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BackgroundElectronic medical records (EMRs) of patients with lung cancer (LC) capture a variety of health factors. Understanding the distribution of these factors will help identify key factors for risk prediction in preventive screening for LC. ObjectiveWe aimed to generate an integrated biomedical graph from EMR data and Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) ontology for LC, and to generate an LC health factor distribution from a hospital EMR of approximately 1 million patients. MethodsThe data were collected from 2 sets of 1397 patients with and those without LC. A patient-centered health factor graph was plotted with 108,000 standardized data, and a graph database was generated to integrate the graphs of patient health factors and the UMLS ontology. With the patient graph, we calculated the connection delta ratio (CDR) for each of the health factors to measure the relative strength of the factor’s relationship to LC. ResultsThe patient graph had 93,000 relations between the 2794 patient nodes and 650 factor nodes. An LC graph with 187 related biomedical concepts and 188 horizontal biomedical relations was plotted and linked to the patient graph. Searching the integrated biomedical graph with any number or category of health factors resulted in graphical representations of relationships between patients and factors, while searches using any patient presented the patient’s health factors from the EMR and the LC knowledge graph (KG) from the UMLS in the same graph. Sorting the health factors by CDR in descending order generated a distribution of health factors for LC. The top 70 CDR-ranked factors of disease, symptom, medical history, observation, and laboratory test categories were verified to be concordant with those found in the literature. ConclusionsBy collecting standardized data of thousands of patients with and those without LC from the EMR, it was possible to generate a hospital-wide patient-centered health factor graph for graph search and presentation. The patient graph could be integrated with the UMLS KG for LC and thus enable hospitals to bring continuously updated international standard biomedical KGs from the UMLS for clinical use in hospitals. CDR analysis of the graph of patients with LC generated a CDR-sorted distribution of health factors, in which the top CDR-ranked health factors were concordant with the literature. The resulting distribution of LC health factors can be used to help personalize risk evaluation and preventive screening recommendations.

Insects have developed dormancy mechanisms to survive coldness in winters. The specific forms of winter dormancy, however, vary among different geographical and climatic zones and species. While there is extensive research on winter dormancy in insect pests and parasitoids in temperate zones, our understanding of how predatory insects, such as predatory stink bugs in subtropical regions, cope with cold winters and the specific forms of dormancy they undergo remains limited. The effects of winter temperatures on the population dynamics, development, and reproduction of the predatory stink bug Eocanthecona furcellata in the subtropics were investigated through greenhouse and laboratory experiments. E. furcellata exhibits two distinct peaks in population distribution throughout the year: one in April–May and another in October–November. Interestingly, the proportions of adults show an opposite pattern to the population dynamics, with the highest proportions of adults observed during the winter and summer seasons, when temperatures are the lowest and the highest, respectively. Laboratory studies showed that E. furcellata reared at lower temperatures (16 °C, 18 °C, and 20 °C) experienced prolonged development and higher mortality rates for eggs and nymphs compared to higher temperatures (22 °C and 26 °C). Further experiments observed that E. furcellata adults reared at 16 °C, 18 °C, and 20 °C entered into winter dormancy, where ovarian development was either completely halted or slowed down. The observed high proportion of E. furcellata adults and low proportion of nymphs during the cold winter months align well with the dormancy period. This study sheds light on the underlying mechanisms driving the population dynamics of E. furcellata during the subtropical winter. These findings have significant implications in accurately predicting the population dynamics of E. furcellata, implementing effective field release strategies, and optimizing cold storage techniques in the context of biological control programs.

An efficient method for the synthesis of deuterated homologation of boronate esters was developed. This discovery uses robust deuterated agent 5-(methyl-d3)-5H-dibenzo[b,d]thiophen-5-ium trifluoromethane sulfonate (DMTT) as d2-methylene source. Mechanistically, base promoted deprotonation of DMTT to generate d2-sulfur-methylene ylide intermediate, which attack the boron atom of boronic ester and followed by 1,2-migration to afford the deuterated boronic homologues. The developed protocol provides a unique approach to achieve one-carbon growth under the practical mild conditions.

Abstract Predators can induce phenotypic plasticity in prey through selection driven by predation risk. However, defense plasticity is rarely reported in insects, let alone trans-generational plasticity, meaning the mechanisms underlying plasticity, how it impacts ecosystem evolution and how it might be exploited in pest control are poorly understood. Here we examine the morphological plasticity of small brown planthoppers (SBPHs), Laodelphax striatellus, elicited by caged predators, Paederus fuscipes in the parent or F1 generation and reveal the risk cues mediating these effects. We also uncover the survival outcomes in SBPHs with predator-induced defensive morphological traits by examining their survival probability and behavioral plasticity. Results showed that caged predators or predator odor cue gave rise to a higher proportion of long-winged, female SBPHs in the parent and F1 generations, but the proportion of males and their wing length were unaffected. The visual cue from predators elicited weaker effects. Surprisingly, we discovered these long-winged forms suffered a lower predation rate when attacked by P. fuscipes, owing to an enhanced agility level. Our results suggest the within- and trans-generational plasticity of induced defenses may cause profound effects on SBPH population dynamics and prey-predator interaction. Understanding this interaction and its underlying mechanisms illuminates important aspects of ecosystem evolution and helps predict pest dispersal or migration, which in turn may be exploited for pest control.

The cultivation of hyposaline-tolerant varieties of the red alga Pyropia haitanensis is not only conducive to expanding the area of intertidal seaweed cultivation, but also contributes to preventing eutrophication of coastal waters. Research on the mechanism of hyposaline tolerance of P. haitanensis is an important prerequisite for breeding hyposaline-tolerant varieties. Here, we used proteomics and targeted metabolomics technologies to identify the key proteins and metabolites in thalli of P. haitanensis that changed under two hyposaline stress treatments: 0‰, LSS 0; 5‰, LSS 5. Responses of thalli of P. haitanensis to hyposaline stress included to inhibit protein synthesis, recruit molecular chaperones, and enhance the removal of misfolded proteins to maintain the dynamic balance of protein folding and removal; the response was similar under hypersaline stress. Glycolysis was the main energy supply pathway, and thalli actively maintained the stability of the cell membrane under hyposaline stress, which was distinct from the response to hypersaline stress. Compared with the LSS 0 treatment, P. haitanensis exhibited a more adequate energy supply, more stable endoplasmic reticulum environment and more intact membrane system under the LSS 5 treatment. The results improve understanding of the hyposaline tolerance mechanism of intertidal seaweed and provide a theoretical basis for the development of hyposaline-tolerant varieties.

