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Background This is a secondary data analysis designed as a longitudinal study aimed at investigating the effects of depression and self-esteem on daily smoking amounts among hardcore smokers over time. Methods The subjects of this study were 264 hardcore smokers aged 19 years or older who participated in all waves of the 9th–13th Korea Welfare Panel Studies. Self-report questionnaires were used to collect data. Data analyses were performed using SPSS WIN 24.0 and AMOS 18.0, and data were analyzed using a latent growth model. Results The intercept of depression and self-esteem among the subjects had statistically significant effects on the intercept of the daily smoking amount. The slope of depression and self-esteem among the subjects also had statistically significant effects on the slope of the daily smoking amount. The slope of depression indirect affected the slope of daily smoking amount via the level of self-esteem. Conclusion It is important to determine the initial levels and the rates of change of depression, self-esteem, and daily smoking amount among hardcore smokers. In order to reduce the daily smoking amount among hardcore smokers, interventions for depression and methods to improve self-esteem among hardcore smokers should be considered.

Objective This study aims to determine the effect of parenting stress and co-parenting on marital conflict and the actor and partner effects of parental variables and to identify the control effect based on the mother’s employment status. Method In this study, among all children who participated in the panel study and health questionnaire survey, 161 fathers and 161 mothers raising seven-year-old children recently treated for atopic dermatitis for 12 months were selected as the final study participants. Results The father’s parenting stress had an actor and a partner effect on the co-parenting, and the mother’s parenting stress had an actor and a partner effect on the co-parenting. The father’s parenting stress only had an actor effect on the marital conflict(β=.32, p

The objectives of this study were to identify the factors affecting the obesity of breast cancer patients and to provide basic data for the development of an effective obesity management program for them using the propensity score matching method and data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) with a bigger sample size and a higher level of representativeness. In this study, 231 breast cancer patients who had been diagnosed with breast cancer and had been treated for more than 3 months among the adult KNHANES participants (aged 19 and older) were selected. The results of this study showed that the degree of physical activity, the number of days of doing strength exercise, the food intake reduction level, the protein intake ratio, and the thermal effect of food affected the obesity of the breast cancer patients. Therefore, future studies are needed to examine the factors associated with the obesity management of breast cancer patients in various aspects, using a wide range of data, and to suggest political measures for managing the obesity of breast cancer patients.

최근 한국에서는 고령화가 본격적으로 진행되어 가족이나 개인중심의 노인돌봄시스템이 한계에 도달하 였다. 본 연구는 장기요양등급자로 재가서비스를 받고 있거나 등급외자로 돌봄서비스를 받고 있는 노인을 대상으 로 하는 재활 및 건강증진, 삶의 질 향상을 위한 적절한 서비스를 개발하는 목적을 갖는다. 특히 공급자입장의 품질 관리 측면에서 접근하였으며 서비스관리공급자인 기관 및 서비스제공자인 요양보호사를 대상으로 FGI 조사를 실 시하고, 지역사회복지사와 방문간호사 대상 심층면접을 실시하였다. 연구결과에서는 서비스 공급자 및 제공자 간 서비스 내용에 대한 의식차이가 나타났고 또한 적절한 서비스를 제공하기 위해서는 지역사회에서 영역별로 분리되 어 있는 케어서비스를 융합하기 위한 통합 교육 및 팀워크 훈련 등이 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that motivate nurses. Data were collected from 373 nurses employed at 4 general hospitals located in Seoul, Korea. Nine research instruments were used in the formulation of a questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 18.0. The mean score of motivation was 3.49. The major influential background factors for motivation among the hospital nurses were growth needs (β=0.31, p

