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The Disko Trough-Mouth Fan (TMF) is a major submarine sediment fan located along the central west Greenland continental margin offshore of Disko Trough. The location of the TMF at the mouth of a prominent cross-shelf trough indicates that it is a product of repeated glacigenic sediment delivery from former fast-flowing outlets of the Greenland Ice Sheet, including an ancestral Jakobshavn Isbrae, which expanded to the shelf edge during successive glacial cycles. This study focuses on the uppermost part of the fan stratigraphy and analyses multibeam swath bathymetry and sub-bottom profiler records, supplemented by a series of vibrocores up to 6 m in length. The swath bathymetry data show that the surface of the fan is prominently gullied and channelled with channels extending downslope from a series of shelf-edge incising gullies. Sub-bottom profiles from across- and down-fan show that the fan sediments are often acoustically stratified. Glacigenic-debris flows (GDFs) were recovered in sediment cores from the uppermost slope but they are absent in cores from elsewhere on the fan. Instead, glacimarine lithofacies in the Disko TMF are dominated by turbidites, hemipelagic sediments and IRD. The gullied and channelled surface of the fan implies erosion at the base of dense, sediment-laden, turbidity currents related to the delivery of meltwater and sediment from an ice sheet grounded at the shelf edge. Such meltwater-related fans have been documented previously on mid-latitude, glacier-influenced margins, but they have rarely been described from high-latitude settings. Although GDFs are often regarded as the building blocks of TMFs, the morphology and sedimentary architecture of the uppermost, Late Quaternary part of the Disko TMF indicates that it represents a clear example of a fan in which sediment delivery is strongly influenced by meltwater. This implies that there is a spectrum of TMFs on glaciated continental margins that reflects the relative dominance of meltwater processes vs. GDFs. It highlights the variability in fan morphology and mechanisms of sediment delivery on high-latitude TMFs and shows that the classic Polar North Atlantic model of GDF dominated fans is but one of a number of styles for such large-scale, high-latitude glacimarine sedimentary depocentres.

A new digital bathymetric model (DBM) for the Northeast Greenland (NEG) continental shelf (74°N–81°N) is presented. The DBM has a grid cell size of 250 m × 250 m and incorporates bathymetric data from 30 multibeam cruises, more than 20 single-beam cruises and first reflector depths from industrial seismic lines. The new DBM substantially improves the bathymetry compared to older models. The DBM not only allows a better delineation of previously known seafloor morphology but, in addition, reveals the presence of previously unmapped morphological features including glacially derived troughs, fjords, grounding-zone wedges, and lateral moraines. These submarine landforms are used to infer the past extent and ice-flow dynamics of the Greenland Ice Sheet during the last full-glacial period of the Quaternary and subsequent ice retreat across the continental shelf. The DBM reveals cross-shelf bathymetric troughs that may enable the inflow of warm Atlantic water masses across the shelf, driving enhanced basal melting of the marine-terminating outlet glaciers draining the ice sheet to the coast in Northeast Greenland. Knolls, sinks, and hummocky seafloor on the middle shelf are also suggested to be related to salt diapirism. North-south-orientated elongate depressions are identified that probably relate to ice-marginal processes in combination with erosion caused by the East Greenland Current. A single guyot-like peak has been discovered and is interpreted to have been produced during a volcanic event approximately 55 Ma ago.

U.S. News & World Report (USN&WR) publishes annual rankings of ABA-approved law schools. The popularity of these rankings raises the question of whether they influence the behavior of law teachers, lawyers and judges, law school applicants, employers, or law school administrators. This study explores some indicia of USN&WR influence. Using data purchased from USN&WR, we attempt to determine whether USN&WR might have influenced (1) law faculty members who respond to the USN&WR survey of law school quality, (2) lawyers who respond to USN&WR surveys, (3) law school applicants choosing a school, (4) employers who hire law school graduates, and (5) administrators who set tuition. We find significant effects on the first three groups, particularly with respect to lower-rank schools. That is, there may be “echo effects” of USN&WR rankings that are folded back into subsequent rankings and tend to stabilize them. We also find that rankings may exert some influence on tuition at law schools outside the top 40. We do not find evidence that employers hiring law graduates respond to changes in USN&WR rankings, either in median salaries paid or in employment percentages reported by law schools.

Sea-floor landforms and acoustic-stratigraphic records allow interpretation of the past form and flow of a westward-draining ice stream of the Greenland Ice Sheet, Rink Isbrae. The Late Pliocene–Pleistocene glacial package is several hundred metres thick and down-laps onto an upper Miocene horizon. Several acoustic facies are mapped from sub-bottom profiler records of the 400 km-long Uummannaq fjord-shelf-slope system. An acoustically stratified facies covers much of the fjord and trough floor, interpreted as glacimarine sediment from rain-out of fine-grained debris in turbid meltwater. Beneath this facies is a semi-transparent deformation-till unit, which includes buried streamlined landforms. Landform distribution in the Uummannaq system is used to reconstruct past ice extent and flow directions. The presence of streamlined landforms (mega-scale glacial lineations, drumlins, crag-and-tails) shows that an ice stream advanced through the fjord system to fill Uummannaq Trough, reaching the shelf edge at the Last Glacial Maximum. Beyond the trough there is a major fan built mainly of glacigenic debris flows. Turbidity-current channels were not observed on Uummannaq Fan, contrasting with well-developed channels on Disko Fan, 300 km to the south. Ice retreat had begun by 14.8 cal. ka ago. Grounding-zone wedges (GZW) in Uummannaq Trough imply that retreat was episodic, punctuated by several still-stands. Ice retreat between GZWs may have been relatively rapid. There is little sedimentary evidence for still-stands in the inner fjords, except for a major moraine ridge marking a Little Ice Age maximum position. On the shallow banks either side of Uummannaq Trough, iceberg ploughing has reworked any morphological evidence of earlier ice-sheet activity.

An evolutionary perspective on human morality may help us understand and critique the law. This chapter examines three areas of American property law. In two of the three areas, title by first possession and title by adverse possession, the pieces of legal doctrine fit together when seen through an evolutionary lens. In the third area of law, compensation for eminent domain, the inconsistency between the legal doctrine and biologically predictable human attitudes suggests why governmental takings of property raise public ire and suggests what can be done to make the law less offensive to normal sensibilities.

