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We present the characteristics of titanium dioxide (TiO2) inorganic film deposited by RF magnetron sputtering for liquid crystal display applications in this paper. TiO2 films supported vertically aligned liquid crystal (LC) molecules based on ion-beam (IB) irradiation time dependence. Uniform alignment was obtained only when the incident time was two minutes with 1.8 keV of incident energy and an incident angle of 45°. Energy from uniform high-density plasma by IB irradiation affected the interaction between the TiO2 layer and LC molecules to produce vertical alignment of the LC molecules.

This paper introduces a novel alignment method for control of pretilt angles in liquid crystals (LCs) using an etchant dipping effect on a mixed polyimide layer as an alternative alignment layer for liquid crystal display applications. A rubbing process was used to induce LC alignment and induce the measured LC pretilt angle on the etchant dipped mixture layer. The resulting thermal stabilities were good, however thermal stresses decreased as the etchant dipping time increased, indicating that the LC anchoring energy became weaker as a function of etchant dipping time after treatment. Excellent voltage-transmittance characteristics for vertically aligned cells were observed for all conditions.

While producing gas from the reservoir to the surface, there exists a unavoidable pressure drop near the wellbore. Due to excessive pressure drops, a condensate drops out from gas and flows with gas towards a well because of compositional changes in PVT phase behavior. Since these all make a productivity of reservoir worse and reduce an overall recovery, many studies of condensate bank phenomena have been performed for a long time. In this study, a reservoir simulation has been conducted to investigate the effect of well's productivity due to the behavior of condensate bank near well. Also this study presents the effects of heterogeneity on condensate banking and conformance control methods to minimize condensate bank problems effectively. From simulational results of condensate bank phenomena in a gas-condensate reservoir, the condensate forms rapidly in the vicinity of the well as soon as gas production begins since the bottom-hole pressure is much lower than the dew-point pressure. The accumul...

Vertical alignment (VA) of a liquid crystal display (LCD) device with a stable pretilt angle has been achieved on ion-bombarded silicon nitride (SiN x) surfaces. The surface energy variation of the SiN x surface with the bonding conversion achieved via ion beam bombardment makes it possible to control the liquid crystal (LC) pretilt angle. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the vertical orientation of the LC molecules occurs on the SiO 2 surface and that this orientation is directionally transformed upon ion bombardment of SiN x thin films. Moreover, the upgraded electro-optical characteristics of VA-LCDs showed potential for high-performance LCD applications on modified SiN x surfaces.

This study shows evaluation of how much OASIS meets "the korean web content accessibility guidelines" and analysis of some of the accessibility problems and their solutions in OASIS(Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System) which is the only web site that offers papers and project information related to Traditional Medicine in Korea. The evaluation criteria to determine if OASIS is accessible is classified into four sub items; Perceivable - if information and user interface components is presentable to users in ways they can perceive, Operable - if user interface components and navigation are operable, Understandable - if information and the operation of user interface are understandable, Robust - if content is robust enough that it can be interpreted reliably by a wide variety of user agents, including assistive technologies. Based on the measured results, OASIS has just been redesigned and implemented in more accessible and effective way. OASIS that improves web accessibility for the disabled is expected to help them study oriental medicine more easily and conveniently by providing equal access and equal opportunity to use the web.

We studied the state of the dual liquid crystal (LC) alignment which displays both homeotropic and homogeneous alignment on blended polyimide (PI) layer. The research was conducted using rubbing method at different imidizing temperatures and the blended PI was made using homeotropic PI having an alkyl side chain and homogeneous PI without the side chain. The uniform LC alignments were achieved, and have thermal stability. The results of contact angles were similar to that of pretilt angles.

The controllable pre-tilt angle of liquid crystals was investigated using a blend of horizontal and vertical polyimide prepared using a rubbing method. Various pretilt angles ranging from 0° to 90° were achieved as a function of the vertical polyimide content. We observed uniform liquid crystal alignment on the rubbing-treated blended polyimide layer. A no-bias-bend (NBB) pi cell with an intermediate pretilt angle of 47.8° was manufactured. This cell had no initial bias voltage and a low threshold voltage, which indicates that it has low power consumption. In addition, the response time of the NBB pi cell was rapid.