Senescent effects are the gradual deterioration of function caused by biological aging. Senescent effects on color vision are not clearly understood even after considerable researches. Part of the reason is that the color vision is a complex phenomenon resulting from various factors such as organic systems, and the physical (neuro-optical) and the psychological (experiential) processes of color perception. We performed a field experiment on color perceptional differences due to aging vision. Our experiment was applied to two different groups in South Korea: an experimental group (46 subjects of over the age of 61 years) and a control group (49 subjects in their twenties). The experimental tools are comprised of (1) six gradual yellowing detector board (40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%); (2) pairs of vivid-strong, vivid-deep, grayish-deep, deep-dull, and bright-light tones of Blue (B) and Purple (P) colors; (3) Red (R), Yellow (Y), Green (G), Blue (B), and Purple (P) colors of dull-tones and pale-tones; and (4) a questionnaire on the semantic differential scales of the color images and color differences. A diagnosis system of gradual yellow vision, developed by the authors for this study, was adapted to generate the color detecting boards. The results are as follows. (1) There are significant differences between the two groups in detecting colors that simulate 40% and 50% of yellow vision. (2) As to the color difference detecting ability between similar tones, the experimental group shows difficulties in pairs of vivid-strong tones and deep-dull tones of the B color. And (3), the emotional responses to the dull tone and the pale tone are not stable in the red, the yellow, blue, and purple. Thus, we empirically demonstrate the specific differences in color perception between the old and young groups.

본 연구는 직무요구-자원 모형을 바탕으로 간호사의 직무요구와 직무자원, 직무소진과 직무열의, 건강문제와 이직의 도 간의 관계를 규명하기 위한 가설적 모형을 구축하고 이를 검정하여, 간호 조직의 성공적인 자원관리 방안을 위한 기초 자료를 제시하고자 시행되었다. 연구 대상자들은 서울시 소재하는 대학병원에서 근무하는 간호사 320명을 대상으로 실시되 었다. 연구 결과, 간호사의 직무요구는 직무소진 증가와 직무열의 감소에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 직무자 원은 직무열의 증가에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 직무요구는 직무소진을 매개로 건강문제와 이직의도 증 가에 간접적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 직무자원은 직무소진과 직무열의를 매개로 건강문제와 이직의도 감소에 유의한 간접효과를 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 직무소진은 건강문제 증가와 이직의도 증가에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 반면, 직무열의는 이직의도에 직접적인 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 간호사들이 지각하는 직무자원 과 직무요구가 건강문제와 이직의도에 미치는 영향을 직무소진과 직무열의의 매개 효과로 파악한 기초자료로 간호 관리자들 이 조직의 성과를 높이기 위한 전략적 자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

This study aimed to identify the factors affecting nurses' customer orientation. A survey was conducted on 440 nurses working for general hospitals in South Korea from November 22 through December 15, 2012, and this study analyzed the data from the questionnaire with SPSS Windows 18.0. Data were analyzed using t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression. All factors had a significant correlation with customer orientation. Multiple multiple regression analysis revealed that self-leadership and deep acting was the factor positively influencing nurses’ customer orientation. These factors explained 54.0% of customer orientation. It has important implications in that it suggests a customer orientation prediction model that hospital managers can use as baseline data for nursing human resource management.

This study was conducted to identify the factors that affect the nursing performance. These factors are general characteristics, mentoring function and organizational citizenship behavior. A survey was conducted on 163 nurses working for general hospitals in South Korea from December 2 - 30, 2015. The data was analyzed using the SPSS WIN 21.0 program to analyze the descriptive statistics, independent T-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression. The factors affecting the subject's nursing performance were altruism (β=.46, p

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that affect a nurse’s turnover intention. A questionnaire survey was conducted on nurses working for general hospitals in South Korea, and the data obtained from the accomplished questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS Windows 18.0. Factors influencing the turnover intention of a nurse were identified as innovative culture (β=-0.09), relational culture (β=-0.43), hierarchical culture (β=0.43), workplace bullying (β=0.53), and work burnout (β=0.27). The results indicate the major factors influencing the turnover intention of a nurse. Therefore, these factors may serve as predictors of nurse's turnover intention how this would benefit an employer.