The application of artificial insemination is particularly, owing to which breeder animals are considered an important resource in breeding farms. However, the reproductive performance of roosters typically declines with age, and the economic loss experienced by breeders is attributable to this shortened reproductive lifespan. Lasia spinosa Thw. (LST) reportedly improved reproductive capacity in male rodents. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of LST on the reproductive performance of aged roosters. Male Guangxi Partridge chicken (mean weight, 3032.41 ± 34.48 g; age, 500 days; n = 72) randomly received the following three dietary treatments: LST0 group (a basal diet), LST2 group (a basal diet with 2% LST powder), and LST4 group (a basal diet with 4% LST powder). Computer-aided sperm analysis revealed that dietary LST supplementation significantly improved semen volume, sperm motility, and concentration. Furthermore, the most potent effects were observed in the treatment group with the administration of 2% LST, which significantly improved the weight of the testes. Hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed the increase in diameter of the seminiferous tubule and height of the seminiferous tubule epithelium possibly caused as a result of LST treatment. A significant increase in fructose and glucose concentrations were observed in the testis and seminal plasma; in addition, a significant increase was observed in the α-glycosidase levels in the testis and spermatozoa. However, the monoaldehyde levels in the spermatozoa appeared to decline significantly. Additionally, the fertility rate increased significantly following 2% LST supplementation. RNA-seq analysis revealed that 34 and 16 unigenes were upregulated and downregulated, respectively, in testicular tissues from roosters that received dietary supplementation of 2% LST. The assigned functions of the unigenes revealed that LST primarily influenced the mechanisms underlying catalytic activity and cellular processes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis suggested that spermatogenesis-related pathways were significantly enriched, including ABC transporters, ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes, and VEGF, cAMP, and ErbB signaling pathways.

Abstract The agricultural use of silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) has the potential to control insect pests while the safety and tritrophic effects on plants and beneficial natural enemies remains unknown. Here, we evaluate the effects of silica NPs on insect pests with different feeding niches, natural enemies, and a plant. Silica NPs were applied at different concentrations (75–425 mg/L) on field-cultivated faba bean and soybean for two growing seasons. The faba bean pests, the cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora and the American serpentine leafminer Liriomyza trifolii, and the soybean pest, the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis, were monitored along with their associated predators. Additional laboratory experiments were performed to test the effects of silica NPs on the growth of faba bean seedlings and to determine whether the rove beetle Paederus fuscipes is attracted to cotton leafworm-infested soybean treated with silica NPs. In the field experiments, silica NPs reduced the populations of all three insect pests and their associated predators, including rove beetles, as the concentration of silica NPs increased. In soybean fields, however, the total number of predators initially increased after applying the lowest concentration. An olfactometer-based choice test found that rove beetles were more likely to move towards an herbivore-infested plant treated with silica NPs than to a water-treated control, suggesting that silica NPs enhance the attraction of natural enemies via herbivore-induced plant volatiles. In the laboratory, while silica NPs inhibited the development of faba bean roots at 400 mg/L, they did not affect germination percentage, germination time, shoot length, or vigor index compared to the control.

Abstract Background Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) plays both a central role as an intracellular energy source, and a crucial extracellular signaling role in diverse physiological processes of animals and plants. However, there are less reports concerning the signaling role of microbial extracellular ATP (eATP). Hypocrellins are effective anticancer photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents from bambusicolous Shiraia fungi. The co-culture of Shiraia sp. S9 and a bacterium Pseudomonas fulva SB1 isolated from Shiraia fruiting bodies was established for enhanced hypocrellin A (HA) production. The signaling roles of eATP to mediate hypocrellin biosynthesis were investigated in the co-culture. Results The co-culture induced release of eATP at 378 nM to the medium around 4 h. The eATP release was interdependent on cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, respectively. The eATP production could be suppressed by the Ca2+ chelator EGTA or abolished by the channel blocker La3+, ROS scavenger vitamin C and NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI). The bacterium-induced H2O2 production was strongly inhibited by reactive blue (RB), a specific inhibitor of membrane purinoceptors, but dependent on the induced Ca2+ influx in the co-culture. On the other hand, the application of exogenous ATP (exATP) at 10–300 µM to Shiraia cultures also promoted fungal conidiation and HA production, both of which were blocked effectively by the purinoceptor inhibitors pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2′, 4′-disulfonic acid (PPADS) and RB, and ATP hydrolase apyrase. Both the induced expression of HA biosynthetic genes and HA accumulation were inhibited significantly under the blocking of the eATP or Ca2+ signaling, and the scavenge of ROS in the co-culture. Conclusions Our results indicate that eATP release is an early event during the intimate bacterial–fungal interaction and eATP plays a signaling role in the bacterial elicitation on fungal metabolites. Ca2+ and ROS are closely linked for activation of the induced ATP release and its signal transduction. This is the first report on eATP production in the fungal–bacterial co-culture and its involvement in the induced biosynthesis of fungal metabolites. Graphic abstract

Typhoon rainstorms occur frequently in the southeastern coastal areas of China. The infiltration of rainwater under typhoon rainstorm conditions is an important cause of landslides in hilly mountains. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the migration law of rainwater infiltration wetting front under different geological environmental conditions. The temporal and spatial changes of rainfall infiltration were analyzed based on the monitoring data collected by the in-situ test of a landslide. A comprehensive rainfall infiltration model was established, which takes into account the nonuniform distribution of the initial water content of the soil and the slope environment. Then this model was verified by comparing to field test results and the predictions from existing classic models. The results demonstrate that: 1) At the initial stage of rainfall infiltration, the increasing slope of water content at different depths was steep. With the increase of time, the slope gradually slowed down. When the accumulated amount of rainfall reached 44.4 mm or more, the shape of the water profile changed from "Z" to reverse "S". As the rainfall intensity decreased, the type of rainwater infiltration process changed from water infiltration to non-water infiltration. At the later stage of infiltration, the growth rate of water content at different depths tended to be constant, and a stable infiltration stage was reached. 2) The migration speed of the wetting front increased with increasing rainfall. At the beginning of the rainfall, the rainwater infiltration rate was large. The migration speed of the wetting front was fast, and it decreased with the increase of soil depth. 3) The results of wetting front depth change over time calculated based on the improved rainfall infiltration model are consistent with the field monitoring test results, indicating that taking into account the slope angle and the inhomogeneity of the initial water content distribution can improve the accuracy of the predictions of the Green-Ampt model. The research results can have a certain significance for establishing an effective early warning model for landslides induced by the typhoon rainstorm.