Maize production in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea is limited by soil infertility. Trials were established at two cooperative farms to quantify the yield response of maize to fertilizer and to vetch green manure. Crop land is precious so the vetch had to be integrated either by a short growth period prior to the crop in spring, or risking an autumn sowing for growth over winter. Maize grain yield was linearly related to the amount of vetch incorporated before maize at an annualized rate of 77–121 kg grain per fresh weight ton of vetch manure. The N fertilizer substitution value was about 60 kg N ha−1 as urea. This response may be increased by adopting more cold-tolerant vetch (or alternative legumes), and safeguarding vetch from villager's livestock.

High-resolution geophysical and sediment core data are used to investigate the pattern and dynamics of former ice flow in Kvitoya Trough, northwestern Barents Sea. A new swath-bathymetric dataset identifies three types of submarine landform in the study area (streamlined landforms, meltwater channels and cavities, iceberg scours). Subglacially produced streamlined landforms provide a record of ice flow through Kvitoya Trough during the last glaciation. Flow directions are inferred from the orientations of streamlined landforms (drumlins, crag-and-tail features). Ice flowed northward for at least 135 km from an ice divide at the southern end of Kvitoya Trough. A large channel-cavity system incised into bedrock in the southern trough indicates that subglacial meltwater was present at the former ice-sheet base. Modest landform elongation ratios and a lack of mega-scale glacial lineations suggest that, although ice in Kvitoya Trough was melting at the bed and flowed faster than the likely thin and cold-based ice on adjacent banks, a major ice stream probably did not occupy the trough. Retreat was relatively rapid after 14–13.5 14C kyr B.P. and probably progressed via ice sheet-bed decoupling in response to rising sea level. There is little evidence for still stands during ice retreat or of ice-proximal deglacial sediments. Relict iceberg scours in present-day water depths of more than 350 m in the northern trough indicate that calving was an important mass loss mechanism during retreat.

Kangerlussuaq Fjord is a relatively uniform, steep-walled basin, whose floor has an almost smooth surface. Debris is supplied mainly from icebergs from the fast-flowing Kangerlussuaq Glacier. Sedimentation after iceberg release from multi-year sea ice is mainly by rain-out of fine-grained englacial debris. Streamlined glacial lineations and drumlins were produced at the sedimentary bed of an ice sheet that expanded into Kangerlussuaq Trough at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Bedrock channels and crescentic overdeepenings indicate warm-based ice and free water beneath parts of the former ice sheet. Cross-cutting iceberg scour marks, which characterise outer Kangerlussuaq shelf, were produced not only during deglaciation, but also occasionally through the Holocene by deep-keeled icebergs from further north in East Greenland. The outward-convex contours of the shelf edge and slope beyond Kangerlussuaq Trough, and debris flows on the slope, suggest a glacier-influenced high-latitude fan. The distribution of streamlined subglacial landforms demonstrates that the Greenland Ice Sheet extended throughout Kangerlussuaq Fjord and reached at least 200 km across the shelf in Kangerlussuaq Trough at the LGM. Streamlined landform orientation indicates ice flow from the interior of Greenland down the axis of Kangerlussuaq Trough. There is little evidence for discrete sedimentary depocentres in the trough, implying that ice probably retreated rapidly from the outer and mid shelf during deglaciation.

Marine-geophysical and geological data from the seafloor surrounding Kong Karls Land in eastern Svalbard are used to reconstruct Late Weichselian full-glacial flow dynamics and retreat history of the Barents Sea Ice Sheet (BSIS). Grounded ice extended over the entire area during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and produced streamlined sedimentary landforms in the broad bathymetric troughs that flank the Kong Karls Land archipelago. The landforms were produced in subglacial till as a result of subglacial processes at the base of the ice sheet. Drumlins and hill–hole pairs confirm that regional ice-flow was towards the east–northeast through the troughs. Based on the absence of ice-margin recessional features, deglaciation in Olga Strait, Erik Eriksen Strait and the unnamed deep northeast of Kong Karls Land appears to have been rapid in the deeper, outer parts of the troughs. In contrast, in the shallower parts of the troughs, ice recession was slower and minor readvances/still-stands of the ice margin resulted in the formation of recessional moraines. During deglaciation, temporary calving bays formed in the deeper parts of the troughs and calved icebergs were evacuated away from the ice margin through the troughs. Grounding-zone features formed in Olga Strait indicate that retreat here was gradual and punctuated by longer still-stands. The transition from a grounded ice sheet to ice-proximal settings is marked locally by a laminated mud sequence deposited from meltwater plumes from a nearby ice margin. The presence of meltwater-derived facies suggests that melting may have also been a significant ice loss mechanism during retreat. In a broader context, this study is one of the first investigations of the seafloor east of Svalbard, providing evidence that ice drained towards the east-northeast during full-glacial conditions. Ice from this part of the BSIS was an important contributor to the palaeo-ice stream in the large Franz Victoria Trough during the LGM.

Approximately 81.7 million cats are in 37.5 million U.S. households. Shed fur can be criminal evidence because of transfer to victims, suspects, and/or their belongings. To improve cat hairs as forensic evidence, the mtDNA control region from single hairs, with and without root tags, was sequenced. A dataset of a 402-bp control region segment from 174 random-bred cats representing four U.S. geographic areas was generated to determine the informativeness of the mtDNA region. Thirty-two mtDNA mitotypes were observed ranging in frequencies from 0.6-27%. Four common types occurred in all populations. Low heteroplasmy, 1.7%, was determined. Unique mitotypes were found in 18 individuals, 10.3% of the population studied. The calculated discrimination power implied that 8.3 of 10 randomly selected individuals can be excluded by this region. The genetic characteristics of the region and the generated dataset support the use of this cat mtDNA region in forensic applications.