Individuals with low self-esteem are vulnerable to depression. Depressed individuals process information related to themselves in a distorted way, thereby negatively affecting their self-esteem. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between depression and self-esteem in postnatal Korean women using longitudinal data and an autoregressive cross-lagged analysis. This study was conducted in postpartum women who had consistently participated in the Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC) from Wave 1 through to Wave 8. The study results showed that depression and self-esteem in postnatal women had a significant positive correlation over time. Moreover, the longitudinal relationship between depression and self-esteem in postnatal women was affected by weight gain during pregnancy. This study overcomes the limitations of cross-sectional studies by using longitudinal data on the correlations between depression and self-esteem in postnatal women, the study findings may be used in developing weight control programs for pregnant and postnatal women.

Aim This is a descriptive longitudinal study conducted to identify the effects of the perception of child value by parents on parenting stress, controlling parenting attitudes, and children's self-esteem. Methods The present study targeted parents aged 19 years or older and their children who participated in the fourth through to the eighth Panel Study on Korean Children. The study examined the longitudinal relationship of the effect of parental factors on self-esteem in children, and applied an actor-partner interdependent model to analyze the effect of interactions with parents. Results The paternal instrumental value had a partner effect on the rate of change in maternal parenting stress, while the maternal instrumental value of children had an actor effect on the rate of change in maternal parenting stress. The baseline value of parenting stress had an actor effect on the baseline value of controlling parenting attitudes, while the rate of change in maternal parenting stress had a partner effect on paternal controlling parenting attitudes and an actor effect on the rate of change in maternal controlling parenting attitudes. The baseline value and rate of change in controlling parenting attitudes were found to influence self-esteem in children. Conclusion Reducing parenting stress by increasing the parents' positive perception of the value of children can be helpful in maintaining a consistent parenting attitude by parents, which can have a positive effect on self-esteem in children. It is important to provide intervention and management of variables related to self-esteem in children using a long-term and multidimensional approach.

PURPOSE This study aimed to identify the directionality of the causal relationship and interaction between depression and amount of smoking over time in hardcore smokers using longitudinal descriptive analysis. METHODS Secondary data from the Korean Welfare Panel Study were analyzed using autoregressive cross-lagged modeling. Participants included 342 hardcore smokers who participated in the 8th to 11th waves of the panel study. RESULTS Analyses revealed that change(s) in depression levels according to time had a significant positive relationship with the total amount of smoking per day (β=.29, β=.19, β=.17, p

In spite of increasing women migrants, proper social programs based on human rights are hardly found. In this paper, with the implication of 'diaspora', the essential term of multi-culturalism from the perspective of migrant women is briefly discussed. Also, social programs for migrant women are suggested through looking into the experiences of EU. EU policies and social programs are reorganized through data analysis and policy contents analysis. EU has longer history of immigration, and has provided the proper and long-term programs to accept migrant women as the qualified social member. EU social programs are based on the principles of non-discrimination, full employment, human rights and citizenship. Social programs should imply long-term inclusive policy for migrants, and help migrants to experience empowerment in the society. By looking into some examples of social programs of employment, education and general knowledge, useful social programs are to be suggested.

불건강한 비만인에 비해 1주일 동안의 유연성 운동일수(Odds ratio (OR)=1.18, 95% confidence interval (95% CI)=1.01-1.38), 수분 섭취(OR=1.04, 95% CI=1.01-1.06)및 단백질 섭취량(OR=1.07, 95% CI=1.02-1.13)이 높고, 지방(OR=0.99, 95% CI=0.98-1.00)과 탄수화물(OR=0.98, 95% CI=0.97-0.99)의 섭취량이 낮은 것으로 확인되었다. 이를 근거로 하여 비만 성인에 대한 간호중재는 대사적 상태에 따른 접근이 필요하다고 사료된다. Abstract This study divides subjects into people with metabolically healthy obesity and those with metabolically unhealthy obesity to identify the physical activities and nutrients influencing adults with obesity. Participants in the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from January through December 2013 were selected as the subjects, and an analysis of complex survey samples was conducted with them. It was found that the number of days of a flexibility exercise (Odds ratio (OR)=1.18, 95% confidence interval (95% CI)=1.01-1.38), water intake (OR=1.04, 95% CI=1.01-1.06) and protein intake (OR=1.07, 95% CI=1.02-1.13) for one week were higher in people with metabolically healthy obesity than in those with metabolically unhealthy obesity, while their fat intake (OR=0.99, 95% CI=0.98-1.00)and carbohydrate intake (OR=0.98, 95% CI=0.97-0.99) were lower. Based on the results of this study, it was found that nursing intervention for obesity would need an approach according to the metabolic condition of obesity.

