaptado a las necesidades de los proyectos, servicios interoperables sobre los datos, catálogos de metadatos, resultados de los análisis, recursos de visualización dinámica, documentación y herramientas tecnológicas que permiten descubrir, acceder, descargar, compartir, visibilizar, comparar y reutilizar la investigación que se realiza en las distintas disciplinas de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades Digitales del CCHS, en un entorno de ciencia abierta. La IDE Imago Orbis, integrada en Exea está la IDE Imago Orbis que permite añadir la componente espacial a los datos existentes y hacer uso de los datos georreferenciados de los proyectos. La IDE Imago Orbis es un geoportal federado de datos, metadatos y servicios espaciales interoperables que proporciona un marco de trabajo abierto, en el que los distintos equipos de investigación pueden incorporar sus datos digitales georreferenciados, de manera que se garantiza su almacenamiento, publicación, difusión y reutilización a través de una interfaz única. Imago Orbis está constituida, asimismo, por un conjunto de nodos temáticos

En los últimos años, las metodologías educativas se orientan hacia un mayor protagonismo del alumno, su papel como agente y su responsabilidad en el proceso de aprendizaje. Esto se puso especialmente de manifiesto en el sistema universitario español al producirse la incorporación del mismo al Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES). Las necesidades docentes para estas nuevas metodologías son diferentes a las de otras más tradicionales como la clase magistral, en la que el alumno tiene un papel pasivo como receptor de información. En el último curso, se ha sumado un factor añadido a la forma de impartir docencia, siendo este la necesidad de hacer partícipes de la clase no solo a alumnos que se encuentran en la misma aula que el profesor, sino también a otros conectados de manera online (enseñanza híbrida). La introducción de recursos y materiales físicos y digitales que permitan la adaptabilidad a situaciones y necesidades diversas y actuales es, por tanto, imprescindible, además de natural en nuestra sociedad. Para que estos cambios metodológicos puedan producirse con eficacia, deben ser acompañados de un cambio en el entorno de aprendizaje y sus recursos, ya que estos pueden ser un elemento limitante o favorecedor de la dinámica didáctica que se produce dentro del aula. La hiperaula presenta un espacio flexible que puede adaptarse a técnicas, métodos y metodologías múltiples, tanto tradicionales como recientes, así como unos recursos que permiten llevarlos a cabo.

Se diseña un estudio para estimar la potencia emetropizante de la lente intraocular, modificando por distometría y de forma retrospectiva la potencia real de la lente intraocular implantada. Se implementarán unos modelos regresivos no lineales, que utilicen como variable respuesta la potencia recalculada retrospectivamente y como predictores una serie de inputs biométricos.Se recopiló una muestra de 481 ojos intervenidos de cataratas por 4 cirujanos con distintos tipos de implantes intraoculares. Todos los ojos fueron medidos preoperatoriamente con IOL Master® 700 (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Alemania) y Pentacam® HR (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Alemania) para la curvatura posterior corneal. Se preparó y se analizó el dataset para la selección de las variables eliminando correlaciones que produjeran colinealidad. La muestra se aleatorizó y posteriormente se dividió en dos partes con una ratio 80/20: entrenamiento (training) y validación (test) respectivamente.Se implementaron en crudo modelos regresivos mediante técnicas de Machine Learning y se entrenaron con la partición training. Posteriormente se optimizaron e hiperparametrizaron para mejorar y potenciar la predictibilidad. Se utilizaron técnicas de mejora (stacking) para ensamblar los mejores modelos finales, obteniendo un modelo definitivo al que se llamó Karmona®..., A study is designed to estimate the refractive power of the intraocular lens, back-calculated the real power of the implanted intraocular lens retrospectively by distometry. Non-linear regression models will be implemented, using the retrospectively back-calculated power as the response variable and biometric inputs as predictors.A sample of 481 eyes undergoing uneventful cataract surgery by 4 surgeons with different types of intraocular implants was collected. All eyes were measured preoperatively with IOL Master® 700 (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) and Pentacam® HR (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) for corneal posterior curvature. The dataset was prepared and analyzed for variable selection by eliminating correlations that produced collinearity. The sample was randomized and subsequently split into two parts with a ratio 80 - 20: training and test.The regression models were implemented in raw form using Machine Learning techniques and trained with the training partition. Subsequently, they were optimized and hyperparameterized to improve and enhance predictability. Stacking techniques were used to assemble the best final models, obtaining a final model called Karmona®...

Los proyectos de investigación de ciencias sociales y humanidades digitales, las técnicas de información y aplicaciones open source, en un contexto de ciencia abierta, permiten diseñar visualizaciones dinámicas con mapas y gráficos que facilitan el acceso a la información de forma intuitiva y ofreciendo nuevos puntos de vista y relaciones a la investigación. En este sentido, desde la unidad SIGyHD del centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales se ha desarrollado una infraestructura de datos de investigación que integra un visualizador dinámico con los datos y resultados de los proyectos de investigación de CCSS y HD. La estructura general del visualizador está compuesta por un web mapping y/o un gráfico. La tecnología aplicada en general es open source cumpliendo con las normas y estándares de la web. Los datos y metadatos se pueden descargar y compartir de forma libre en varios formatos estándar, de este modo se contribuye a la democratización de la información y los principios FAIR: buenas prácticas para la gestión y administración de datos científicos.