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The incidence of periprosthetic fractures is expected to rise increase by 4.6% every 10 years between 2015 and 2060. There are few large series examining optimal fixation constructs or the influence of early ambulation on outcome. The purpose of this narrative review is to investigate the published biomechanical considerations for periprosthetic fracture fixation, with specific consideration of early postoperative weightbearing. A literature review was performed to identify fracture incidences, etiology, and current trends in weightbearing after fixation. Benefits of early weightbearing, current constructs, and biomechanics are reviewed. The limited data available support medical benefits and increased union rates with early mobilization. Optimal fixation constructs are not agreed upon, but mechanical studies suggest that dual implant constructs can support physiologic weightbearing loads. Further clinical trials are required to investigate fracture union and hardware complications in dual implant construct

The American distributed energy resource (DER) interconnection standard, IEEE Std. 1547, was updated in 2018 to include standardized interoperability functionality. As state regulators begin ratifying these requirements, all DER—such as photovoltaic (PV) inverters, energy storage systems (ESSs), and synchronous generators—in those jurisdictions must include a standardized SunSpec Modbus, IEEE 2030.5, or IEEE 1815 (DNP3) communication interface. Utilities and authorized third parties will interact with these DER interfaces to read nameplate information, power measurements, and alarms as well as configure the DER settings and grid-support functionality. In 2020, the certification standard IEEE 1547.1 was revised with test procedures for evaluating the IEEE 1547-2018 interoperability requirements. In this work, we present an open-source framework to evaluate DER interoperability. To demonstrate this capability, we used four test devices: a SunSpec DER Simulator with a SunSpec Modbus interface, an EPRI-developed DER simulator with an IEEE 1815 interface, a Kitu Systems DER simulator with an IEEE 2030.5 interface, and an EPRI IEEE 2030.5-to-Modbus converter. By making this test platform openly available, DER vendors can validate their implementations, utilities can spot check communications to DER equipment, certification laboratories can conduct type testing, and research institutions can more easily research DER interoperability and cybersecurity. We indicate several limitations and ambiguities in the communication protocols, information models, and the IEEE 1547.1-2020 test protocol which were exposed in these evaluations in anticipation that the standards-development organizations will address these issues in the future.

A daunting challenge for health providers and medical practitioners is communicating the vital importance of health promotion and medical treatment adherence and compliance. This article is an evidence-based, best-practices commentary advocating the use of touch-accompanied verbal suggestions during the touching portions of routine, near-universal HealthPhysical examinations. Notional case examples are presented; based on the professional literature, underlying Behavioral Mechanics are discussed. Touch-accompanied verbal health promotion messages skillfully deployed in routine HealthPhysical examinations offer a non-harmful and efficient technique to synergistically and substantially enhance the probability of patient compliance with health improvement and medical treatment regimens. Though it is not a magic panacea, the public health applications, extensions and benefits are incalculable in terms of healthy behavior adoption. Additionally, if deftly conducted in accordance with best practices, it has the potential to greatly improve practitioner-patient relations and increase patient satisfaction. Further avenues of research inquiry are considered.

While most professional sports quickly postponed their seasons due to COVID-19, the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) took a decidedly contrarian approach as president Dana White continued to promote UFC 249 until pressure forced its cancelation on April 9, 2020. Drawing from work on sport and spectacle and the media as well as sport management scholarship on crisis management, the authors provide a commentary on the mediated spectacle of White’s (eventually successful) efforts to promote UFC 249 during the pandemic. Drawing from numerous media sources, they discuss how White sought to control the public narrative in several key ways. The authors further explore how White decried the seriousness of the pandemic while centralizing the UFC’s place in the U.S. sporting landscape. Finally, the authors discuss how White’s efforts might both help and hinder the UFC as a mainstream sports promotion.

This chapter looks at the marketing surrounding the 2017 match between Conor McGregor and Floyd Mayweather. The pre-fight “World Tour” featuring the two fighters devolved into a war of words featuring racialized, homophobic, and misogynist language which only served to increase the fight’s visibility in mainstream sport media circles. The authors tie the toxic atmosphere into the parallel spectacle surrounding the 2016 Presidential Election in the United States.

A group involving Metis and Indigenous graduate students from the University of Manitoba and inner-city Indigenous youth developed and participated in an outdoor adventure-based canoe trip in Queti...

This paper is an exploration of the possibilities for employing multiple ‘moving’ qualitative research methodologies in order to engage and capture embodied emotions and practices of partic...