PURPOSE This study was conducted to examine the longitudinal effects of parenting stress and parental control attitudes on problem behaviors in preschool children, using a latent growth model. METHODS Participants were 1,724 pairs of parents and 1,724 preschool children who had completed the panel survey on Korean children (5(th)~7(th) survey panels). RESULTS An analysis of the multivariate latent growth model of parenting stress, parental control attitudes, and children's problem behaviors suggested that the parents' intercepts for parenting stress influenced their intercepts for parental control attitudes (father: β=.21, p

PURPOSE The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study of cause-and-effect relationship, which used the 7(th) year data of the Panel Study on Korean Children, to investigate the effects of parenting stress, depression, and family interactions of the parents of early school-age children on children's subjective happiness. METHODS The present study included data of 1419 pairs of parents who participated in the mother and father survey of the Panel Study on Korean Children. The effects of parenting stress, depression, and parental family interactions on children's subjective happiness were analyzed as actor and partner effects using path analysis. RESULTS Parenting stress had an actor effect on depression; maternal parenting stress (β=-.21, p

Introduction Parathyroid hormone–related protein plays an important role in bone remodeling. Its N-terminal domain parathyroid hormone–related protein (107-111) is called osteostatin (OST). OST has demonstrated osteogenic potential when combined with biomaterials such as hydroxyapatite or bioceramics. However, the odontogenic potential of OST has not yet been reported. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether OST has an odontogenic effect or a synergistic effect with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) and to examine the underlying signaling mechanisms involved in OST-mediated odontogenic differentiation. Methods Viability of hDPCs on stimulation with OST or MTA was measured. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses were performed to evaluate the expression levels of odontogenic markers and the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). To evaluate mineralized nodule formation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red S staining were performed. Combined effects of OST and MTA were evaluated. Results OST promoted odontogenic differentiation, as evidenced by the formation of mineralized nodules, induction of ALP activity, and upregulation of odontogenic markers (dentin sialophosphoprotein, dentin matrix protein-1, and ALP). Phosphorylation of ERK was increased by OST. However, ERK inhibitor (U0126) inhibited the increase in dentin sialophosphoprotein and dentin matrix protein-1 expression and mineralization induced by OST. A combination of MTA and OST upregulated odontogenic differentiation-associated gene expression and calcium nodule mineralization in hDPCs compared with MTA alone. Conclusions The present study revealed that OST can promote odontogenic differentiation and mineralization through activating the ERK signaling pathway. A combination of MTA and OST showed a synergistic effect compared with MTA alone in hDPCs.

Summary Purpose This study was to examined the moderated mediation effect of self-esteem on the relationship between parenting stress and depression among married women with children using longitudinal data from the 3rd to 6th Panel Studies on Korean. Methods The data from the Panel Study of Korean Children (Korea Institute of Child Care and Education) was collected as part of a longitudinal inquiry of babies born in 2008, their parents and their community environments. Only the data collected from the married women over the age of 20 who participated in the maternal survey was used for this study. Results The initial level of married women’s parenting stress affects the initial level and the rate of change in self-esteem; the initial level of self-esteem, the initial level and rate of change in depression; and the initial level of parenting stress, the initial level of depression. However, the impact of the rate of change in parenting stress on that of self-esteem was significant only in employed women while the impact of the rate of change in self-esteem on that of depression was significant only in unemployed women. Conclusion It is necessary to manage parenting stress among married women through various programs and education that increase self-esteem in order to reduce their level of depression.