The accurate segmentation of colorectal polyps is of great significance for the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer. However, the segmentation of colorectal polyps faces complex problems such as low contrast in the peripheral region of salient images, blurred borders, and diverse shapes. In addition, the number of traditional UNet network parameters is large and the segmentation effect is average. To overcome these problems, an innovative nonlinear activation-free uncertainty contextual attention network is proposed in this paper. Based on the UNet network, an encoder and a decoder are added to predict the saliency map of each module in the bottom-up flow and pass it to the next module. We use Res2Net as the backbone network to extract image features, enhance image features through simple parallel axial channel attention, and obtain high-level features with global semantics and low-level features with edge details. At the same time, a nonlinear n on-activation network is introduced, which can reduce the complexity between blocks, thereby further enhancing image feature extraction. This work conducted experiments on five commonly used polyp segmentation datasets, and the experimental evaluation metrics from the mean intersection over union, mean Dice coefficient, and mean absolute error were all improved, which can show that our method has certain advantages over existing methods in terms of segmentation performance and generalization performance.

Abstract Iron-based nanoparticles, which could elicit ferroptosis, is becoming a promising new way to inhibit tumor cell growth. Notably, ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles (USIONPs) have been found to upregulate the autophagy process in glioblastoma (GBM) cells. Whether USIONPs could also elicit ferroptosis and the relationship between the USIONPs-induced autophagy and ferroptosis need to be explored. In the current study, our synthesized USIONPs with good water solubility could significantly upregulate the ferroptosis markers in GBM cells, and downregulate the expression of anti-ferroptosis genes. Interestingly,ferrostatin-1 could reverse USIONPs- induced ferroptosis, but inhibitors of apoptosis, pyroptosis, or necrosis could not. Meanwhile, autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine could also reverse the USIONPs-induced ferroptosis. In addition, shRNA silencing of upstream genes Beclin1/ATG5 of autophagy process could significantly reverse USIONPs-induced ferroptosis, whereas overexpression of Beclin1/ATG5 of autophagy process could remarkably promote USIONPs-induced ferroptosis. Furthermore, lysosome inhibitors could significantly reverse the USIONPs-induced ferroptosis. Collectively, these facts suggest that USIONPs-induced ferroptosis is regulated via Beclin1/ATG5-dependent autophagy pathway.

Abstract Background Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous signaling mediator in various physiological processes. However, there are less reports concerning the effects of NO on fungal secondary metabolites. Hypocrellins are effective anticancer photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents from fungal perylenequinone pigments of Shiraia. NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was used as a chemical elicitor to promote hypocrellin biosynthesis in Shiraia mycelium cultures. Results SNP application at 0.01–0.20 mM was found to stimulate significantly fungal production of perylenequinones including hypocrellin A (HA) and elsinochrome A (EA). SNP application could not only enhance HA content by 178.96% in mycelia, but also stimulate its efflux to the medium. After 4 days of SNP application at 0.02 mM, the highest total production (110.34 mg/L) of HA was achieved without any growth suppression. SNP released NO in mycelia and acted as a pro-oxidant, thereby up-regulating the gene expression and activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating NADPH oxidase (NOX) and antioxidant enzymes, leading to the increased levels of superoxide anion (O2 −) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that SNP treatment could up-regulate biosynthetic genes for hypocrellins and activate the transporter protein major facilitator superfamily (MFS) for the exudation. Moreover, SNP treatment increased the proportion of total unsaturated fatty acids in the hypha membranes and enhanced membrane permeability. Our results indicated both cellular biosynthesis of HA and its secretion could contribute to HA production induced by SNP. Conclusions The results of this study provide a valuable strategy for large-scale hypocrellin production and can facilitate further understanding and exploration of NO signaling in the biosynthesis of the important fungal metabolites.

BackgroundThere have been multiple recent advancements in the selection, optimisation and management of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. However, there is limited data regarding the outcomes in nonagenarians, despite this cohort being increasingly referred for these interventions. The objective of this study was to describe the patient characteristics, management and outcomes of a cohort of nonagenarians undergoing cardiac surgery receiving contemporary peri-operative care.MethodsAfter receiving ethics approval, we conducted a retrospective observational study of nonagenarians who had undergone cardiac surgery requiring a classic median sternotomy. All operative indications were included. We excluded patients who underwent transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), and surgery on the thoracic aorta via an endovascular approach (TEVAR). Patients undergoing TEVAR often have the procedure done under sedation and regional blocks with local anesthetic solution. There is no open incision and these patients do not require cardiopulmonary bypass. We also excluded patients undergoing minimally invasive mitral valve surgery via a videoscope assisted approach. These patients do not have a median sternotomy, have the procedure done via erector spinae block, and often are extubated on table. Data were collected from four hospitals in Victoria, Australia, over an 8-year period (January 2012–December 2019). The primary objective was to assess 6-month mortality in nonagenarian patients undergoing cardiac surgery and to provide a detailed overview of postoperative complications. We hypothesized that cardiac surgery in nonagenarian patients would be associated with a 6-month postoperative mortality 30% of patients.ResultsA total of 12,358 adult cardiac surgery patients underwent surgery during the study period, of whom 18 nonagenarians (0.15%) fulfilled inclusion criteria. The median (IQR) [min-max] age was 91.0 years (90.0:91.8) [90–94] and the median body mass index was 25.0 (kg/m2) (22.3:27.0). Comorbidities, polypharmacy, and frailty were common. The median predicted mortality as per EuroSCORE-II was 6.1% (4.1:14.5). There were no cases of intra-operative, in-hospital, or 6-month mortality. One (5.6%) patient experienced two Grade IIIa complications. Three (16.7%) patients experienced Grade IIIb complications. Three (16.7%) patients had an unplanned hospital readmission within 30 days of discharge. The median value for postoperative length of stay was 11.6 days (9.8:17.6). One patient was discharged home and all others were discharged to an inpatient rehabilitation facility.ConclusionIn this selected, contemporary cohort of nonagenarian patients undergoing cardiac surgery, postoperative 6-month mortality was zero. These findings support carefully selected nonagenarian patients being offered cardiac surgery (Trials Registry: https://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12622000058774.aspx).

