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51. Potential of Indian agriculture for capturing atmospheric CO2and monetizing carbon credits to the farmers: An overview and policy framework

Author

Meena, Ram Swaroop, Lal, Rattan, Kumar, Sandeep, Pradhan, Gourisankar, Srinivasarao, Ch., Singh, Ashish Kumar, Pathak, Himanshu, Abhilash, P.C., Kumar, Arvind, Sharma, S.K., Jat, M.L., and Singh, Sudhanshu

Abstract

The potential of Indian agriculture in atmospheric CO2capture and its role in enabling farmers to monetize C credits is critical to climate change mitigation strategies. This potential is especially significant given the vast and diverse agricultural landscapes across India, which inherently possess the capacity for considerable C sequestration. The realization of this potential hinges on the establishment of a comprehensive policy framework. Essential components of this framework include methodologies for accurate measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) of C sequestration. To fully harness the potential of Indian agriculture in atmospheric CO2capture and C credit monetization, future endeavors should focus on developing integrated technological solutions, and collaborative efforts are the cornerstone for accurate C measurement and verification, alongside formulating inclusive policies that specifically support small-scale and marginalized farmers in transitioning to carbon-efficient practices for sustainable agriculture. Overall, it will help to implement the aim of monetizing C credits by the Ministry of Power (catenate notice: CG-DL-E-30062023-246859 Dated June 28, 2023) and the Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change of Developing (catenate notice: CG-DL-E-27062023-246825 Dated June 27, 2023) and adopted the green credit program. The Indian government has demonstrated its will to combat climate change by starting a policy discussion on carbon. This important conversation aims to establish solutions for sustainable development focusing on environmental stewardship and carbon reduction across several sectors. Ultimately, this would enhance the country's defenses against climate change and encourage net zero emission through C-negative agriculture. It will also promote the “Sustainable Development Goals,” which aim to improve the country and the globe.

Published
2024
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53. Soil biochemical changes at different wheat growth stages in response to conservation agriculture practices in a rice-wheat system of north-western India

Author

Bera, Tanushree, Sharma, Sandeep, Thind, H.S., Yadvinder-Singh, Sidhu, H.S., and Jat, M.L.

Subjects
Plant-soil relationships -- Environmental aspects, Wheat -- Environmental aspects -- Growth, Company growth, Agricultural industry, Earth sciences
Abstract

Intensive tillage, removal or burning of crop residues, limited organic manure use, declining irrigation water resources and scarcity of labour are the major causes of soil degradation and unsustainability of rice (Oryza sativa L.) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system (RWS) in South Asia.Resource conservation technologies (RCTs) such as zero tillage (ZT), dry direct seeded rice (DSR) and crop residues retained as mulch have shown promise to increase the productivity and profitability of RWS in South Asia. Effects of RCTs on soil biological parameters are unclear and contradictory. We evaluated the effects of conservation agriculture practices on changes in soil biochemical properties at different growth stages of wheat grown as the fifth crop in RWS. Twelve treatment combinations of tillage, crop establishment and crop residue management included four main plot treatments in rice: (1) conventional tillage (CT)-DSR, (2) ZT-DSR, (3) DTR, ZT machine transplanted rice and (4) PTR, conventional puddled transplanted rice. The three subplot treatments were: (i) CTW-R, CT wheat with both rice and wheat residues removed, (ii) ZTW-R, ZT wheat with residues of both the crops removed and (iii) ZTW+R, ZT wheat with rice residue retained as surface mulch in subsequent wheat. Irrespective of rice establishment methods, mean wheat grain yield under ZTW+R was 6% and 10% greater than CTW-R and ZTW-R respectively. Soil enzyme activities increased (5-18%) under ZTW+R compared with ZTW-R and CTW-R at different growth stages of wheat. The residual effect of rice establishment methods was significant on soil enzyme activities during wheat cropping, which were highest under ZT-DSR followed by CT-DSR, DTR and PTR. Soil organic carbon content in the 0-7.5 cm layer was significantly higher (7-9%) under the ZTW+R treatment compared with all the other treatments. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified three enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate and phosphatase), and soil organic carbon content as the most sensitive indicators for assessing soil quality for RWS based on conservation agriculture. The PCA discriminated rice establishment systems with rice residue as surface mulch from rice establishment systems without rice residue and the maximum tillering stage from the other stages of wheat. The present study provided reliable biochemical indicators to monitor soil biological quality changes in response to conservation agriculture practices in RWS. Additional keywords: Conventional tillage, rice establishment methods, rice straw retention, soil enzymes, wheat growth stages., Introduction Rice-wheat system (RWS) is an important cropping sequence for food security, employment, income and livelihood for millions of people in Asia (Singh et al. 2014). This system occupies ~13.5 [...]

Published
2018
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54. Pathways and determinants of sustainable energy use for rice farms in India

Author

Nayak, H.S., primary, Parihar, C.M., additional, Aravindakshan, S., additional, Silva, J.V., additional, Krupnik, T.J., additional, McDonald, A.J., additional, Kakraliya, S.K., additional, Sena, D.R., additional, Kumar, Virendra, additional, Sherpa, Sonam, additional, Bijarniya, D., additional, Singh, L.K., additional, Kumar, M., additional, Choudhary, K.M., additional, Kumar, S., additional, Kumar, Y., additional, Jat, H.S., additional, Sidhu, H.S., additional, Jat, M.L., additional, and Sapkota, T.B., additional

Published
2023
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57. Chapter Two - Soil potassium fertility and management strategies in South Asian agriculture

Author

Srinivasarao, Ch., Kundu, Sumanta, Rao, K.V., Shukla, A.K., Rao, A. Subba, Imas, Patricia, Bolan, Nanthi S., Lal, Rattan, Prasad, J.V.N.S., Abhilash, P.C., Kumar, G. Ranjith, Meena, R.S., Pratibha, G., Narayanaswami, G., Bansal, S.K., Nataraj, K.C., Jagadesh, M., Mrunalini, K., Jayaraman, S., Jat, M.L., Malleswari, S.N., Whitbread, Anthony, and Venkateswarlu, B.