Aim This paper was designed to extend the extant research regarding factors related to nurses' turnover intentions. Methods This survey-based study was based on a path analysis designed to verify a hypothesized causal model involving nurses' role stress, organizational commitment, turnover intentions, and burnout. This study distributed 500 questionnaires to nurses in general hospitals with more than 500 beds located in Seoul, Korea, during 16–30 April 2012. Results Role conflict, an underlying factor in role stress, had no significant effect on role stress, but the results showed that role ambiguity reduced organizational commitment. On the other hand, role conflict and role ambiguity increased the level of burnout. Organizational commitment reduced turnover intentions, and burnout increased turnover intentions. Role conflict and role ambiguity had no direct effect on turnover intentions, but they had indirect effects on organizational commitment and burnout. Conclusion To reduce nurses' turnover rate, this study recommends developing plans to improve their organizational commitment because it mediates role stress and turnover intention.

Aim The purpose of this study was to verify the validity and reliability of an instrument and to identify nurses' attitudes toward obese patients. Methods Basic questions were developed after a preliminary published work review, and content validity was verified by a group of experts. Principle components analysis was applied to the verified questions as a factor analysis, and a confirmatory factor analysis was used to verify whether each question qualified for a specific factor and construct reliability. Average variances were extracted and checked to appraise the reliability of each factor. Results The first 74 questions composed with reference to the published work to identify nurses' attitudes toward obese patients were tested for construct validity and modified via factor analysis to 32 questions. Then, the questions were again modified to 29 questions with four factors after a confirmatory factor analysis. Construct reliability and the average variance extracted for the factors were verified to demonstrate that this tool was highly reliable to explain the 29 factors under the four categories. Conclusion These results show nurses' attitudes toward obese patients. Further research using various subject groups and appropriate measures is needed.

고령화시대를 맞아서 한국은 2008년부터 노인장기요양보험을 실시하면서 노인부양부담을 가족으로부터 국가 의 책임으로 인식하기 시작하였다. 데이케어센터(주간보호센터)는 사회적 보살핌을 제공하는 시설 중의 하나로 입소생 활시설과는 다른 주간이용시설인데 설립초기 자원부족 및 서비스 질 향상 등의 문제가 지적되어 왔다. 본 논문에서는 데이케어센터를 지역을 중심으로 접근하면서 그 발전방향을 논의하였다. 또한 전문가심층면접분석을 통해서 데이케어 센터의 차후 비전을 제시하였다. 심층분석 결과로는 데이케어센터에서 제공하는 건강케어 프로그램은 지역사회의 문 제 및 특성을 반영하여야 하고, 사용자 중심이어야 하며 지역통합적 방식을 취해야 함이 제시되었다.

One-parent family is increasing in Korea, changing its forms and identity. One-parent family policy policy should be established in terms of gender analysis, as men-headed family and women-headed family are in the very different situation regarding social status of gender. One-parent family policy needs gender-sensitive perspectives and also should be closely linked with child welfare policy and post-poverty strategies. This paper suggests distinguished situation of one-parent family by gender, and tries to explore specific ways of supporting one-parent family. Most of all, to set up the proper supporting system for one-parent family, the special needs and difficulties are analyzed by gender, which will lead towards the cohesive and holistic family policy. Key Words : One-parent Family, Gender Perspective, Gedner Analysis, One-parent family Support Policy, One-parent Family Policies * 본 논문은 부산가톨릭대학교 교내연구비에 의하여 지원되었음Received 3 January 2014, Revised 5 February 2014Accepted 20 February 2014Corresponding Author: Jeong-Won Han(Catholic Univ. of Pusan)Email: jhan@cup.ac.krⒸ The Society of Digital Policy & Management. All rights reserved. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.otg/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is ISSN:1738-1916 properly cited.