In this study, transparent polystyrene (PS) was replaced with conventional polyimide material. As a non-contact process, an ion beam (IB) bombardment process was applied to align the homogeneous liquid crystal (LC) material on the PS surfaces. Confirming the atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, the chemical compositional changes of the IB-irradiated PS surfaces were determined as a function of the IB exposure angle although there was no effect of modulation of the physical geographic characteristics on IB-irradiated PS surfaces. Using this analysis, the optimal IB bombardment condition was determined at the IB exposure angle of 45°. Finally, the electro-optical properties of an LC cell suggest the use of PS in conventional LC alignment materials.

With the advanced learning and the diversity of topics, researchers on each area keenly feel the need of precise and a quick discovery of required information at any time. This study presents a way of constructing the automatic mapping system that can compare and analyze duplicated data and that describes the result by building an effective reference extraction method and another way of correcting the wrong form of used Chinese characters with Traditional Korean Medicine dictionary. With this innovation, data duplication on references and Chinese characters errors can be fixed. Under the situation that a number of references of newly published papers that can continuously be extracted.

The aligned liquid crystals (LCs) display on SiNx thin films using ion-beam (IB) irradiation was studied with controllability of pretilt angle depending on incident energies of the IB. The LCs alignment property for the SiNx thin films were observed to verify the practical application potential. A good LCs alignment of vertical alignment LCs cells on SiNx thin film surfaces irradiated with incident IB energy of 1800eV was achieved. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of LCs on SiNx thin film surfaces irradiated with IB energy was used for the surface analysis.

We studied homogeneous liquid crystal (LC) alignment properties on ion-beam (IB) irradiated TiO2 films deposited by the electron beam evaporation method. Stable homogeneous LC alignment on a TiO2 surface resulted from IB irradiation energy over 1800 eV. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses showed that Ti4+ 2p3/2 and Ti4+ 2p1/2 peaks were increased with increasing IB energy. Assuming that the increased peaks produced anisotropy dipole fields in the direction of the IB exposure process, we confirmed that the increasing IB energy induced strengthened the surface energy for entirely clear and stable LC molecule orientation. The voltage-transmittance characteristics of the twisted-nematic cell on the TiO2 surface indicate that the TiO2 film has potential for use as the LC alignment layer.

In order to achieve the growth of traditional Chinese medicine, the chinese government has annually released "China Statistical Yearbook of Chinese Medicine" to the world since "State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People`s Republic of China" established in 1988. It is believed that the chinese government intends to secure the early dominance of the global medical market by systematic management of its own medicine infrastructures. Although the statistics of "China Statistical Yearbook of Chinese Medicine" weren`t systematically organized at the beginning, it has becoming richer, more systematic, and more standardized in the data construction and system as time has passed. Furthermore, we can take a look at China`s effort to take the initiative of oriental medicine by expanding investment in several core areas - medicine resources, operation of medical instruments, service, medicine education, medicine science research, and working expenses. This article will show how china has been trying to develop the chinese medicine, focusing on two parts. One is specific analysis of the book "China Statistical Yearbook of Chinese Medicine". It is divided into analysis of its construction system, the degree of data construction, and its statistical system. The other is analysis of annual changes in areas of medicine resources, operation of medical instruments, service, medicine education, medicine science research, and working expenses.

We investigated liquid crystal (LC) alignment as a function of ion beam (IB) incident angles and electro-optical (EO) characteristics of twisted nematic (TN)-liquid crystal displays (LCD) on polyimide (PI) surfaces. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis showed that the intensity of C=O chemical bonding decreased, while that of C–O chemical bonding increased for increasing IB incident angles. This indicates that the dipole-dipole interaction between C–O chemical bonding and the LC molecules has a chemical alignment effect. A good uniform alignment of nematic LCs on PI surfaces by the IB irradiation was observed, and good EO properties of IB-aligned TN-LCDs on PI surfaces were achieved.