The submarine glacial geomorphology and sedimentology of the cross-shelf troughs and the adjacent continental slope around the Antarctic Peninsula and West Antarctica have been the focus of a series of marine geophysical and geological investigations over the last decade (e.g., [Shipp et al., 1999], [Canals et al., 2000], [Wellner et al., 2001], [Lowe and Anderson, 2002], [O Cofaigh et al., 2002], [Dowdeswell et al., 2004], [Heroy and Anderson, 2005], [Evans et al., 2005], [Domack et al., 2006], [Mosola and Anderson, 2006], [Wellner et al., 2006], [Dowdeswell et al., 2006], [O Cofaigh et al., 2007], O Cofaigh et al., 2008 C. O Cofaigh, J.A. Dowdeswell, J. Evans and R.D. Larter, Geological constraints on Antarctic palaeo-ice stream retreat, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 33 (2008), pp. 513–525.[O Cofaigh et al., 2008] and [Dowdeswell et al., 2008]). These studies have interpreted sets of characteristic streamlined glacial bedforms and sediments on the shelf, which in numerous cases occur in front of modern ice streams, as largely the product of fast-flowing palaeo-ice streams that drained across the shelf during or following the last glacial maximum. A key feature of these studies is the observation of highly attenuated bedforms known as mega-scale glacial lineations (MSGL), formed in soft sediment on the outer continental shelf. These lineations are regarded as key evidence for streaming flow. In their recent paper, Shaw et al. present a radically different interpretation of the glacial geomorphology of Antarctic cross-shelf troughs in terms of catastrophic discharge of subglacial meltwater floods across the shelf. In their interpretation, MSGL are regarded as the product of erosion by turbulent meltwater flow. The following comment discusses a number of the key assertions made in their paper.

The pattern of late Weichselian (ca. 20 ka) ice flow in the northern Barents Sea is not well known, due mainly to a lack of marine data east of Svalbard. Several years with little summer sea ice have allowed acquisition of swath-bathymetric imagery of well-preserved subglacial landforms characterizing late Weichselian ice-flow directions over ∼150,000 km2 of the northwestern Barents Sea. We show that a major ice dome was located on easternmost Spitsbergen or southern Hinlopen Strait, at least 500 km west of its previously inferred position in the northern Barents Sea. This dome controlled the regional flow pattern; ice flowed eastward around Kong Karls Land into Franz Victoria Trough and north through Hinlopen Strait. An ice dome west of Kong Karls Land is required to explain the observed ice-flow pattern, but does not preclude an additional ice dome to the southeast. Discrepancies with earlier ice-sheet reconstructions reflect the lack of previous seafloor observations, with evidence limited mainly to past ice loading and postglacial rebound. The new pattern of ice-flow directions shows predominantly eastward rather than northward flow, with Franz Victoria Trough a major drainage pathway with a full-glacial balance flux of >40 km3 yr−1.

To improve food security in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, an increase in grain production is essential. However, the access to and affordability of fertilizer is limited. At two cooperative farms (Hyongsan and UnSong) in the central western grain-producing region, field trials with rice were established in 2002 and continued to 2005. The aim was to quantify the yield response of lowland rice to a legume green manure (hairy vetch; Vicia villosa) sown in autumn-winter of each year. In other cropping treatments one, two or all vetch crops in the three-year sequence were replaced by wheat, or by fallow (traditional). Thus, over the course of the experiment the number of vetch crops relative to rice crops (vetch : rice) varied 1.0, 0.67, 0.33, and 0.0 between the rotation treatments. Each rotation treatment was amended with nil or plus urea (60 kg N/ha) applied only to the rice crop. Basal nutrients of P, K, and Mo were applied to all treatments and the continuous rice-fallow and rice-wheat rotati...

Nitrate is known to accumulate under legume crops. The effects of legume crop, inoculation, row width, sowing rate, sowing date, and intra-cropping with wheat, on the amount and soil distribution of mineral N, residual soil water, crop biomass and crop N were studied at Wagga Wagga in south-east Australia. After removal of most of the above-ground plant material, the treatment effects on the biomass, N content, grain yield and grain N of wheat, established in the following season, were also measured. In a later experiment at Wagga, the recovery of 15N applied to the mid-row of lupin crops established at three row widths was estimated at crop maturity. At Condobolin, row width effects on the soil distribution of mineral N, biomass, N accumulation and N fixation of crop legumes and cereals, were determined. At physiological maturity, at Wagga Wagga, very little nitrate was left beneath cereals. Significantly more was left under legume crops, mostly below 30 cm of soil depth, and it was distributed differently depending on crop, inoculation, and sampling location. More nitrate was left under pea and faba than under lupin, and in response to inoculation. Mixing wheat with narrow-leaf lupin did not prevent nitrate accumulation in soil. For most of the legumes more nitrate was left in the mid-row than in the in-row; and more nitrate was left at the mid-row of lupin crops sown with wider rows. The additional nitrate left with wider rows increased the growth, N content, grain yield and protein of wheat established in the following season. 15N labelled nitrate applied mid-row was used less effectively by lupin as row width increased, in a dry season. At Condobolin, lupin established with wide rows used less soil nitrate than with narrower rows but maintained crop N by increased N fixation. In contrast, field pea maintained N demand by increasing nitrate uptake at intermediate row spacing. The study shows that the amount of nitrate accumulated in soil during legume cropping is susceptible to agronomic management, particularly crop selection, row width and inoculation; and that variation in the amount of this nitrate may carry forward to impact wheat production in the follow-on season.

Swath bathymetric and sub-bottom profiler data reveal a variety of submarine landforms such as gullies, slide scars, subtle shelf edge-parallel ridges and elongated depressions, and small debris flows along the continental shelf break and upper slope of West Antarctica. Gullies cutting through debris flow deposits on the Belgica Trough Mouth Fan (TMF) suggest formation after full-glacial deposition on the continental slope. The gullies were most likely eroded by sediment-laden subglacial meltwater flows released from underneath the ice margin grounded at the shelf edge at the onset of deglaciation. Scarcity of subglacial meltwater flow features on the outer shelf suggests that the meltwater reached the shelf edge mainly either through the topmost layer of soft diamict or in the form of dispersed flow beneath the ice, although locally preserved erosional channels indicate that more focused and higher-energy flows also existed. Concentration of gullies on the upper continental slope in front of the marginal areas of the major cross-shelf troughs, as contrasted to their axial parts, is indicative of higher-energy gully-eroding processes there, possibly due to additional subglacial meltwater flow from beneath the slow moving ice lying over the higher banks of the troughs. The shallow and sinuous gully heads observed on the outermost shelf within the Pine Island West Trough may indicate postglacial modification by near-bed currents resulting either from the subglacial meltwater flow from underneath the ice margin positioned at some distance landward from the shelf edge, or from the currents formed by brine rejection during sea ice formation. On the continental slope outside major troughs, slide scars as well as shelf-edge parallel ridges and elongated depressions indicate an unstable and failure-prone uppermost slope, although failures were probably mainly associated with rapid sediment loading during glacial periods. Complex, cauliflower- and amphitheatre-shaped gully heads biting back into the shelf edge suggest upslope retrogressive, multi-stage small-scale sliding as a contributing factor to the formation of gullies in these areas. Small debris fans immediately downslope of the slide scars suggest that small-scale debris flows have been the main downslope sediment transfer processes in the areas of weak or absent subglacial meltwater flow.