As the main forest firefighting equipment, portable wind extinguisher plays a major role in forest and grassland firefighting. The same as other hand-held vibration machines, portable wind extinguisher inevitably causes hand-transmitted vibration which is an important cause of discomfort for operators, decreased work efficiency, and even health hazards. In this paper, a biomechanical response model of hand-transmitted vibration is established based on the operating posture of the wind fire extinguisher. A standard vibration test platform was set up for the test, and the model parameters were identified through the standard vibration test data. The vibration response predicted by the model is compared with the measured response of portable wind extinguisher to verify the feasibility of the model prediction. The vibration response of the standard vibration experiment platform was used to compare the influence of hand force on the hand-transmitted vibration response. The results show that the goodness of fit between the vibration transmissibility response predicted by the arm model and the response measured by the standard vibration test platform is between 75% and 92%, and the goodness of fit between the vibration transmissibility response predicted by the arm model and the response measured by the portable wind fire machine is within the range of 77%. The research in this article can provides theory and data basis for improvement of vibration reduction protection strategy and device of portable pneumatic extinguisher.

Abstract Background The effect of brachytherapy on lymphocytes and cytokines in the tumor microenvironment is unclear. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the invasion of lymphocytes and cytokines in the tumor microenvironment and the interval after single brachytherapy hypofractionated radiotherapy (SBHFRT) and conventional fractionation radiotherapy (CFRT) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods Lewis tumor-bearing mice were randomly divided into control, CFRT, and SBHFRT groups. On days 7 and 14 after radiation, the expression levels of CD86+, CD4+, CD8+, and Foxp3+ cells, and levels of Ki-67+ protein were detected by immunohistochemistry, and the tumor necrosis rate was calculated. Following this, the levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-12, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The apoptosis rate was evaluated via flow cytometry. The tumor volume and tumor growth inhibition rate (TGIR) were calculated on day 14. Tumor metabolism was assessed via 18F-FDG micropositron emission tomography/computer tomography. Results The tumor volume reduced by 22.0% and TGIR increased by 92.2% (p

The Tan-Lu fault zone is a large NNE-trending fault zone in eastern China. Investigations of the structures of the fault zone and its surrounding areas have attracted much attention. In this study, we used dense-array ambient noise tomography to construct a three-dimensional shear wave velocity model of shallow crust in an area about 80km × 70km in Lujiang, Anhui Province, eastern China. For approximately one month we collected continuous ambient noise signals recorded by 90 short-period seismographs in the region, and obtained the short-period Rayleigh wave empirical Green's functions between stations by the cross-correlation method; we also extracted 0.5–8 s fundamental mode Rayleigh wave group velocity and phase velocity dispersion curves. Based on the direct surface wave tomography method, we jointly inverted the group velocity and phase velocity dispersion data of all paths and obtained the 3-D shear wave velocity structure in the depth range of 0–5 km. The results revealed important geological structural features of the study area. In the north region, the sedimentary center of the Hefei Basin — the southwestern part of the Chaohu Lake — shows a significant low-velocity anomaly to a depth of at least 5 km. The southwestern and southeastern regions of the array are the eastern margin of the Dabie orogenic belt and the intrusion area of Luzong volcanic rocks, respectively, and both show obvious high-speed anomalies; the sedimentary area within the Tan-Lu fault zone (about 10 km wide) shows low-velocity anomalies. However, the volcanic rock intrusion area in the fault zone is shown as high velocity. Our shallow crustal imaging results reflect the characteristics of different structures in the study area, especially the high-speed intrusive rocks in the Tan-Lu fault zone, which were probably partially derived from the magmatic activity of Luzong volcanic basin. From the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary, the Tan-Lu fault zone was in a period of extensional activity; the special stress environment and the fractured fault zone morphology provided conditions for magma in the Luzong volcanic basin to intrude into the Tan-Lu fault zone in the west. Our 3-D model can also provide important information for deep resource exploration and earthquake strong ground motion simulation.

Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are vulnerable to spoofing attacks. To shut down a spoofer, it is necessary to locate the spoofer first. Many spoofer localization systems use long cables for the synchronization of multiple receivers. However, a flexible spoofer localization system free from cables is sometimes essential so the receivers can move freely and are flexible to deploy. This paper solves two major problems in developing such a system: spoofing discrimination without requiring synchronization and having an effective method using asynchronous raw measurements with no other assistance. First, this paper proposes to use the extended pseudorange double-difference method to discriminate spoofing signals. The performance is then analyzed and the effectiveness is verified. Then, a quasi-synchronization spoofer localization method (QSSL) is proposed, and it is verified that its localization performance can attain the Cramer-Rao lower bound. Above all, a field experiment demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed methods and the feasibility of such system.