We used Brewster's Law to examine the mechanism of liquid crystal (LC) alignment on an organic insulation layer when subjected to ion-beam irradiation. Brewster's Law implies that the maximum rate polarized ray on a slanted insulation layers on the substrate and it illustrates the dependence of polarization and the mechanical structure on the ion beam irradiation process. The pretilt angle of nematic LCs on the organic insulation surface was about 1.13° for an ion beam exposure of 45° for 1 minute at 1800 eV. This shows the dependence of LC alignment on the polarization ratio in a slanted organic insulation layer. We also discussed the electro-optical characteristic of twisted nematic (TN) LCD using ion beam irradiation on organic overcoat layer.

This paper introduces the homogeneously aligned liquid crystal (LC) display using ion beam (IB) bombardment of a new silicon oxynitride (SiON) alignment layer for the first time. The pretilt angle was shown to be a function of the IB incident energy, and possible mechanisms of LC alignment were investigated with physical and chemical methods. An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed that the LC alignment on the IB-bombarded SiON inorganic surface was due to the reformation of Si–O bonds as a major factor. The electro-optical characteristics were comparable to those of rubbed polyimide films.

Thanks to current development of many search engines and web technologies, a new semantic searching technology appears, featuring giving a relevant meaning to the keyword beyond the previous keyword search service. On the wave of advance of various search engines, the enhancement of OASIS offered by KIOM is needed as well. To do this, KIOM examined demographic and sociological analysis on their position, status, and career, the convenience of OASIS, and the value of papers offered in OASIS from members who have ever used it. Furthermore, the importance of each area involved in oriental medicine is also examined in terms of a new direction for OASIS improvement. Based on the result of the user survey, it turned out that not only an automatic search system that can find meaning of chinese character-centered key words but also a Authority-system which can distinguish homonym beyond simple keyword search system should be introduced quickly. Also, we reached the conclusion that it is necessary to interconnect a citation index information on references with laboratory information of the agencies concerned and interconnect major web sites around the world by using Open API. OASIS is the only domestic web site for offering papers that cover oriental medicine. Therefore, if requirements about the site in oriental medical circles are analyzed sufficiently and the problems of its information search system are improved, OASIS is expected to play a critical role in the development of oriental medicine.

We have studied the liquid crystal alignment properties for various alignment methods on the homogeneous polyimide surface. Suitable liquid crystal alignment for one-side alignment cell on the polyimide surface by all alignment method was observed. Highly pre-tilt angle of the NLC for both-side rubbing cell was measured. But, low pre-tilt angle of the NLC for one-side ion beam and UV irradiation cell was observed. We consider that the pre-tilt angle of NLC for one-side ion beam and UV irradiation on the PI surface is lower than that of the PI surface with rubbing. Also, the suitable transmittance-voltage curves for the one-side rubbing TN-LCD on the PI surface with one-side UV irradiation were measured. Also, good response time characteristics of the one-side rubbing TN-LCD on the polyimide surface with one-side UV irradiation can be measured.

The process for depositing indume-tin oxide (ITO) electrode on polymer substrate is not readily applicable at high temperature and shows poor electrical properties than the conventional ITO deposition process on glass substrate. Especially, the deformation of polymer substrate and residual stress yield the crack which degrade the performance of organic light emitting diode (OLED) unit. In this study, we developed low resistance ITO electrode, AZO(ITO-ZnO-Ag-ZnO-ITO) to apply to the fabrication of the bottom emission OLED unit. The performance of the AZO exhibited low surface resistance as 8 ohm and the ITO electrodes were additionally deposited to guarantee the same work function as conventional ITO. The emissive efficiency was 92% at 550 nm which almost corresponds to that of the conventional ITO.