High-resolution swath bathymetry and TOPAS sub-bottom profiler acoustic data from the inner and middle continental shelf of north-east Greenland record the presence of streamlined mega-scale glacial lineations and other subglacial landforms that are formed in the surface of a continuous soft sediment layer. The best-developed lineations are found in Westwind Trough, a bathymetric trough connecting Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden Gletscher and Zachariae Isstrom to the continental shelf edge. The geomorphological and stratigraphical data indicate that the Greenland Ice Sheet covered the inner-middle shelf in north-east Greenland during the most recent ice advance of the Late Weichselian glaciation. Earlier sedimentological and chronological studies indicated that the last major delivery of glacigenic sediment to the shelf and Fram Strait was prior to the Holocene during Marine Isotope Stage 2, supporting our assertion that the subglacial landforms and ice sheet expansion in north-east Greenland occurred during the Late Weichselian. Glacimarine sediment gravity flow deposits found on the north-east Greenland continental slope imply that the ice sheet extended beyond the middle continental shelf, and supplied subglacial sediment direct to the shelf edge with subsequent remobilisation downslope. These marine geophysical data indicate that the flow of the Late Weichselian Greenland Ice Sheet through Westwind Trough was in the form of a fast-flowing palaeo-ice stream, and that it provides the first direct geomorphological evidence for the former presence of ice streams on the Greenland continental shelf. The presence of streamlined subglacially derived landforms and till layers on the shallow AWI Bank and Northwind Shoal indicates that ice sheet flow was not only channelled through the cross-shelf bathymetric troughs but also occurred across the shallow intra-trough regions of north-east Greenland. Collectively these data record for the first time that ice streams were an important glacio-dynamic feature that drained interior basins of the Late Weichselian Greenland Ice Sheet across the adjacent continental margin, and that the ice sheet was far more extensive in north-east Greenland during the Last Glacial Maximum than the previous terrestrial-glacial reconstructions showed.

The Antarctic Peninsula is one of the three fastest warming regions on Earth. Here we review Holocene proxy records of marine and terrestrial palaeoclimate in the region, and discuss possible forcing mechanisms underlying past change, with a specific focus on past warm periods. Our aim is to critically evaluate the mechanisms by which palaeoclimate changes might have occurred, in order to provide a longer-term context for assessing the drivers of recent warming. Two warm events are well recorded in the Holocene palaeoclimate record, namely the early Holocene warm period, and the `Mid Holocene Hypsithermal' (MHH), whereas there are fewer proxy data for the `Mediaeval Warm Period' (MWP) and the `Recent Rapid Regional' (RRR) warming. We show that the early Holocene warm period and MHH might be explained by relatively abrupt shifts in position of the Southern Westerlies, superimposed on slower solar insolation changes. A key finding of our synthesis is that the marine and terrestrial records in the AP appear to show markedly different behaviour during the MHH. This might be partly explained by contrasts in the seasonal insolation forcing between these records. Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) has been implicated in several of the prominent changes through the Holocene but there are still differences in interpretation of the proxy record that make its influence difficult to assess. Further work is required to investigate contrasts between marine and terrestrial proxy records, east—west contrasts in palaeoclimate, the history of CDW, to retrieve a long onshore high resolution record of the Holocene, and determine the role of sea ice in driving or modulating palaeoclimate change, along with further efforts to study the proxy record of the RRR and the MWP.

Reactive phosphate rock (RPR) is the only phosphorous (P) fertiliser allowed for organically managed, broad-acre crop-pasture systems in southern Australia. However, soils are usually deficient in P, and the soils, climate, and plant species grown, do not promote extensive dissolution of RPR so the fertiliser is poorly effective for crop and pasture production. Biological oxidation of elemental sulphur (S) mixed and applied with RPR may sufficiently increase dissolution of P from RPR to improve its effectiveness as a P fertiliser. However, this needs to be confirmed in field studies in the region. Rates of RPR and S required to optimise dissolution of RPR are not known for the soils, environments, and agricultural systems used. Both pot and field studies showed that mixing RPR and S, and incorporating the mix into soil (top 10 cm for field studies), significantly increased Olsen P and soil solution P, even in strongly acidic soils (pHCa