This paper proposes a simulation algorithm to assess the gradual yellowing vision of the elderly, which refers to the predominance of yellowness in their vision due to aging of the ocular optic media. This algorithm employed the spectral transmittance property of a yellow filter to represent the color appearance perceived by elderly people with yellow vision, and modeled the changes in the color space through a spectrum change in light using the yellow filter effect. The spectral reflectivity data of 1269 Munsell matte color chips were used as reference data. Under the standard conditions of a D65 illuminant and a $10^{\circ}$ observer of 1964 CIE, the spectrum of the 1269 Munsell colors were processed through the yellow filter effect to simulate yellow vision. Various degrees of yellow vision were modeled according to the transmittance percentage of the yellow filter. The color differences before and after the yellow filter effect were calculated using the DE2000 formula, and the color pairs were selected based on the color difference function. These color pairs are distinguishable through normal vision, but the color difference diminishes as the degree of yellow vision increases. Assuming 80% of yellow vision effect, 17 color pairs out of $(1269{\times}1268)/2$ pairs were selected, and for the 90% of yellow vision effect, only 3 color pairs were selected. The result of this study can be utilized for the diagnosis system of gradual yellow vision, making various types of test charts with selected color pairs.

As household energy consumption has increased, serious environmental problems, such as resource depletion and global warming, are becoming global issues. It is essential to conduct the energy use of residents living in apartments in order to come up with alternative solutions for energy savings. Therefore, this study examined the energy use awareness of apartment residents and their energy use behavior by various types of awareness. To understand their energy use behavior according to the awareness of the subjects, the energy awareness dimension was created with five factors and they were subject to a cluster analysis; then, the subjects were categorized into three groups. Finally, the difference of energy use behavior was examined by groups of energy awareness. G1 represents the group that is indifferent to energy savings and believes that convenience is an important factor. Also, with respect to energy use behavior, this group tends to pursue convenience. G2 is the group that is conscious of energy use costs thereby enduring some inconvenience, and shows savings behavior in daily life and household affairs. Although, G3 is very aware of the significance for the necessity of energy saving, their energy saving behavior is relatively negative. Regarding these different characteristics of each resident group in their energy saving awareness and behaviors, diverse methods and promotion in energy education are required. Furthermore, an effective energy policy should be established based on the understanding of energy consumption.

Managing apartments is critical not only to handling the physical deterioration over time, but also to the quality of community life, social environment and ultimately residents` satisfaction with the housing environment. Therefore, this study aims at understanding residents` awareness of apartment management, and finding the relationship between management activities and residents` satisfaction and participation by comparing an apartment with active management and an apartment without it. This study examines 1) management activities of two subject apartment complexes, and 2) how management activities affect residents` participation and satisfaction. Surveys were conducted of the residents, and SPSS statistics package was utilized to analyze the survey data. This study found that management activities of apartment complex have positive influence on residents` participation and satisfaction with their housing environment. The results of this study can be utilized as basic materials to develop effective guidelines and manual from the perspective of environmental management of apartment houses, in order to improve the participation of the residents in the apartment management.

The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of interior coordination in accordance with lifestyles to provide better interior conditions for house dwellers who have many different preferences and needs. For this purpose, this research examined the lifestyles of house dwellers, and their experiences on interior coordination, needs and preferences of dweller groups according to their lifestyles. As the methods of the study, both literature research and empirical survey were conducted. The findings of the study can be summarized as follows; The factor analysis shows that there are five main factors significantly affecting the lifestyles of apartment residents, and the lifestyles of residents were largely classified into four groups. G1 group is characterized by `demand for luxuriousness` and `pursuit for beauty`, and G2 group has tendency of `information orientation` and `pursuit for self-expression`, G3 group shows strong tendency for `pursuit for practicality` and G4 group is characterized by `pursuit for self-expression` and `pursuit for beauty`. The four groups showed distinct characteristics in their experiences, needs and preferences of interior coordination. G1 group can be names as `the style of well-being and luxuriousness`, and they are very positive in the interior climate change and prefer artistic items and luxurious atmosphere. G2 group, which can be named as `the style of expression`, tend to have their house interior-coordinated in order to follow fashion trends or express their personality. G3 group is named as `the style of practicality` and they consider convenience, practicality, and functionality. The last group, G4 can be named as `the style of personality`, and they have much interest in expressing their personality or following trendy fashions.