We have studied the liquid crystal (LC) alignment, the pretilt angle generation, and the annealing behavior for a nematic liquid crystal (NLC) on the homogeneous polyimide (PI) surfaces by using the rubbing method and the ion beam (IB) method. An excellent LC alignment of the NLC on the PI surface with rubbing and IB irradiation were observed. The pretilt angle of NLC on the homogeneous PI surface for the rubbing method is decreased from to as rubbing time is increased, that of the for the IB irradiation method is decreased from to as the time of IB irradiation is increased. After the annealing, the pretilt angles of the rubbed PI surfaces increased up to , these of the IB irradiated PI surfaces little increased. It is considered the side chain of the rubbed PI show the its abilities of the original capacities, while the side chain of the IB irradiated PI cannot show the its abilities of the original capacities due to the IB has already destroyed the side chain of the PI.

The nematic liquid crystal alignment capability and electro‐optical (EO) performance characteristics of in‐plane switching (IPS) cells were first demonstrated on organic hybrid overcoat layers via ion beam irradiation. Usually the organic hybrid overcoat is used as the material for making a plate alignment layer in a colour filter process. To characterise the organic hybrid overcoat layer, we analysed the surface composition of the organic hybrid overcoat by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that the intensity of C = O and C–O bonding undergoes a change corresponding to the changes in energy of the ion beam exposure. Moreover, EO performance characteristics of IPS cells on the organic hybrid overcoat layer via ion beam irradiation were observed to have similar characteristics to the polyimide.

The electro-optical (EO) characteristics of the one-side rubbing twisted nematic (TN) - liquid crystal display (LCD) on the polyimide (PI) surface with one-side ion beam (IB) irradiation were successfully studied. The good LC alignment for the one-side rubbing TN-LCD on the PI surface with one-side IB irradiation was observed. The suitable transmittance-voltage curves for the one-side rubbing TN-LCD on the PI surface with one-side IB irradiation were measured. Also, the good response time characteristics of the one-side rubbing TN-LCD on the PI surface with one-side IB irradiation were measured. The fast response time can be achieved for the one-side rubbing TN-LCD on the PI surface with one-side IB irradiation.

We have studied the liquid crystal (LC) orientation behavior on the organic hybrid overcoat layer with ion beam irradiation. Excellent LC alignments of the nematic liquid crystal (NLC) on the ion beam irradiated organic hybrid overcoat layers were observed in various intensities above 600 eV. Pretilt angles of the NLC on the organic hybrid overcoat layers for all ion beam energy intensities were observed from 0.2 to 0.5 degrees. Also, we used the atomic force microscopy (AFM) images for measuring the roughness of the organic hybrid overcoat layers with ion beam irradiation before and after. The surface of organic hybrid overcoat layers was leveled off by the ion beam irradiation. Finally, a good LC alignment thermal stability on the organic hybrid overcoat layer with ion beam irradiation can be achieved.

Recently, the frequency and scale of natural disasters such as typhoons, flood, earthquakes, and tidal waves from earthquakes has been increasing. Several nations have recognized that earth observation is essential for protecting the Earth`s environment. However, as the data format from earth observation varies depending on areas, institutes, and countries, sharing and exchange between data is difficult. Thus, we have a metadata standardization scheme suitable for the domestic situation to allow exchange of data between societal benefit areas with reference to principles of data sharing and exchange that are discussed on GEO (Group on Earth Observation). We have also designed metadata schemes required to identify the metadata situation of earth observation data being used for 9 societal benefit areas of GEOSS(Global Earth Observation System of Systems).

In this study, it was investigated about optical simulation in direct-type backlight design. Direct-type backlight has been used high-brightness backlight such as medical LCD application. The key parameter in designing direct-type backlight was consists of three geometrical dimension such as the distance of two lamps, the gap of lamp and reflection plate and the number of lamps. It has many of variations in optical design and it causes the different properties in backlight system. It shows the best values of above parameters; 26 mm of the distance of two lamps, 4.5 mm of the gap of lamp and reflection plate and 16 lamps. And we produced the specimen as above condition, and acquired good result in backlight such as the value of the brightness is 6423 nit in center of emission area and less than 5 % in brightness uniformity. It shows the effective ways of designing backlight system using optical simulation method for medical LCD application.