A 330-km length of the little known continental shelf edge and slope of the Bellingshausen Sea, West Antarctica, is investigated using multibeam swath-bathymetric and sub-bottom profiler evidence. The shelf break is at 650-700 m across the 150-km wide Belgica Trough, and to either side is about 500 m. When full-glacial ice advanced across the shelf to reach the shelf break, it was partitioned into fast- and slow-flowing elements, with an ice stream filling the trough. This had important consequences for the nature and rate of sediment delivery to the adjacent continental slope. Off Belgica Trough, the upper continental slope has convex-outward contours indicating a major sedimentary depocentre of gradient 1-2 degrees. Acoustic profiles and cores from the depocentre show a series of diamictic glacigenic debris flows. The depocentre is interpreted as a trough-mouth fan, built largely by debris delivered from the ice stream. The slope is steeper beyond the trough margins at up to 6 degrees. The main morphological features on the Bellingshausen Sea slope are gully systems and channels. Major canyons and Late Quaternary slides are absent. Most gullies and channels are found on the fan. Gullies are about 15-25 m deep, a few hundred metres wide and some are >25 km long. The largest channel is over 60 km long, about a kilometre wide and 10 to 15 m deep. The channels provide pathways for sediment by-passing of the upper slope and transfer to the continental rise and beyond by turbidity currents. Gullies on the Bellingshausen Sea margin cut through debris flows on the slope. Assuming the debris flows are linked mainly to downslope transport of diamictic debris when ice was at the shelf edge under full-glacial conditions, then those gullies cut into them formed during deglaciation. Belgica Fan is >22,000 km(2) in area and about 60,000 km(3) in volume. It is the largest depocentre identified to date on the continental margin of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, fed by an interior ice-sheet basin of approximately 200,000 km(2). (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Purpose: To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) dose-limiting toxicity, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of TKI258 (formerly CHIR-258). Experimental Design: A phase I dose escalating trial in patients with advanced solid tumors was performed. Treatment was initially as single daily doses on an intermittent 7-day on/7-day off schedule. Following a protocol amendment, a second schedule comprised, during cycle 1, 7-day on/7-day off treatment followed by 14 days of continuous daily dosing; subsequent cycles comprised 28 days of daily dosing. Pharmacokinetics and evaluation of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were done during the first 28 days of each schedule. Results: Thirty-five patients were treated in four intermittent (25-100 mg/d) and three continuous (100-175 mg/d) dosing cohorts. Observed drug-related toxicities were nausea and vomiting, fatigue, headache, anorexia, and diarrhea. Dose-limiting toxicities were grade 3 hypertension in one patient at 100 mg continuous dosing, grade 3 anorexia in a second patient at 175 mg, and grade 3 alkaline phosphatase elevation in a third patient at 175 mg. One patient had a partial response (melanoma) and two patients had stable disease >6 months. TKI258 pharmacokinetics were linear over the dose range of 25 to 175 mg. Five of 14 evaluable patients had modulation of phosphorylated ERK levels. Conclusions: The MTD was defined as 125 mg/d. Evidence of antitumor activity in melanoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumors warrants further investigation, and other phase I studies are ongoing. Further pharmacodynamic evaluation is required in these studies to evaluate the biological effects of TKI258.

Submarine landforms preserved in bathymetric troughs on the Antarctic continental shelf show that the style of ice stream retreat across the shelf following the last glacial maximum varied between different troughs. Three styles of retreat are inferred from the geological evidence: rapid, episodic and slow. Rapid retreat by ice stream floatation and calving is recorded by the preservation of a landform assemblage of unmodified streamlined subglacial bedforms including mega-scale glacial lineations (MSGLs) that record streaming flow along these troughs. These elongate bedforms are not overprinted by recessional glacial landforms formed transverse to ice flow such as moraines or grounding-zone wedges, and overlying deglacial sediments are thin. A second type of landform assemblage consists of MSGLs overprinted or interrupted by transverse grounding-zone wedges. This assemblage implies episodic retreat between successive grounding-zone positions. The third type of landform assemblage is that of numerous, closely spaced, recessional moraines and intermittent grounding-zone wedges that overlie and interrupt MSGLs. This assemblage records the slow retreat of grounded ice across the shelf. Variation in the style of ice stream retreat between the different bathymetric troughs indicates that Antarctic palaeo-ice-streams did not respond uniformly to external forcing at the end of the last glacial cycle. Rather, their diachronous retreat reflects the dominance of local controls in the form of bathymetry and drainage basin size. More broadly, these data show that retreat of marine-based ice sheets in areas of reverse bed slope is not necessarily catastrophic, and they provide important constraints for numerical models that attempt to predict the dynamics of large polar ice sheets. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article presents data on graduates of a law school located at a large, midwestern public university. It presents responses to survey questions relating to various personal and job characteristics, including income from the practice of law and career satisfaction. It compares the responses across various demographic groups, including type of practice, gender, race, and ethnicity. We find that lawyers in large private law firms make more money than lawyers in small private practices, who, in turn, make more than those in government or public interest positions. Career satisfaction is greatest for lawyers in corporate counsel, public interest, and government jobs, followed by larger firms, and then smaller private firms. We find that women earn substantially lower incomes than men, but most of the difference can be eliminated by accounting for time taken away from paid work for childcare, among other factors. Both blacks and Hispanics make significantly less money than majority lawyers 15 years after graduation. Regarding overall satisfaction with careers, women appear to be sensitive to the number of hours of work, probably because of child-care responsibilities. Our analysis suggests that blacks and Hispanics enjoy career satisfaction in the practice of law that is not significantly lower than that of majority lawyers.

CP-4126 (gemcitabine elaidate, previously CO-101) is a lipid-drug conjugate of gemcitabine designed to circumvent human equilibrative nucleoside transporter1-related resistance to gemcitabine. The purpose of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and the recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of CP-4126, and to describe its pharmacokinetic profile.Eligible patients with advanced refractory solid tumours, and adequate performance status, haematological, renal and hepatic function, were treated with one of escalating doses of CP-4126 administered by a 30-min intravenous infusion on days 1, 8 and 15 of a 28-day cycle. Blood and urine samples were collected to determine the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of CP-4126.Forty-three patients, median age 59 years (range 18-76; male = 27, female = 16), received one of ten dose levels (30-1600 mg/m(2)). Dose-limiting toxicities included grade 3 anaemia, grade 3 fatigue and grade 3 elevation of transaminases. The MTD and RP2D were 1250 mg/m(2) on basis of the toxicity and PK data. CP-4126 followed dose-dependent kinetics and maximum plasma concentrations occurred at the end of CP-4126 infusion. Seven patients achieved stable disease sustained for ≥3 months, including two patients with pancreatic cancer who had progressed on or after gemcitabine exposure.CP-4126 was well tolerated with comparable toxicity profile to gemcitabine. Future studies are required to determine its anti-tumour efficacy, either alone or in combination with other cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens.

Swath bathymetry and TOPAS sub-bottom profiler acoustic data reveal the presence of a major cross-shelf bathymetric trough containing streamlined subglacial bedforms formed in soft till that extends to the continental shelf edge of outer Pine Island Bay, Amundsen Sea, West Antarctica. The new data indicate that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) extended to the shelf edge of Pine Island Bay during the last glaciation, and was drained by a grounded, fast-flowing palaeo-ice stream through this outer-shelf trough. Topography and subglacial geology are likely to have exerted a strong control on the development and location of palaeo-ice streams in Pine Island Bay. TOPAS records show that mega-scale glacial lineations are formed in an acoustically transparent sediment layer interpreted to be soft till and are inferred to be the product of subglacial sediment deformation beneath the palaeo-ice stream. The flat to irregular nature of the basal reflector of the acoustically transparent layer of soft till implies that a combination of groove-ploughing of the substrate and subglacial sediment deformation were important processes beneath the palaeo-ice stream in the outer trough of Pine Island Bay, as well as palaeo-ice streams elsewhere in Antarctica. Therefore, the formation of the soft till layer, and possibly associated subglacial bedforms, are likely to be a function of these palaeo-ice stream processes. In a regional context, the WAIS extended to the continental shelf edge of the Bellingshausen, Amundsen and Ross Seas, and was drained by a number of palaeo-ice streams during the last glaciation.