The improper disposal of retired lithium batteries will cause environmental pollution and a waste of resources. In this study, a waste lithium iron phosphate battery was used as a raw material, and cathode and metal materials in the battery were separated and recovered by mechanical crushing and electrostatic separation technology. The effects on material electrostatic separation of separation parameters such as the crushing particle size, the voltage of the static electrode, and the rotating speed of the grounding rotor were all studied combined with trajectory simulation and separation experiments. The results show that the crushing particle size of the material has the most significant impact on the separation effect, and the material separation effect primarily occurs in the range of 0.2–2.0 mm particle sizes. When the voltage of the static electrode is 30 kV, the rotating speed of the grounded rotor is 60 r/min, and the particle size is 0.4–0.8 mm, and the recovery rates for aluminum, copper, and lithium iron phosphate reach 93.2%, 91.1%, and 97.1%, respectively. In the recovery process for waste lithium batteries, using electrostatic separation technology instead of high-temperature roasting or chemical leaching can effectively improve the separation efficiency and reduce secondary pollution.

Background Ewing sarcoma-associated transcript 1 (lncRNA EWSAT1) is reported to have a close relationship with the overall survival in many cancers. However, the role of its prognosis and correlations with the clinicopathological features in different cancers haven’t been explored yet. Herein, we intend to assess the prognostic value and correlations with the clinicopathological features in several cancers. Methods PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library were searched for literature review from inception to October 25, 2021. Valid data was extracted to make forest and sensitivity analysis plots using Review Manager 5.4 and Stata software. Hazard ratio (HR) or odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to evaluate the relationship between different expression of EWSAT1 and patients’ prognosis and clinicopathological features. Results 7 studies were screened for this review, including 550 samples. Meta-analysis showed that high expression of lncRNA EWSAT1 was associated with poor overall survival (OS) (HR = 2.10, 95% CI, 1.60–2.75, p < 0.0001) in cancers reported. In addition, patients in high expression group of EWAST1 tended to have more metastasis (OR = 2.20, 95% CI 1.47–3.31, p = 0.0001), and higher TNM stage (I+II vs. III: OR = 0.34, 95% CI 0.21–0.56, p < 0.0001), but in the same time with higher differentiation (well + moderate vs. Poor: OR = 2.21, 95% CI 1.02–4.76, p = 0.04). Age (OR = 1.47, 95% CI 0.94–2.30, p = 0.09) was not significantly different in patients with aberrant expression of EWSAT1. Conclusions Our study shows that high expression of EWSAT1 may indicate poor overall survival and associated with several clinicopathological features, which can be used as a potential prognosis biomarker for multiple cancers.

Outcrossing plant species are more likely to exhibit autonomous selfing in marginal habitats to ensure reproduction under conditions of limited pollinator and/or mate availability. Distyly is a classical paradigm that promotes outcrossing; however, little is known about the variation in floral traits associated with distylous syndrome in marginal populations. In this study, we compared the variation in floral traits including stigma and anther height, corolla tube length, herkogamy, and corolla diameter between the central and peripheral populations of the distylous Primula wannanensis, and assessed the variation of floral traits at early and late florescence stages for each population. To evaluate the potential consequences of the variation in floral traits on the mating system, we investigated seed set in each population under both open-pollinated and pollinator-excluded conditions. The flower size of both short- and long-styled morphs was significantly reduced in late-opening flowers compared with early opening flowers in both central and peripheral populations. Sex-organ reciprocity was perfect in early opening flowers; however, it was largely weakened in the late-opening flowers of peripheral populations compared with central populations. Of these flowers, disproportionate change in stigma height (elongated in S-morph and shortened in L-morph) was the main cause of reduced herkogamy, and seed set was fairly high under pollinator-excluded condition. Our results provide empirical support for the hypothesis on the evolution of delayed autonomous selfing in marginal populations of distylous species. Unsatisfactory pollinator service is likely to have promoted reproductive assurance of distylous plants with largely reduced herkogamy mimicking “homostyles.”

Eocanthecona furcellata is an important predatory stinkbug that attacks many lepidopteran pests. For mass-rearing, artificial diets are used to rear this predator in the laboratory; however, the fitness of the predators is reduced, and little is known about the cause. Since gut microbiota plays vital roles in the digestion and development of many hosts and can consequently affect host fitness, an understanding of the microbial community composition of E. furcellata may help to solve this unresolved problem. We compared the development and reproduction of E. furcellata reared on an artificial diet, and a natural (Spodoptera litura) or semi-natural (Tenebrio molitor) diet, and then the midgut microbiota were assessed using high-throughput 16S rRNA. The results of the high-throughput 16S rRNA show that the bacterial richness and diversity in the artificial diet gut samples increased considerably compared with the other samples. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla in E. furcellata. At the genus level, Serratia (however, the relative abundance was lower in the artificial diet gut samples), Enterococcus, and an uncultured bacterium genus of family Enterobacteriaceae, were dominant. The midgut microbiota components significantly differed among the diets, indicating that the gut bacteria had a dietary association with E. furcellata. This study provides a better understanding of midgut microbiota and the artificial diets that might affect them in E. furcellata.

The Zero-P spacer was primarily developed aiming to reduce the morbidity associated with the traditional anterior cervical plate. During the past decade, many authors have reported the use of Zero-P spacers for anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) of one or two segments. Nevertheless, there is still a paucity of knowledge on the safety and feasibility of using Zero-P spacers for 3-level fixation. The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical and radiological outcomes, with a focus on the sagittal alignment reconstruction of 3-level ACDF surgery using Zero-P spacers versus those using a traditional plate and cage system. From Sep 2013 to Aug 2016, a total of 44 patients who received 3-level ACDF surgery due to cervical spondylotic myelopathy were recruited. The Zero-P spacer was used in 23 patients (group ZP) and the traditional plate and cage system in 21 (group PC). Clinical outcomes were analyzed by Neck Disability Index (NDI) and Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scores, and dysphagia was evaluated using the Bazaz score. Radiological outcomes, including fusion rate, adjacent segment degeneration (ASD), and especially changes in cervical sagittal alignment, were analyzed. The NDI and JOA scores did not differ significantly between the two groups postoperatively (p > 0.05); however, there was significantly less dysphagia in patients using Zero-P spacers at the 3- and 6-month follow-up (p < 0.05). At the 24-month follow-up, the fusion rate and ASD were similar between the two groups (p > 0.05). Interestingly, patients using Zero-P spacers had a significantly lower postoperative C2-7 Cobb angle and fused segment Cobb angle, compared to those using a traditional plate and cage system (p < 0.05); meanwhile, the fused segment disc wedge was also found to be significantly smaller in patients using Zero-P spacers after surgery (p < 0.05). Moreover, we further divided patients into subgroups according to their cervical lordosis. In patients with a preoperative C2-7 Cobb angle ≤ 10°, significantly less cervical and local lordosis, as well as disc wedge, were seen in group ZP after surgery (p < 0.05), while in others with a preoperative C2-7 Cobb angle > 10°, no significant difference in postoperative changes of the cervical sagittal alignment was seen between group ZP and group PC (p > 0.05). Zero-P spacers used in 3-level ACDF surgery could provide equivalent clinical outcomes and a lower rate of postoperative dysphagia, compared to the traditional plate and cage system. However, our results showed that it was inferior to the cervical plate in terms of sagittal alignment reconstruction for 3-level fixation. We recommend applying Zero-P spacers for 3-level ACDF in patients with good preoperative cervical lordosis (C2-7 Cobb angle > 10°), in order to restore and maintain physiological curvature of the cervical spine postoperatively.