This study is an examination of the role of alcohol and its central place in university sport hazing rituals, whereby veteran team members require new team members to participate in a rite of passage to gain full access to team membership. Academic research studies as well as media reports on sport hazing reveal the significant extent to which alcohol is closely tied to dangerous behaviors in team initiation rituals. Data was collected using in-depth interviews with varsity athletes, coaches and athletic directors at Canadian universities. The participants discussed their experiences with hazing and provided their perspective on the role of alcohol in university team hazing activities. In our analysis, we applied a sociological lens informed by the work of Theodor Adorno, using a negative dialectic approach to highlight the gap between the actual undesirable impact of team hazing and alcohol in collegiate sport and the potential of collegiate sport to provide a positive contribution to the lives of student-athletes; this negative dialectic approach reveals the social and institutional structures in place which promote the harmful incorporation of alcohol (abuse) in sport, while revealing how change within those very structures can lead to positive change. These data can thus be used to inform programs and policies aimed at improving the transitional experiences of varsity student-athletes, subsequently enhancing the overall culture of university sport.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate knowledge of doping practices and anti-doping education among American and Canadian female professional triathletes. The second purpose of this study was to examine the potential motivating factors to engage in prohibited doping, as well as to better understand athletes’ reasons for and/or impediments to refrain from doping practices. Six Canadian and six American female professional triathletes (n = 12) participated in semi-structured interviews (Sparkes & Smith, 2014) that lasted between 35 min and 90 min. The interview guide (see Appendix A) consisted of questions related to athletes’ experiences of anti-doping education, knowledge of doping, and experiences with drug-testing procedures. The inductive thematic analysis of the transcript data yielded four major themes including, 1) changes in the sport over last 15 years; 2) perceptions of prevalence and availability of doping; 3) perceptions of anti-doping efforts and; 4) perceptions and experiences of anti-doping education approaches. The results may help to inform anti-doping education programs at the national and international levels and speak to the need for a more coherent and communicative approach to anti-doping. This study constituted the second phase of a World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) supported Social Science initiative.

While the concept of aggregating and controlling renewable distributed energy resources (DERs) to provide grid services is not new, increasing policy support of DER market participation has driven research and development in algorithms to pool DERs for economically viable market participation. Sandia National Laboratories recently undertook a 3 year research programme to create the components of a real-world virtual power plant (VPP) that can simultaneously participate in multiple markets. The authors’ research extends current state-of-the-art rolling horizon control through the application of stochastic programming with risk aversion at various time resolutions. Their rolling horizon control consists of day-ahead optimisation to produce an hourly aggregate schedule for the VPP operator and sub-hourly optimisation for the real-time dispatch of each VPP subresource. Both optimisation routines leverage a two-stage stochastic programme with risk aversion and integrate the most up-to-date forecasts to generate probabilistic scenarios in real operating time. Their results demonstrate the benefits to the VPP operator of constructing a stochastic solution regardless of the weather. In more extreme weather, applying risk optimisation strategies can dramatically increase the financial viability of the VPP. The methodologies presented here can be further tailored for optimal control of any VPP asset fleet and its operational requirements.

Interoperable distributed energy resources (DER), including photovoltaic (PV) inverters, are capable of providing a number of grid services by receiving commands from grid operators, aggregators, or other third parties. In many control scenarios, the grid operator must determine the operating mode and parameters for the devices to achieve a specific control objective. In this paper, we experimentally validate a distributed technique to achieve optimal DER reactive power operating points for distribution circuit voltage regulation using extremum seeking control. The method is demonstrated with physical and virtual DER connected to multiple hardware-in-the-loop distribution circuit simulations. This paper demonstrates PV inverters with realistic communication interfaces can receive real-time control signals from an aggregator and adjusting their reactive power to minimize voltage deviations. Simulations were conducted with fixed and variable solar irradiance to demonstrate the robustness of the approach.

Aims Increasing the diversity of the biomedical sciences workforce is a national priority. Having a mentor, and more crucially, a personal network of mentors, improves the likelihood that an individual will pursue an advanced degree and career in the biomedical sciences. The chief mission of the National Research Mentoring Network (NRMN) is to reduce racial and ethnic disparities in the biosciences workforce through the mentoring of historically underrepresented individuals. Methods To address this need, we created MyNRMN, an online mentoring platform that connects mentors and mentees nationwide. The platform enables multiple forms of mentoring and recommends connections to mentees that will help them build their personal networks. Results The MyNRMN online platform has registered more than 13,500 active mentors and mentees across all 50 states and from more than 2100 institutions. Black and Hispanic mentees are highly represented. Discussion MyNRMN has expanded opportunities for mentorship in the biomedical sciences, particularly among those not from a culture or institution that historically supports mentorship. The platform's robust search and recommendation capabilities and graph database technology enable members to grow their personal network of mentors. Conclusion The MyNRMN online platform has proven successful in connecting mentees and mentors nationwide, expanding the pipeline in biomedical science careers to attract a more diverse workforce.