Geophysical and geological data indicate that during the last glacial cycle a palaeo-ice stream drained the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet (APIS) through Marguerite Bay to the edge of the continental shelf via a bathymetric trough (Marguerite Trough). Mega-scale glacial lineations (MSGL) in outer Marguerite Trough are formed in an acoustically transparent sediment unit, consisting of a soft deformation till. The association of MSGL with deformation till indicates that bed deformation occurred beneath the ice stream, and the thickness of the subglacial deforming layer was on the order of several metres. MSGL within outer Marguerite Trough are related to a pre-existing thick sequence of soft sediments on the outer shelf and are inferred to have formed by a combination of subglacial sediment deformation by attenuation from a point source and groove-ploughing. Morphologically, the MSGL differ in several respects from those documented elsewhere and this variation suggests a polygenetic origin for this subglacial landform. An initial advance of the APIS across the Marguerite Bay continental shelf at the LGM deposited a stiff subglacial till. Following this advance, the ice margin within Marguerite Trough retreated 70–100 km before stabilising and depositing a grounding zone wedge. An ice stream then developed in the trough and extended to the shelf edge forming a soft deformation till. Development of the ice stream may have been a glacio-dynamic response to regional deglaciation. Subsequent retreat of the Marguerite Trough ice stream was underway by 13,490 (uncorrected) 14C years before present. Based on the geophysical and core data, ice-stream retreat appears to have been rapid and it contrasts with reconstructions of palaeo-ice streams from other locations in Antarctica. This implies marked regional variations in Antarctic ice-stream dynamics during Late Quaternary deglaciation.

Geological and geophysical data from the NE Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf are used to reconstruct the glacial history, flow-dynamics and sedimentation of the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet (APIS) along its eastern margin during the Late Quaternary. Ice advanced to the shelf edge during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and deposited a stiff till across the shelf. The presence of highly attenuated bedforms indicates that fast-flowing outlets drained the APIS through cross-shelf troughs to the outer shelf after this ice advance. The bedforms are formed in deformation till in response to deforming bed processes. Deglaciation of Robertson Trough and the troughs of Prince Gustav Channel, Larsen-A and Larsen Inlet was continuous (and possibly rapid) on account of the absence of ice-margin recessional features. In contrast, grounding-zone wedges across the shelf of Northern Larsen-A and south of Prince Gustav Channel indicate that ice retreat was gradual and was punctuated by stillstands. The transition from a grounded ice sheet to ice shelf conditions was completed before 11–12 14C ka BP on the shelf south of Prince GustavChannel, and is marked across the shelf by a change from subglacial till to a transitional heterogeneous unit dominated by coarse-grained facies. Transitional sediments record mainly sub-ice shelf rain-out and restricted bottom current and sediment-laden plume activity, as well as localised debris flows. Meltwater-derived facies are largely absent indicating that release of meltwater was not significant beneath polar ice shelves, or during deglaciation of the APIS. In the broader context, the colder, eastern side of the APIS was extensive and was drained mainly through fast-flowing outlets (palaeo-ice streams). Therefore, the eastern APIS would have been an important contributor to sediment and iceberg flux to the Weddell Sea Embayment during the LGM and subsequent deglaciation.

Evolutionary theory and empirical studies suggest that many animals, including humans, have a genetic predisposition to acquire and retain property. This is hardly surprising because survival is closely bound up with the acquisition of things: food, shelter, tools and territory. But the root of these general urges may also run to quite specific and detailed rules about property acquisition, retention and disposition. The great variation in property-related behaviours across species may mask some important commonalities grounded in adaptive utility. Experiments and observations in the field and laboratory suggest that the legal rules of temporal priority and possession are grounded in what were evolutionarily stable strategies in the ancestral environment. Moreover, the preferences that humans exhibit in disposing of their property on their deaths, both by dispositions made in wills and by the laws of intestacy, tend to advance reproductive success as a result of inclusive fitness pay-offs.

The most extensive systems of submarine channels on the continental margins of the Norwegian–Greenland Sea occur in the Greenland Basin (72–75jN). Geophysical records show that these channels are up to 100-m deep, 4-km wide, and extend for about 300 km from the middle continental slope off Northeast Greenland to the abyssal depths of the basin. Mass-wasting deposits in the form of debris flows and turbidity currents, as well as hemipelagic sediments, dominate sediment cores recovered from the channels. Radiocarbon dates indicate that debris flow and turbidity current activity in the channels had ceased by 13,000 years BP and sedimentation rates show a corresponding order of magnitude decrease after this time. Masswasting in the submarine channels of the Greenland Basin therefore relates to full-glacial and deglacial conditions. This implies a more extensive Late Weichselian ice sheet in Northeast Greenland than traditionally thought. The ice sheet extended onto the outer continental shelf and may have reached the shelf edge, delivering debris and sediment-laden meltwater onto the upper slope. Channel formation is most likely the product of turbidity-current activity during successive glaciations of the Northeast Greenland continental shelf. Holocene sediments from the channel systems are predominantly of hemipelagic origin and formed in a low energy, ice distal environment. The low gradient ( < 1j) channels of the Greenland Basin are therefore a glacially influenced sedimentary system. Contrasts in slope morphology and sediment architecture between the Greenland Basin and trough-mouth fans elsewhere in the Norwegian–Greenland Sea are not the result of variations in slope gradient. Rather, these contrasts reflect the interplay between bedrock lithology of the continental shelf, rates of sediment delivery, sediment texture, meltwater volume and relative size of ice-sheet drainage basins.