© 2014, Optical Society of Korea. All rights reserved. We present a hybrid method for spectral reflectivity recovery, using 3D extrapolation as a supplemental method for 3D interpolation. The proposed 3D extrapolation is an extended version of 3D interpolation based on the barycentric algorithm. It is faster and more accurate than the conventional spectral-recovery techniques of principal-component analysis and nonnegative matrix transformation. Four different extrapolation techniques (based on nearest neighbors, circumcenters, in-centers, and centroids) are formulated and applied to recover spectral reflectivity. Under the standard conditions of a D65 illuminant and 1964 10° observer, all reflectivity data from 1269 Munsell color chips are successfully reconstructed. The superiority of the proposed method is demonstrated using statistical data to compare coefficients of correlation and determination. The proposed hybrid method can be applied for fast and accurate spectral reflectivity recovery in image processing.

The purpose of this study was to verify the validity and reliability of an instrument and to identify nurses' attitudes toward obese patients.Basic questions were developed after a preliminary published work review, and content validity was verified by a group of experts. Principle components analysis was applied to the verified questions as a factor analysis, and a confirmatory factor analysis was used to verify whether each question qualified for a specific factor and construct reliability. Average variances were extracted and checked to appraise the reliability of each factor.The first 74 questions composed with reference to the published work to identify nurses' attitudes toward obese patients were tested for construct validity and modified via factor analysis to 32 questions. Then, the questions were again modified to 29 questions with four factors after a confirmatory factor analysis. Construct reliability and the average variance extracted for the factors were verified to demonstrate that this tool was highly reliable to explain the 29 factors under the four categories.These results show nurses' attitudes toward obese patients. Further research using various subject groups and appropriate measures is needed.

This paper was designed to extend the extant research regarding factors related to nurses' turnover intentions.This survey-based study was based on a path analysis designed to verify a hypothesized causal model involving nurses' role stress, organizational commitment, turnover intentions, and burnout. This study distributed 500 questionnaires to nurses in general hospitals with more than 500 beds located in Seoul, Korea, during 16-30 April 2012.Role conflict, an underlying factor in role stress, had no significant effect on role stress, but the results showed that role ambiguity reduced organizational commitment. On the other hand, role conflict and role ambiguity increased the level of burnout. Organizational commitment reduced turnover intentions, and burnout increased turnover intentions. Role conflict and role ambiguity had no direct effect on turnover intentions, but they had indirect effects on organizational commitment and burnout.To reduce nurses' turnover rate, this study recommends developing plans to improve their organizational commitment because it mediates role stress and turnover intention.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the casual relationship between nurses' mentoring and turnover intention and to verify the goodness of fit between a hypothetical model and actual data in order to suggest an adequate model. METHODS The survey was conducted with 434 nurses working in general hospitals in Seoul. Data were collected during February 2013, and analyzed with SPSS Windows 18.0 and AMOS 7.0. RESULTS Mentoring was found to have a direct effect on decrease in role stress. Role stress had a direct effect on increase in burnout and mentoring, with role stress as a mediator, there was an indirect effect on burnout. Burnout had a direct effect on increase in turnover intention, and role stress, with burnout as a mediator, and mentoring, through role stress and burnout, an indirect effect was found on increase in turnover intention. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that nursing managers should put effort into reducing role stress and burnout, while seeking to establish a more efficient mentoring system so that for nurses, there will be a lowering of turnover intention.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the casual relationship between nurses' social capital and turnover intention and to verify the goodness of fit between a hypothetical model and actual data in order to suggest the best model. METHODS This survey was conducted with 315 nurses working in general hospitals in Seoul. Data were collected from December 1 to December 30, 2011, and analyzed using SPSS Windows 18.0 and AMOS 16.0. RESULTS Nurses' social capital was found to have a direct effect on reducting organization cynicism and increasing organizational commitment. Nurses' organizational cynicism and organizational commitment were found to have a direct effect on turnover intention, but social capital did not have a direct effect on turnover intention. However, social capital had a partial and indirect effect on turnover intention through mediating organizational cynicism and organizational commitment. CONCLUSION Results of this study indicate that nurse managers should put increased effort in reducing nurses' organizational cynicism and improving their organizational commitment, two contrary parameters. At the same time managers need to develop plans to establish social capital more efficiently so that nurses have lower turnover intention.