Abstract Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.), originated in the high Andes of Peru, is rich in nutrients and phytochemicals. As a new resource food in China, Maca suffers marketing disorders due to the limitation of basic research. Due to the close relationship of Maca quality and origin of place, it’s of scientific, economic and social importance to set up a rapid, reliable and efficient method to identify Maca origin. In the present study, 303 Maca samples were collected from 101 villages of the main producing area in China. Using electronic nose and BP neutral network algorithm, a Maca odor database was set up to trace the origin. GC-MS was then employed to analyze the characteristic components qualitatively and semi-quantitatively. As a result, very significant differences (p

Abstract Background Fungal perylenequinonoid (PQ) pigments from Shiraia fruiting body have been well known as excellent photosensitizers for medical and agricultural uses. The fruiting bodies are colonized by a diverse bacterial community of unknown function. We screened the companion bacteria from the fruiting body of Shiraia sp. S9 and explored the bacterial elicitation on fungal PQ production. Results A bacterium Pseudomonas fulva SB1 isolated from the fruiting body was found to stimulate the production of fungal PQs including hypocrellins A, C (HA and HC), and elsinochromes A–C (EA, EB and EC). After 2 days of co-cultures, Shiraia mycelium cultures presented the highest production of HA (325.87 mg/L), about 3.20-fold of that in axenic culture. The co-culture resulted in the induction of fungal conidiation and the formation of more compact fungal pellets. Furthermore, the bacterial treatment up-regulated the expression of polyketide synthase gene (PKS), and activated transporter genes of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and major facilitator superfamily transporter (MFS) for PQ exudation. Conclusions We have established a bacterial co-culture with a host Shiraia fungus to induce PQ biosynthesis. Our results provide a basis for understanding bacterial–fungal interaction in fruiting bodies and a practical co-culture process to enhance PQ production for photodynamic therapy medicine.

Abstract Backgroud The regenerative capacity of the liver is crucial for the host to survive after serious hepatic injuries, tumor resection, or living donor liver transplantation. Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) have been reported to exert protective effects during organ injuries. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of PNS on liver regeneration(LR) and on injuries induced by partial hepatectomy (PH). Methods We performed 70% partial PH on C57BL/6 J mice treated with or without PNS. LR was estimated by liver weight/body weight, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels and cell proliferation, and the related cellular signals were analyzed by Western blot. Results Different concentrations of PNS promoted hepatocyte proliferation in vitro. Mice in the PNS group showed higher liver/body weight ratios at 2 d and 7 d (P

Liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) represents a risk factor for early graft dysfunction and an obstacle to expanding donor pool in orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Kupffer cells (KCs) are the largest antigen-presenting cell (APC) group and the primary modulators of inflammation in liver tissues. The vital role of Notch1/Jagged1 pathway in mouse OLT model has been reported, however, its potential therapeutic mechanism is unknown. Here, we made use of short hairpin RNA-Jagged1 and AAV-Jagged1 to explore the effects of Notch1/Jagged1 pathway in OLT. In vitro, blockade of Notch1/Jagged1 pathway downregulated the expression of Hairy and enhancer of split-1 (Hes1) gene, which in turn increased the proinflammatory effects of KCs. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effects of Notch1/Jagged1 pathway were induced by inhibiting Hes1/gene of phosphate and tension/protein kinase B/Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B (Hes1/PTEN/AKT/TLR4/NF-κB) axis in KCs. In vivo, we used a well-established mouse model of OLT to mimic clinical transplantation. Mice were stochastically divided into 6 groups: Sham group (n = 15); Normal saline (NS) group (n = 15); Adeno-associated virus–green fluorescent protein (AAV-GFP) group (n = 15); AAV-Jagged1 group (n = 15); Clodronate liposome (CL) group (n = 15); CL+AAV-Jagged1 group (n = 15) . After OLT the liver damage in AAV-Jagged1 group were significantly accentuated compared to the AAV-GFP group. While blockade of Jagged1 aftet clearence of KCs by CL would not lead to further liver injuries. Taken together, our study demonstrated that blockade of Notch1/Jagged1 pathway aggravates inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via Hes1/PTEN/AKT/TLR4/NF-κB in KCs, and the blockade of Notch1/Jagged1 pathway in donor liver increased neutrophil/macrophage infiltration and hepatocellular apoptosis, which suggested the function of Notch1/Jagged1 pathway in mouse OLT and highlighted the protective function of Notch1/Jagged1 pathway in liver transplantation.

Standing tree pruning in fast-growing forests is an essential part of the targeted nurturing of quality fast-growing forests. Because of the high risk and low efficiency of traditional pruning methods, a climbing and pruning robot was developed, its design was optimized, and related experimental research was carried out. This paper describes the design scheme of the Monkeybot mechanical structure and control system and theoretically analyzes the clamping mechanism, walking mechanism, cutting mechanism, and obstacle avoidance mechanism to determine the critical design parameters. On the premise of ensuring a good pruning effect, Ansys Workbench Gui Explicit Dynamics was used for the cutting simulation experiment. The test adopts a three-factor and three-level orthogonal test method to explore the best design parameter combination when reducing the maximum shear stress on branches. A forest work performance evaluation was carried out using prototypes designed with the best variety of parameters. The forest test results show that the Monkeybot could prune trees with a diameter at breast height of 10~20 cm, the average operation time for pruning a tree was less than 30 s, the winter pruning effect was ideal, the maximum climbing height could reach 7.18 m, and the maximum pruning diameter could reach 2.79 cm. The development of the machine can provide equipment support for the research of fast-growing forest standing tree pruning and nurturing technology.