Geophysical data from Gerlache Strait, Croker Passage, Bismarck Strait and the adjacent continental shelf reveal streamlined subglacial bedforms that were produced at the bed of the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet (APIS) during the last glaciation. The spatial arrangement and orientation of these bedforms record the former drainage pattern and flow dynamics of an APIS outlet up-flow, and feeding into, a palaeo-ice stream in the Western Bransfield Basin. Evidence suggests that together, they represent a single ice-flow system that drained the APIS during the last glaciation. The ice-sheet outlet flowed north/northeastwards through Gerlache Strait and Croker Passage and converged with a second, more easterly ice-flow tributary on the middle shelf to form the main palaeo-ice stream. The dominance of drumlins with low elongation ratios suggests that ice-sheet outlet draining through Gerlache Strait was comparatively slower than the main palaeo-ice stream in the Western Bransfield Basin, although the low elongation ratios may also partly reflect the lack of sediment. Progressive elongation of drumlins further down-flow indicates that the ice sheet accelerated through Croker Passage and the western tributary trough, and fed into the main zone of streaming flow in the Western Bransfield Basin. Topography would have exerted a strong control on the development of the palaeo-ice stream system but subglacial geology may also have been significant given the transition from crystalline bedrock to sedimentary strata on the inner–mid-shelf. In the broader context, the APIS was drained by a number of major fast-flowing outlets through cross-shelf troughs to the outer continental shelf during the last glaciation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Purpose: BMS-214662 is a potent and selective inhibitor of the farnesyl transferase enzyme with in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity. The aims of this study were to characterize the toxicities and to determine the pharmacokinetic profiles of BMS-214662 when administered in combination with cisplatin, and to determine the constitutive farnesyltransferase activity as a surrogate pharmacodynamic end point. Experimental Design: Twenty-nine patients with advanced solid malignancy, refractory to conventional therapy, and with adequate hematological, renal, and hepatic function were treated with escalating doses of BMS-214662 administered as a 1-h infusion, followed after an interval of 30 min by 75 mg/m2 cisplatin administered as a 4-h infusion and repeated every 21 days. Blood and urine samples for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses were collected during the first cycle of treatment only. Results: Dose-limiting toxicities occurred in 4 of 9 patients enrolled at the 225 mg/m2 BMS-214662 dose cohort, and included elevation of hepatic transaminases, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and renal failure. There was no apparent pharmacokinetic interaction between the two drugs at the recommended dose levels, and a dose-dependent inhibition of farnesyltransferase activity was observed, which returned to control levels within 24 h of drug administration. There were no objective responses, but disease stabilization was observed in 15 patients, including 4 patients with stable disease after 6 cycles of treatment. Conclusions: A dose of 200 mg/m2 of BMS-214662 administered as a 1-h infusion with 75 mg/m2 cisplatin over 4 h is the recommended dose for additional studies.

The NE Greenland continental shelf is only sparsely mapped due to its remoteness and harsh year-round sea-ice conditions. Mapping the distribution of submarine glacial landforms relies mainly on single track lines of multibeam echo-sounder bathymetric data with only occasional systematic surveys. Ice streams drain the modern Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) to its northeastern margin in several fjords near the head of the Westwind Trough (Fig. 1a). The presence of sedimentary glacial lineations and recessional moraines in the inner to middle trough indicates that the GrIS probably extended onto the continental shelf during the Last Glacial Maximum (Evans et al. 2009; Winkelmann et al. 2010). Fig. 1. Multibeam bathymetry and cross-profiles of glacial lineations and recessional moraines in middle to outer Westwind Trough, NE Greenland. ( a ) Location of study area (red boxes; map from IBCAO v. 3.0). ( b ) Image of glacial lineations indicating past expansion of the Greenland Ice Sheet onto the continental shelf (modified from Evans et al. 2009). Acquisition system Kongsberg EM120. Frequency 12 kHz. Grid-cell size 15 m. ( c , d ) 3.5 kHz sub-bottom cross-profiles (x–x′ and y–y′ in (b)) showing glacial lineations formed in an acoustically transparent sedimentary unit consistent with soft basal till. Acquisition system Kongsberg TOPAS PS 018. Secondary beam frequency 0.5–6 …

Submarine gullies have been observed widely in swath-bathymetric imagery of the shelf edge and upper slope on high-latitude margins (e.g. Noormets et al. 2009; Gales et al. 2013), but less frequently in fjords. Gullies vary in distribution and dimensions depending on formation mechanisms, including submarine mass wasting, subglacially or proglacially derived turbid underflows and dense bottom-water currents linked to brine rejection during sea-ice formation (e.g. Noormets et al. 2009). Since recession of the Greenland Ice Sheet through Kangerlugssuaq Fjord (68° N) in East Greenland after the Last Glacial Maximum (Dowdeswell et al. 2010), significant seafloor erosion on the flanks of the inner tributary fjords has taken place to produce a series of submarine gullies and an axial channel (Fig. 1a–e). Fig. 1. Multibeam bathymetry and cross-profiles of submarine gullies in Courtauld Fjord, East Greenland. ( a ) Submarine gullies in the outer fjord and subglacial bedforms in the inner fjord. Courtauld Glacier drains into the head of the fjord and several glaciers are also present along the east flank of the fjord. Dashed white line and white arrows mark the lateral moraine on the western fjord wall produced when Courtauld Glacier last advanced to the outer fjord sill during the Little Ice …

Semi-continuous, linear accumulations of poorly-sorted debris are present on the surface of the remnant Larsen-A Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula. These accumulations form a complex of debris bands extending parallel to the front of the ice shelf for several kilometres. Landsat imagery shows that the debris bands originated as lateral moraines along the Nordenskjöld Coast. Almost 80% of clasts sampled from these debris accumulations have shape/roundness characteristics consistent with glacier transport in the zone of basal traction. Angular and very angular clasts account for 15% and 22% of clasts in the pebble- and cobble/boulder-sized fractions, respectively, and originated by rockfall from valley/nunatak sides, with subsequent passive glacier transportation. Lithological analysis indicates that the debris is derived locally from the Nordenskjöld Coast, Cape Fairweather region and interior of the Antarctic Peninsula. Episodic melt-out and resedimentation of this debris from the front of the ice shelf would deliver pulses of coarse-grained sediment to the sea floor. Therefore, coarse-grained debris can also be released along the calving margin of small polar ice shelves fringing mountainous terrain, and could potentially be confused with sediment deposited at the grounding line of Antarctic ice-shelves. Sedimentological criteria to differentiate between these environments are proposed in this paper.