Applying inorganic thin film to liquid crystal (LC) alignment layer has been observed for the alternative of the LC alignment method. In this study, LC alignment characteristics of the nitrogen doped diamond like carbon (NDLC) thin film which was deposited using different deposition method–sputtering and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system was investigated. The difference of the thin film deposition method and the rate of composition gas can affect the LC alignment. The NDLC thin film that was deposited using sputter showed uniform LC alignment at the 1200 eV of the ion beam intensity while the NDLC thin film that was deposited using PECVD showed uniform LC alignment at the 1800 eV of the ion beam intensity in our previous research. The uppermost of the thermal stability of NDLC thin film was 200°C. However, NDLC thin film deposited using sputter showed stability at high temperature, compared with NDLC thin film deposited using sputter.

In this study, It was studied about the luminance characteristics of 17 inch direct-type back light using EEFL(external electrode fluorescent lamp) and CCFL(cold cathode fluorescent lamp). The EEFL has a long life time because the electrode is installed outside of lamp. And it is produced in lower price than conventional CCFL. Moreover, it does not need process of installing internal electrode. However, the EEFL technology has several problems such as difficulty of designing driving inverter and preventing this phenomenon along the skin of lamps. We suggested two types of backlight unit for LCD TV application using the EEFL and the CCFL. We found optimized optical design parameters. We set the optical variation parameters such as lamp height, lamp distance, total thickness, and angles of inner walls. We achieved 7580 nits of center luminance, 82% of luminance uniformity by using 20 lamps of the EEFL and 7297 nits of center luminance, 78% of luminance uniformity by using 16 lamps of the CCFL.

Multilayer transparent electrodes, having a much lower electrical resistance than the widely used transparent conducting oxide electrodes, were prepared by using radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The multilayer structure consisted of five layers, indium tin oxided (ITO)/zinc oxide (ZnO)/Ag/zinc oxide (ZnO)/ITO. With about 50 nm thick ITO films, the multilayer showed a high optical transmittance in the visible range of the spectrum and had color neutrality. The electrical and optical properties of ITO/ZnO/Ag/ZnO/ITO multilayer were changed mainly by Ag film properties, which were affected by the deposition process of the upper layer. Especially ZnO layer was improved to adhesion of Ag and ITO. A high quality transparent electrode, having a resistance as low as and a high optical transmittance of 91% at 550 nm, was obtained. It could satisfy the requirement for the flexible OLED and LCD.

We have designed high performance prism light-guide plate (LGP) in 17 inch TFT-LCD. In test result to embody high brightness BLU in case of LGP of base and upper surface with 17 inch, thickness 8 mm adding prism construct, it is superior brightness improvement than previous that of printing form about some 20% and in this course to embody actual material it succeeded prism LGP production by 17 inch injection form process.

In applying LCD to TV application, one of the most significant factors to be improved is image sticking on the moving picture. LCD is different from CRT in the sense that it`s continuous passive device, which holds images in entire frame period, while impulse type device generate image in very short time. To reduce image sticking problem related to hold type display mode, we made an experiment to drive TN-LCD like CRT. We made articulate images by turn on-off backlight, and we realized the ratio of Back Light on-off time by counting between on time and off time for video signal input during 1 frame (16.7 ms). Conventional CCFL (cold cathode fluorescent lamp) cannot follow fast on-off speed, so we evaluated new fluorescent substances of light source to improve residual light characteristic of CCFL. We realized articulate image generation similar to CRT by CCFL blinking drive and TN-LCD overdriving. As a result, reduced image sticking phenomenon was validated by naked eye and response time measurement.

In this study, we investigated the electro-optical (EO) characteristic of fringe-field switching (FFS) mode cell by the two kinds of ultraviolet (UV) alignment method on the organic thin film (polyimide: PI). The suitable organic layers for FFS cell and the aligning capabilities of nematic liquid crystal (NLC) using the in-situ photoalignment method were studied; Disclination is observed after conventional photoalignment method for 1h, and in-situ photoalignment method for 1h. Monodomain alignment of the NLC can be observed via insitu photo alignment method for 2 h and 3 h. It is considered that NLC alignment is due to photo-depolymerization of the polymer with oblique non-polarized UV irradiation on PI surface. An unstable V-T curve of UV-aligned FFS-LCD with conventional photoalignment method can be achieved. However, a stable V-T curve of UV-aligned FFS-LCD with in-situ photoalignment method (1 h), and V-T curve of UV-aligned FFS-LCD with in-situ photo alignment method was much stable comparing with that of other UV-aligned FFSLCD`s. As a result, more stable EO performance of UV-aligned FFS-LCD with in-situ photoalignment method for 3h is obtained than that of the other UV-aligned FFS-LCD`s.