There is an urgent need for a broad-spectrum and protective vaccine due to the emergence and rapid spreading of more contagious SARS-CoV-2 strains. We report the development of RBMRNA-176, a pseudouridine (Ψ) nucleoside-modified mRNA-LNP vaccine encoding pre-fusion stabilized trimeric SARS-CoV-2 spike protein ectodomain, and evaluate its immunogenicity and protection against virus challenge in mice and nonhuman primates. A prime-boost immunization with RBMRNA-176 at intervals of 21 days resulted in high IgG titers (over 1:819,000 endpoint dilution) and a CD4+ Th1-biased immune response in mice. RBMRNA-176 vaccination induced pseudovirus-neutralizing antibodies with IC50 ranging from 1:1020 to 1:2894 against SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped wild-type and variant viruses, including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Kappa. Moreover, significant control of viral replication and histopathology in lungs was observed in vaccinated mice. In nonhuman primates, a boost given by RBMRNA-176 on day 21 after the prime induced a persistent and sustained IgG response. RBMRNA-176 vaccination also protected macaques against upper and lower respiratory tract infection, as well as lung injury. Altogether, these findings support RBMRNA-176 as a vaccine candidate for prevention of COVID-19.

In order to overcome the problem of the low fitting accuracy of the expected improvement point infill criteria (EI) and the improved expected improvement point infill criteria (IEI), a high-precision surrogate modeling method based on the parallel multipoint expected improvement point infill criteria (PMEI) is presented in this paper for solving large-scale complex simulation problems. The PMEI criterion takes full advantage of the strong global search ability of the EI criterion and the local search ability of the IEI criterion to improve the overall accuracy of the fitting function. In the paper, the detailed steps of the PMEI method are introduced firstly, which can add multiple sample points in a single iteration. At the same time, in the process of constructing the surrogate model, it is effective to avoid the problem of the low fitting accuracy caused by adding only one new sample point in each iteration of the EI and IEI criteria. The numerical examples of the classical one-dimensional function and two-dimensional function clearly demonstrate the accuracy of the fitting function of the proposed method. Moreover, the accuracy of the multi-objective optimization surrogate model of a truck cab constructed by the PMEI method is tested, which proves the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method in solving high-dimensional modeling problems. All these results confirm that the Kriging model developed by the PMEI method has high accuracy for low-dimensional problems or high-dimensional complex problems.

Recent findings have demonstrated the superiority and utility of microRNAs (miRNAs) as new biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis. In this study, to explore the prognostic value of immune-related miRNAs in gastric cancer (GC), we analyzed the miRNA-expression profiles of 389 patients with GC, using data deposited in The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Using a forward- and backward-variable selection and multivariate Cox regression analyses model, we identified a nine-miRNA signature (the “ImmiRSig,” consisting of miR-125b-5p, miR-99a-3p, miR-145-3p, miR-328-3p, miR-133a-5p, miR-1292-5p, miR-675-3p, miR-92b-5p, and miR-942-3p) in the training cohort that enabled the division of patients into high- and low-risk groups with significantly different survival rates. The ImmiRSig was successfully validated with an independent test cohort of 193 GC patients. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses indicated that the ImmiRSig would serve as an independent prognostic factor after adjusting for other clinical covariates. Pending further prospective validation, the identified ImmiRSig appears to have significant clinical importance in terms of improving outcome predictions and guiding personalized treatment for patients with GC. Finally, significant associations between the ImmiRSig and the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of chemotherapeutic agents were observed, suggesting that ImmiRSig may predict the clinical efficacy of chemotherapy.

Zr-based amorphous alloy is a new energetic material that has been closely monitored and extensively studied for the design of highly effective shaped charge warheads in recent years. In order to accurately determine the motion parameters of shaped charge jets during the detonation-driven formation process of Zr-based amorphous alloy liners, we prepared conical ZrCuNiAlAg liners by vacuum die casting and supercooled liquid high-rheological-rate formation processes. Based on jet-formation numerical simulation, pulsed X-ray imaging and copper foil target velocity measuring tests were conducted to identify the variation trend of the jet velocity of Zr-based amorphous alloy liners with time. The jet velocities at typical moments in the free flight stage were verified. The research results showed that Zr-based amorphous alloy liners could produce solid jets, whose velocity was in gradient descent from the head to the tail, and that the jet’s head velocity peaked at 12 μs and then slowly decreased with time. The average velocities measured by the X-ray imaging and copper foil target tests were 6913 m/s and 7177 m/s, respectively, and both of them were in good agreement with the simulation results, verifying the accuracy of the numerical simulation model for jet formation. The formation processes of shaped charge liners were found to affect the mechanical properties of the material and thus, the jet’s formation process and motion parameters. The Zr-based amorphous alloy liner formed by the supercooled liquid-phase high-rheological-rate formation process exhibited a jet velocity 6.5% higher than that formed by the vacuum die casting process.

The optimization method based on the surrogate model has been widely used in the simulation and calculation process of complex engineering models. However, in this process, the low accuracy and computational efficiency of the surrogate model has always been an urgent problem that needs to be solved. Aimed at this problem, combined with the two characteristics of global search and local detection, a filling criterion with multiple points is firstly proposed named maximum of expected improvement & minimizing the predicted objective function & maximum of root mean squared error (EI&MP&RMSE) in this paper. Furthermore, the optimization procedure of the surrogate model based on EI&MP&RMSE is concluded. Meanwhile, the classical one-dimensional and two-dimensional functions are applied to verify the accuracy of the proposed method. The difference in the accuracy and mean square error of the surrogate model under different infill points criteria are analyzed. As expected, it shows that this method can effectively improve the accuracy of the surrogate model and reduce the number of iterations. It has extensive practicability and serviceability for the optimization of complex engineering structures.