All neurodegenerative diseases feature aggregates, which usually contain disease‐specific diagnostic proteins; non‐protein constituents, however, have rarely been explored. Aggregates from SY5Y‐APPSw neuroblastoma, a cell model of familial Alzheimer's disease, were crosslinked and sequences of linked peptides identified. We constructed a normalized “contactome” comprising 11 subnetworks, centered on 24 high‐connectivity hubs. Remarkably, all 24 are nucleic acid‐binding proteins. This led us to isolate and sequence RNA and DNA from Alzheimer's and control aggregates. RNA fragments were mapped to the human genome by RNA‐seq and DNA by ChIP‐seq. Nearly all aggregate RNA sequences mapped to specific genes, whereas DNA fragments were predominantly intergenic. These nucleic acid mappings are all significantly nonrandom, making an artifactual origin extremely unlikely. RNA (mostly cytoplasmic) exceeded DNA (chiefly nuclear) by twofold to fivefold. RNA fragments recovered from AD tissue were ~1.5‐to 2.5‐fold more abundant than those recovered from control tissue, similar to the increase in protein. Aggregate abundances of specific RNA sequences were strikingly differential between cultured SY5Y‐APPSw glioblastoma cells expressing APOE3 vs. APOE4, consistent with APOE4 competition for E‐box/CLEAR motifs. We identified many G‐quadruplex and viral sequences within RNA and DNA of aggregates, suggesting that sequestration of viral genomes may have driven the evolution of disordered nucleic acid‐binding proteins. After RNA‐interference knockdown of the translational‐procession factor EEF2 to suppress translation in SY5Y‐APPSw cells, the RNA content of aggregates declined by >90%, while reducing protein content by only 30% and altering DNA content by ≤10%. This implies that cotranslational misfolding of nascent proteins may ensnare polysomes into aggregates, accounting for most of their RNA content., Nucleic acid‐binding proteins are shown attaching to RNA and DNA, and then undergoing oxidation, thermal denaturation (reversible or irreversible), or other PTMs that destabilize their secondary structure sufficiently to allow aggregation to occur, an essentially irreversible process. Nascent polypeptides as they are synthesized by ribosomes provide another source of transiently misfolded proteins that can aggregate without oxidation or other trigger for denaturation. The sequence shown is not obligatory, in that disordered proteins could also bind nucleic acids after aggregating.

Background Superlatives are exaggerative terms that may not accurately portray a treatment's effectiveness, safety, or availability. Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of superlatives in news articles describing multiple sclerosis treatments. Methods We searched Google News for 11 prespecified superlative terms describing multiple sclerosis therapies in online news articles. Results We found that news articles commonly describe non-FDA approved multiple sclerosis therapies with superlative terms without providing clinical evidence or attribution. Additionally, no articles were published on a HONcode certified webpage. Conclusion It is important that healthcare professionals are aware of medical misinformation presented to the public.

Grid operators are now considering using distributed energy resources (DERs) to provide distribution voltage regulation rather than installing costly voltage regulation hardware. DER devices include multiple adjustable reactive power control functions, so grid operators have the difficult decision of selecting the best operating mode and settings for the DER. In this work, we develop a novel state estimation-based particle swarm optimization (PSO) for distribution voltage regulation using DER-reactive power setpoints and establish a methodology to validate and compare it against alternative DER control technologies (volt–VAR (VV), extremum seeking control (ESC)) in increasingly higher fidelity environments. Distribution system real-time simulations with virtualized and power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL)-interfaced DER equipment were run to evaluate the implementations and select the best voltage regulation technique. Each method improved the distribution system voltage profile; VV did not reach the global optimum but the PSO and ESC methods optimized the reactive power contributions of multiple DER devices to approach the optimal solution.

In 2016, 1.2 GW of photovoltaic (PV) power tripped off in California during the “Blue Cut Fire” when PV inverters miscalculated the grid frequency during a line-to-line fault. In response, the 2018 edition of the IEEE 1547 interconnection standard was updated to mandate distributed energy resource (DER) devices “ride-through” voltage phase angle changes that appear during faults. This new requirement is designed to ensure bulk-system stability is not impacted by emergent DER misbehaviors triggered by local fault events. Transitory DER behaviors under phase changes may still significantly impact grid operations, so it is necessary to quantify the DER response to both balanced and unbalanced voltage phase angle shifts. To achieve this, two PV inverters were subjected to balanced and unbalanced phase jump changes defined in the IEEE 1547.1-2020 test protocol to validate compliance to IEEE 1547. Experimental results show that one DER inverter was compliant to IEEE 1547 and its “momentary cessation” behavior produced stable power system response. However, the other PV inverter failed the IEEE 1547.1 compliance test and tripped off during some of the phase jump experiments.