LCD (liquid crystal display) industry is needed to goods of high reliability and is interested in products without harmful material. In this experiment, we made the LED backlight unit for Automotive-navigation. And for making this backlight unit we used to eight side emitting type white LEDs with 1 W high power of the lumileds company. We could know that this backlight unit releases to 6500 nit in 14 W power consumption and start up voltage time is under the 15ms in the ambient temperature .

The liquid crystal display (LCD) applications treated on the organic overcoat thin film surfaces by ion beam irradiation was successfully studied. The good LC aligning capabilities treated on the organic overcoat thin film surfaces with ion beam exposure of for 2 min above ion beam energy of 1200 eV can be achieved. But, the alignment of defect of NLC on the organic overcoat surface at low energy of 600 eV was measured. The pretilt angle of NLC on the organic overcoat thin film surface with ion beam exposure of for 2 min at energy of 1800 eV was measured about 1 degree. Finally, the good thermal stability of LC alignment on the organic overcoat thin film surface with ion beam exposure of for 2 min until annealing temperature of can be measured.

We have studied the nematic liquid crystal (NLC) alignment effects on a nitrogen-doped diamond-like carbon (NDLC) thin film layer with ion beam irradiation. The pretilt angle for NLC on the NDLC surface with ion beam exposure was observed below 1 degree. Also, we had the good LC alignment characteristics on the NDLC thin films with ion beam exposure of 1800 eV. In thermal stability experiments, the alignment defect of the NLC on the NDLC surface with ion beam irradiation above annealing temperature of can be observed. Therefore, the good thermal stability and LC alignment for NLC by ion beam aligned NDLC thin films can be achieved.

We studied homeotropic alignment effect for a nematic liquid crystal (NLC) on the thin film irradiated by the new ion beam method. thin films were deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and were treated by the DuoPIGatron ion source. A uniform liquid crystal alignment effect was achieved over 2100 eV ion beam energy. Tilt angle were about and were not affected by various ion beam energy.

Life science is one of the most important fields which have direct influence on human life. Many domestic life scientists in the industries, educational organizations and research institutes have been producing important results in a variety of forms such as papers, research notes, presentation materials, books and teaching materials. Open Archiving Community has been constructed in order to share and exchange research information related to life science between researchers. The domestic life scientists can acquire valuable information through the community quickly and efficiently. In this study, the community system has been designed and implemented to provide free access to all data including metadata registry of the bibliographic information on life science and research results accumulated by researchers of their own accord. The community system also has been designed and implemented based on Web 2.0 and provides users with BBS by subjects.

In this study, liquid crystal (LC) alignment effects for homeotropic alignment on the SiOx thin film by electron beam evaporation method with electron beam system and electro-optical (EO) performances of homeotropic aligned liquid crystal display (LCD) were studied. Also, the control of pretilt angles of homeotropic aligned LC on SiOx thin film as a function of thin film thickness were investigated. The uniform vertical LC alignment on the SiOx thin film surfaces with electron beam evaporation was achieved in any of the thin film thickness conditions. It is considered that the LC alignment on the SiOx thin film by electron beam evaporation is attributed to the elastic interaction between LC molecules and micro-grooves at the SiOx thin film surface created by evaporation. In addition, LC cell of the SiOx thin film by electron beam evaporation had good EO property.