Spontaneous internal hemorrhage from a hepatic hemangioma is rare. This case describes a 59-year-old woman who was hospitalized with recurrent cough and fever for 6 months. The doctor thought that she had pneumonia, but other infectious diseases could not be ruled out. Therefore, related tests were performed and strong antibiotics were used, but the symptom of fever was persistent and recurred. Enhanced computed tomography (CT) findings showed a right hepatic giant hemangioma with hemorrhage, while tuberculosis, liver abscess, and immune disease were excluded by the physician. Because the patient’s fever was associated with a large hepatic hemangioma, the patient was transferred to surgery. During treatment, the amount of bleeding increased, so she underwent a right hepatic hemangioma resection in the emergency department. Her postoperative fever symptoms subsequently resolved. Pathological examination confirmed hemorrhagic necrosis with infection in hepatic hemangioma. Follow-up showed that the patient was afebrile.

The worsening of soil salinization has become an important factor limiting crop yield and quality. Pyropia haitanensis grows in the intertidal zone and is highly salt tolerant. The response mechanism of organisms exposed to stress is linked to energy metabolism and protein processing. However, the effect of hypersaline stress on the energy metabolism and protein synthesis of the P. haitanensis thallus has not been reported. Therefore, the objective of this study was to apply data-independent acquisition (DIA) technology to analyze the differences in the changes to the abundance of proteins related to energy metabolism and protein processing in P. haitanensis thalli exposed to salinity stress (100%) and semilethal salinity (110%). The examination of energy metabolism in algae under hypersaline stress revealed the decreased abundance of phosphofructokinase inhibits the glycolytic pathway. However, increases in triosephosphate isomerase levels and the enhancement of the pentose phosphate pathway minimize this inhibitory effect, while also providing substrates for the citric acid cycle as well as energy for physiological and biochemical algal reactions under hypersaline stress conditions. Regarding the protein processing related to the endoplasmic reticulum, increases in the abundance of CNX, the transporter COP II, heat shock proteins, protein disulfide isomerase, and other proteins related to endoplasmic reticulum quality control will ensure proteins are synthesized in algae under hypersaline stress. Increases in the levels of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation recognition protein BiP and transporter Sec61 as well as the ubiquitination degradation system-related proteins will maintain the dynamic balance between protein folding and clearance in algae. Moreover, algae are tolerant to 100% salinity, but 110% salinity is semilethal to algae. The abundances of citrate synthase, 6-phosphoglucose dehydrogenase, protein disulfide isomerase, and other related proteins increased under 100% salinity stress, but not under 110% salinity stress. Accordingly, in response to 100% salinity stress, P. haitanensis thalli may induce metabolic activities to satisfy the requirements of physiological and biochemical reactions. Furthermore, protein processing and synthesis may be stabilized to ensure necessary stress reactions are completed. The results of this study provide data potentially useful for investigating plant stress resistance mechanisms and for cultivating new salt-tolerant varieties.

Background/Aims: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive malignancy that responds in a diverse manner to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). This study was aimed to uncover an RNA signature in TNBC patients which predicts pathological complete responses (pCR) to NAC by analyzing long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and coding gene expression. Methods: Microarray datasets from 26 TNBC patients receiving NAC including ten patients showing pCR were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Results: A total of 172 coding genes and 84 lncRNAs were differentially expressed between patients achieving pCR and those who did not. Filtering based on the predictive efficacy of response to NAC using receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) shortlisted 23 lncRNAs and 15 coding genes from consideration. Finally, a response score consisting of 1 lncRNA and 2 coding genes was developed: response score = 2.595*BPESC1 – 1.09*WDR72 –1.428*GADD45A – 0.731. The response score had good predictive performance (AUC=0.931, p< 0.01) and at the cut-off of 0.545, the response score had sensitivity and specificity of 0.8 and 0.9, respectively. Conclusion: We propose a simple gene expression signature of only three RNA species could be employed clinically to predict pCR in TNBC patients receiving NAC.

To establish an accurate sea ice model is a tremendous challenge in Arctic acoustic research. Regarding this matter, a multilayered porous sea ice model is proposed based on Biot’s theory in this paper. Assuming that the model is sandwiched between the water and air half-spaces, the reflection coefficient of an incident wave from water into ice is deduced and contrasted with the solution calculated by impedance transfer method (ITM) to demonstrate the verification of the model. Furthermore, the influences of frequency, porosity and layering on reflection coefficients are analyzed. The results reveal that the reflection coefficient is closely associated with layering and porosity. Therefore, it is reasonable and necessary to simultaneously take the layering and porosity of ice into consideration. Different from the existing layered or porous ice model, the presented model synthesizes the layered characteristic and porous structure of ice, which better portrays the real condition of sea ice. It is an improvement of the broadly used stratified or porous sea ice model, which provides ideas for further sea ice modeling.

Mastering the sound propagation law of low-frequency signals in the Arctic is a major frontier basic research demand to improve the level of detection, communication, and navigation technology. It is of practical significance for long-distance sound propagation and underwater target detection in the Arctic Ocean. Therefore, how to establish an effective model to study the characteristics of the acoustic field in the Arctic area has always been a hot topic in polar acoustic research. Aimed at solving this problem, a mathematical polar acoustic field model with an elastic seafloor is developed based on a range-dependent elastic parabolic equation theory. Moreover, this method is applied to study the characteristics of polar sound propagation for the first attempt. The validity and effectiveness of the method and model are verified by the elastic normal mode method. Simultaneously, the propagation characteristics of low-frequency signals are studied in a polar sound field from three aspects, which are seafloor parameters, sea depth, and ice thickness. The results show that the elastic parabolic equation method can be well utilized to the Arctic low-frequency acoustic field. The analysis of the influence factors of the polar sound field reveals the laws of sound transmission loss of low-frequency signals, which is of great significance to provide information prediction for underwater submarine target detection and target recognition.