Recent disintegration of a number of Antarctic Peninsula ice shelves has given us a unique opportunity to investigate sub-ice-shelf sediments. We characterize three sediment facies associations of two Antarctic Peninsula ice shelves (Larsen-A and Larsen Inlet). Subglacial facies consist mainly of basal till (diamicton) with high shear strengths deposited under a grounded ice sheet. Progressive upward decrease in shear strength reflects a gradual decrease in the confining vertical effective pressure of grounded ice during till deposition. Proximal ice-shelf glacimarine facies (diamicton, gravel-rich and sand-rich facies, gravelly mud, dropstone mud and sandy muds) were deposited by sub-ice-shelf rain out, bottom current activity and sediment gravity flows following decoupling of grounded ice from the sea-floor. Distal, ice-shelf glacimarine and/or open marine facies comprise terrigenous and diatom-bearing bioturbated muds and gravelly muds that contain limited ice-rafted debris; these accumulated after recession of the grounding line to the coast, with coarse-grained surface sediments possibly documenting most recent ice-shelf break-up. Antarctic Peninsula ice-shelf sediments are more heterogeneous than ice-shelf facies deposited elsewhere in Antarctica. Cold, polar Antarctic ice shelves can be differentiated from temperate and sub-polar marine-terminated glacial sedimentary systems by the dominance of coarse-grained proximal, ice-shelf glacimarine facies and an absence of subaqueous outwash/meltwater sediment facies.

Geological evidence indicates that sediment reworking is common around the continental margins and abyssal depths of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea, a high-latitude setting with glacier-influenced margins. Detailed analysis of 22 cores up to 5 in long, placed in context by accompanying geophysical data including high resolution sub-bottom profiles, swath bathymetry and backscatter maps, indicates that reworking is variable and ranges from debris flows and turbidity currents, to bottom-current activity, as well as iceberg scouring. Reworking by debris flows appears to be restricted mainly to the main trough-mouth fans and sediment slides. Elsewhere, turbidity-current activity frequently dominates, although iceberg ploughing down to 600 in depth and current winnowing assume increasing significance on continental shelves. Reworking in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea reflects variations in ice-sheet dynamics that, in turn, influence the rate of sediment delivery and location of depocentres. Spatial variations in the style of reworking may also reflect the influence of continental slope gradient and bedrock geology on continental shelves. The widespread nature of sediment reworking has important implications for palaeoceanographic investigations in the region, as reworking can result in erosion and disturbance of the sediment column. It is estimated that less than 7% of material delivered to the Norwegian-Greenland Sea since the Late Weichselian is derived from hemipelagic and pelagic sedimentation. This problem is significant where continuous, high-resolution records of hemipelagic and pelagic sedimentation are required, and attempts are made to correlate with other high-resolution proxy records, such as ice cores, at sub-millennial scales. Bioturbation results in the smoothing of high-resolution records and imposes a maximum resolution for sediment-core time-slices of generally 400 years or more. In the Norwegian-Greenland Sea, areas of high sedimentation such as trough-mouth fans or contourite drifts are commonly associated with extensive reworking. Identification of reworking is particularly important where attempts are made to link records of iceberg-rafted debris to past ice-sheet dynamics, as bottom-current winnowing and mass-flow processes can increase the concentration of coarse-grained iceberg-rafted debris. Such localized accentuation of the iceberg-rafted debris signal may lead to erroneous palaeo-environmental interpretations. It is therefore critical that palaeoceanographic interpretations are firmly underpinned by an explicit sedimentological assessment of reworking.

The marine sedimentary record in Kejser Franz Joseph Fjord and on the East Greenland continental margin contains a history of Late Quaternary glaciation and sedimentation. Evidence suggests that a middle-shelf moraine represents the maximum shelfward extent of the Greenland Ice Sheet during the last glacial maximum. On the upper slope, coarse-grained sediments are derived from the release of significant quantities of iceberg-rafted debris (IRD) and subsequent remobilization by subaqueous mass-flows. The middle-lower slope is characterized by hemipelagic sedimentation with lower quantities of IRD (dropstone mud and sandy mud), punctuated episodically by deposition of diamicton and graded sand/gravel facies by subaqueous debris flows and turbidity currents derived from the mass failure of upper slope sediments. The downslope decrease of IRD reflects either the action of the East Greenland Current (EGC) confining icebergs to the upper slope, or to the more ice-proximal setting of the upper slope relative to the LGM ice margin. Sediment gravity flows on the slope are likely to have fed into the East Greenland channel system, contributing to its formation in conjunction with the cascade of dense brines down the slope following sea-ice formation across the shelf.Deglaciation commenced after 15 300 14C years , as indicated by meltwater-derived light oxygen isotope ratios. An abrupt decrease in both IRD deposition and delivery of coarse-grained debris to the slope at this time supports ice recession, with icebergs confined to the shelf by the EGC. Glacier ice had abandoned the middle shelf before 13 000 14C years with ice loss through iceberg calving and deposition of diamicton. Continued retreat of glacier-ice from the inner shelf and through the fjord is marked by a transition from subglacial till/bedrock in acoustic records, to ice-proximal meltwater-derived laminated mud to ice-distal bioturbated mud. Ice abandoned the inner shelf before 9100 14C years and probably stabilized in Fosters Bugt at 10 000 14C years . Distinct oxygen isotope minima on the inner shelf indicate meltwater production during ice retreat. The outer fjord was free of ice before 7440 14C years . Glacier retreat through the mid-outer fjord was punctuated by topographically-controlled stillstands where ice-proximal sediment was fed into fjord basins. The dominance of fine-grained, commonly laminated facies during deglaciation supports ablation-controlled, ice-mass loss.Glacimarine sedimentation within the Holocene middle-outer fjord system is dominated by sediment gravity flow and suspension settling from meltwater plumes. Suspension sediments comprise mainly mud facies indicating significant meltwater-deposition that overwhelms debris release from icebergs in this East Greenland fjord system. The relatively widespread occurrence of fine-grained lithofacies in East Greenland fjords suggests that meltwater sedimentation can be significant in polar glacimarine environments. The ice-distal continental margin is characterized by meltwater sedimentation in the inner shelf deep, iceberg scouring over shallow shelf regions, winnowing and erosion by the East Greenland Current on the middle-outer shelf, and hemipelagic sedimentation on the continental slope.