This letter introduces the characteristics of the magnesium fluoride ( MgF2) inorganic film deposited by an electron-beam evaporation system for liquid crystal display (LCD) applications. We first achieved homogeneous liquid crystal (LC) alignment by controlling the ion-beam (IB) irradiation energy intensity. We also showed that MgF2 is more transparent than spin-coated polyimide (PI) in the visible wavelength. By chemical analysis, IB irradiation selectively broke the Mg-F bonding structure because of the IB energy intensity; thus, the MgF2 surface was turned to an unstable MgF2-x surface, resulting in homogeneous LC orientation. Moreover, the electrooptic characteristics of a homogeneously aligned twisted nematic (TN)-LCD on the MgF2 layer showed good performance as the TN-LCD on the polyimide, showing a strong possibility of the MgF2 material as an LC alignment layer.

Physiological responses and tolerance limit of hybrid striped bass were investigated on salinity changes from 33 psu to 0 psu and from 0 to psu 33 psu in two separate trials, respectively. In the acute salinity decrease from sea water (33 psu) to fresh water (0 psu), plasma level of cortisol, glucose, total protein, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were not affected, however, and osmolality significantly decreased. In the acute salinity increase from fresh water to sea water (33 psu), plasma cortisol level did not change. Glucose and total protein concentrations in plasma and hematocrit (Hct) decreased, whereas AST, ALT, and osmolality increased. The hybrid striped bass can overcome the acute changes of salinity, from 0 psu to 33 psu or from 33 psu to 0 psu, But salinity decrease stressed the fish much more than salinity increase.

The polar anchoring strength and surface ordering in a NLC,4-n-pentyl-4`-cyanobiphenyl (5CB), on a rubbed polyimide (PI) surface containing trifluoromethyl moiety were studied. The large extrapolation length de of 5CB for washing process of water was measured at RS

This paper introduces homogeneous liquid crystal (LC) orientations on chemically modulated polystyrene (PS) surfaces using various ion beam (IB) exposure times. Transparent PS was replaced with conventional polyimide material. As a non-contact process, the IB bombardment process induced LC orientation parallel to the IB process. Through x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, it was shown that the chemical compositional changes of the IB-irradiated PS surfaces were determined as a function of IB exposure time. Using this analysis, the optimal IB bombardment condition was determined at an IB exposure time of up to 15 seconds. Moreover, thermal stability on IB-irradiated PS surfaces were carried out which showed that a relatively high IB exposure time induced a thermally stable LC alignment property.

Although abundant biology data have been accumulated in public biology databases, such as GenBank and PIR, few easy-interface services are provided for users to ac-cess or update them. We have developed a system, named BioStore, that is composed of several programs to aid users to not only access public data but also share their own data easily. The service can be used for maintaining a local database as a repository of raw data files of several public databases and distributing the da-ta files to other users. Currently, BioStore manipulates major bio-databases and will expand to include more databases and more useful interfaces.Availability: This system is available from http://www. ccbb.re.kr/biostoreKeywords: BioStore, FTP, GenBank, repository Introduction Biology data, especially DNA and protein sequence da-ta, are very rapidly increasing. Most data have been submitted to major bioinformatics databases, such as GenBank (Benson et al., 1994), PIR (McGarvey et al., 2000), and PDB (Berman, 2000), which are distributed via FTP services to a lot of bioinformatics sites and users. As more and more bio-databases (Jeon et al., 2005; Kim et al., 2008) are constructed and a large amount of data files is kept in each database, most bi-ology researchers have difficulty in searching for in-formation and in sharing their own data with others. CCBB (Center for Computational Biology and Bioin-formatics) of the Korea Institute of Science and Technol-ogy Information has been providing an FTP server and analysis services for major bio-databases. We have de-veloped BioStore as a repository system by implement-ing a few programs to register user data, including pub-lic bio-data at CCBB. Researchers can easily register their own data with BioStore through the system to share them with others.