Grid codes around the world are requiring grid-support functions (GSFs) and standardized interoperability interfaces for distributed energy resources (DERs) to address the rapid increase of renewable energy. However, these new GSFs need to be assessed to ensure the desired power and communication capabilities exist in the field. The IEEE 1547.1 standard outlines the conformance test procedures for DER devices and is currently undergoing a major revision to align it with IEEE 1547–2018. Once it is published (anticipated in mid-2020), GSFs in commercial PV inverters in USA and Canada will be certified to the IEEE 1547.1 conformance test procedures. Several international research laboratories are collaborating to develop a versatile open-source DER testing platform that performs automated testing of DER devices. This community of laboratories is developing open-source IEEE Std. 1547.1 test scripts to lower barriers to DER vendor internal equipment evaluations, ease product compliance testing at certification laboratories, and provide research institutions a tool to study DER behaviors. In this work, test scripts were used for test verification of GSFs, including limit active power, constant reactive power, active power-reactive power (watt-var), and prioritization of GSF response for several DER devices. Sample test results for these DER GSFs and test protocol recommendations are presented in this paper.

A healthy photovoltaic (PV) array has a specific impedance between node pairs, and any ground fault changes the impedance values. Reflectometry is a well-known technique in electromagnetics, and it could be exploited to detect fault and aging-related impedance variations in a PV system. A fault detection algorithm using the spread spectrum time-domain reflectometry (SSTDR) method has been introduced in this paper. SSTDR has been successfully used for detecting and locating aircraft wiring faults. However, the wide variation in impedance throughout the entire PV system, which is caused by the use of different materials and interconnections makes PV fault detection more challenging while using reflectometry. Unlike other conventional ground-fault detection techniques specifically developed for PV arrays, SSTDR does not depend on fault-current magnitudes. Therefore, SSTDR can be used even in the absence of the solar irradiation, which makes it a very powerful fault-detection tool. The proposed PV ground-fault detection technique has been tested in a real-world PV system, and it can confidently detect PV ground faults for different configurations of PV arrays (single and double strings) and fault resistances (0.5, 5, and 10- $\Omega$ ). Moreover, it has been experimentally verified that our proposed algorithm works at low irradiance and can detect specific ground faults that may remain undetected using the conventional ground-fault detection and interrupter (GFDI) fuses.

The overall purpose of the present study was to examine hazing among university athletes in Canada. More specifically, athletes’ experiences with hazing behaviors, knowledge regarding hazing, perceptions of the nature of hazing, attitudes toward hazing, and exposure to hazing policy and prevention/intervention strategies were investigated. A total of 434 U Sports (formerly known as Canadian Interuniversity Sport) athletes from various varsity-level and club-level sports participated in the study. Results showed that 58% of athletes experienced at least one hazing behavior. Some athletes reported that coaches were not only aware of hazing behaviors, but also present while hazing behaviors occurred. Athletes who experienced hazing perceived more positive outcomes of hazing than negative, and did not report hazing incidents because they believed experiencing hazing was part of being a member of the team. A small percentage of athletes had participated in hazing prevention workshops. Implications of these findings pertain to education on hazing, hazing prevention strategies and interventions.

The San Jose Bike Party (SJBP) originated in 2004–2005 as a diverse collection of cyclists joining together for group rides in and around San Jose, California. By 2007, a core group of orga...

In December 2015, the National Hockey League (NHL) was invited to present on a special sport panel showcasing the green leaders of the sport industry, which was hosted as part of the COP 21 United Nations climate change talks in Paris. The NHL has won numerous awards for its environmental initiatives over the last number of years, arguably the most important of which was the release of its 2014 Sustainability Report (SR), where it highlighted its carbon footprint, water and energy use, as well as its numerous environmental projects. Utilizing the concept of ecological modernization (EM), this paper presents a detailed analysis of the NHL SR in order to explore how environmental advocacy, citizenship, and initiative is produced and shaped by the professional sporting industry.

Grid operators are increasingly turning to advanced grid-support functions in distributed energy resources (DER) to assist with distribution circuit voltage regulation, bulk system frequency control, and power system protection. The U.S. DER certification standard, Underwriters Laboratories (UL) 1741, was revised in September 2016 to add test procedures for multiple grid-support functions. Sandia National Laboratories, SunSpec Alliance, and growing community of collaborators have undertaken a multiyear effort to create an open-source system validation platform (SVP) that automates DER interconnection and interoperability test procedures by communicating with grid simulators, photovoltaic (PV) simulators, data acquisition systems, and interoperable equipment under test. However, the power hardware required for generating the test conditions may be untenable for many organizations. Herein, we discuss development of the SVP testing capabilities for UL 1741 tests utilizing a controller hardware-in-the-loop testbed that precludes the need for power hardware using a 34.5 kW Austrian Institute of Technology smart grid controller. Analysis of normal ramp rate, soft start ramp rate, specified power factor, volt-VAr, and frequency-watt advanced grid functions, and the effectiveness of the UL 1741 test protocols are included.