We have investigated the generation of pretilt angle for a nematic liquid crystal (NLC) alignment in cells with oblique non-polarized ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation on polyimide (PI) surfaces. It was found that monodomain alignment of the NLC is obtained with an incident angle of 70 degrees and 75 degrees on the PI surface. It is considered that this alignment may be attributed to the anisotropic dispersion force due to photo-depolymerization of polymer on PI surfaces. Also, the generated NLC pretilt angles are all about 3 degrees at an incident angle of 70 degrees and 75 degrees for 1 h irradiation. Next, we observed that the voltage-transmittance characteristics for a photo-aligned twisted nematic (TN) LCD with an incident angle of 80 degrees on a PI surface were excellent. Also, we measured that the voltage-holding-ratio (VHR) of a photo-aligned TN-LCD is about 94%; it is almost same as obtained for rubbing-aligned TN-LCDs. Finally, the slow response time of photo-aligned TN-LCDs is attributable to...

We have developed a novel encapsulation method for flexible organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) using poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). The new method, which uses polycarbonate film, silicon dioxide, and PDMS, was found to enhance the lifetime of OLEDs in air. Optical measurements of the preservation of calcium films encapsulated with PDMS showed that the water and oxygen permeation rates of the PDMS encapsulation were reduced from a level of 0.57 g m-2 d-1 (bare substrate) to 1×10-7 g m-2 d-1. These results indicate that the PDMS barrier coatings have a good potential for flexible OLED applications.

Many bioinformatics sites have managed local bio-databases, including major databases such as GenBank and PIR with update load. We have developed several programs to monitor the update status of these databases and to FTP them automatically. These programs can be used for maintaining local bio-databases as recent versions and providing up-to-date databases through FTP sites. Currently, the program serves major bio-databases and will extend to accommodate many more bio-databases.

It is essential to align masks without tolerance in every deposition step when fabricating thin-film transistors (TFTs) on a polymer substrate. However, the shrinkage of the polymer substrate due to thermal effect may arise during the deposition process. We observed the variation of shrinkage as a function of the annealing temperature. It was found that the substrates keep shrinking up to a critical temperature and stay the same above that point. The thermal treatment was conducted on substrates polycarbonate (PC), the polyarylate (PAR), and poly(ether sulfone) (PES). After predeposition annealing, the shrinkage was prevented but deformation was observed on the surface. An inorganic thin film with a different thermal expansion coefficient was employed to remove the deformation and this resulted in the elimination of strain.

The liquid crystal(LC) aligning capabilities of a nematic liquid crystal(NLC) on a homeotropic polyimide(PI) surface using a new ion-beam method were studied. Exposure ion-beam of incidence angle shows a good LC alignment of the NLC on the homeotropic PI surface. Also, on the homeotropic PI surface, the tilt angle of the NLC by exposure ion-beam of incidence angle had a tendency to decrease as increased ion-beam energy density. And, on the homeotropic PI surface, the alignment character of the NLC with respect to ion-beam energy was good at 1500 eV. And we achieved satisfactory result for EO character.

Nematic liquid crystal (NLC) alignment effects on SiNx thin film layers treated by ion-beam irradiation for three types of N ratio were successfully studied for the first time. The SiNx thin film was deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition using three types of N ratio. To characterize the film, atomic force microscopy was performed. Good LC aligning capabilities on the SiNx thin film treated by ion-beam irradiation for all N ratios can be achieved. The low pretilt angle for an NLC on the SiNx thin film treated by ion-beam irradiation was observed and could be adopted in planar alignment liquid crystal display applications as in-plane switching and fringe-field switching modes.

We have studied the liquid crystal (LC) alignment and tilt angle generation of a nematic liquid crystal (NLC) on a homeotropic polyimide (PI) surface using a new ion beam source. The tilt angle of the NLC on the homeotropic PI surface for all incident angles is about 38° and this angle has a stabilization trend. A good LC alignment of the NLC on the homeotropic PI surface by to exposure ion beam of 45° incidence angle was observed. Also, the tilt angle of the NLC on the homeotropic PI surface by to exposure ion beam of 45° incidence angle had a tendency to decrease as ion beam energy density increased. Thus, we demonstrated that the tilt angle could be controlled from vertical to horizontal directions. Also, the alignment character of the NLC on the homeotropic PI surface with respect to ion beam energy was good at more than 1500 eV. Finally, a superior LC alignment thermal stability on the homeotropic PI surface subject to ion beam exposure was achieved.