Published
2023
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59. Water budgeting in conservation agriculture-based sub-surface drip irrigation using HYDRUS-2D in rice under annual rotation with wheat in Western Indo-Gangetic Plains

Author

Rana, Biswajit, primary, Parihar, C.M., additional, Nayak, H.S., additional, Patra, Kiranmoy, additional, Singh, V.K., additional, Singh, D.K., additional, Pandey, Renu, additional, Abdallah, Ahmed, additional, Gupta, N., additional, Sidhu, H.S., additional, Gerard, B., additional, and Jat, M.L., additional

Published
2022
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60. The optimization of conservation agriculture practices requires attention to location-specific performance: Evidence from large scale gridded simulations across South Asia

Author

Zhang, Tianning, primary, Xiong, Wei, additional, Sapkota, Tek B., additional, Jat, M.L., additional, Montes, Carlo, additional, Krupnik, Timothy J., additional, Jat, Raj Kumar, additional, Karki, Saral, additional, Nayak, Harisankar, additional, Faisal, Asif Al, additional, and Jat, H.S., additional

Published
2022
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61. Point placement of late vegetative stage nitrogen splits increase the productivity, N-use efficiency and profitability of tropical maize under decade long conservation agriculture

Author

Nayak, Hari Sankar, primary, Parihar, C.M., additional, Mandal, B.N., additional, Patra, K., additional, Jat, S.L., additional, Singh, Raj, additional, Singh, V.K., additional, Jat, M.L., additional, Garnaik, S., additional, Nayak, J., additional, and Abdallah, Ahmed M., additional

Published
2022
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64. Conservation agriculture for regenerating soil health and climate change mitigation in smallholder systems of South Asia

Author

Jat, M.L., Gathala, M.K., Choudhary, M., Sharma, Sandeep, Jat, H.S., Gupta, Naveen, and Yadvinder-Singh

Abstract

The increase in agriculture production to meet the food demand of growing human population from a limited availability of arable land with low environmental footprints and preserving natural resources (soil, water and air) simultaneously are major challenges in South Asia. The situation is further complicated by the climate change, which will further lower the food production, compounding the challenge of meeting food demand. Conservation Agriculture (CA) is solution to several challenges being faced in farming such as soil health, climate change, water scarcity, agricultural pollution, farm profitability, human health, etc. This exhaustive review examines the published literature from South Asia to assess the impact of CA on soil organic carbon (SOC) and the subsequent impacts on soil health (physical, chemical and biological properties), C sequestration and greenhouse gases emissions in major cropping systems. The results from several studies demonstrated that CA increased SOC and improved soil health parameters, mainly in the surface soil layer. The effects of CA on the changes in soil pH and electrical conductivity are small. The CA showed a remarkable positive impact on the nutrient availability in the soil. The CA system helped in both climate change mitigation and adaptation for sustainable crop production. The present gaps in our knowledge in soil health assessment and research agenda to fill the gaps are also included in this chapter. We hope this review of past accomplishments, current activities, and future opportunities will stimulate additional soil health research throughout the 21st century.

Published
2023
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66. Farm typology for planning targeted farming systems interventions for smallholders in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India

Author

Kaur, Jashanjot, Prusty, A.K., Ravisankar, N., Panwar, A.S., Shamim, M., Walia, S.S., Chatterjee, S., Pasha, M.L., Babu, Subhash, Jat, M.L., López-Ridaura, Santiago, Groot, Jeroen C.J., Toorop, Roos Adelhart, Barba-Escoto, Luis, Noopur, Kohima, Kashyap, Poonam, Kaur, Jashanjot, Prusty, A.K., Ravisankar, N., Panwar, A.S., Shamim, M., Walia, S.S., Chatterjee, S., Pasha, M.L., Babu, Subhash, Jat, M.L., López-Ridaura, Santiago, Groot, Jeroen C.J., Toorop, Roos Adelhart, Barba-Escoto, Luis, Noopur, Kohima, and Kashyap, Poonam

Abstract

Due to complexity of smallholder farms, many times technologies with great potential fail to achieve the desired impact in leveraging productivity and profitability of the farming community. In the Indo-Gangetic Plains there is an urgent need to understand the diversity of farm households, identifying the main drivers deciding their system thus, classifying them into homogenous groups. In the present study, the diversity of smallholder farms was assessed using crop, livestock and income related characteristics and associated farm mechanization. Using principal component analysis and cluster analysis for 252 farm households, 4 farm types were identified i.e. Type 1. Small Farm households with cereal-based cropping system and subsistence livestock (39%), Type 2. Small Farm households with diversified cropping system dominated by cereal and fodder crops with only cattle herd (9%), Type 3. Marginal Farm household with diversified cropping system dominated by cash crop and herd comprising of only cattle (39%), Type 4. Marginal Farm household with diversified cropping system dominated by cereal crops and herd dominated by small ruminants (12%). Based on the constraints identified for different components of farming systems, low-cost interventions were planned for each farm type. These interventions have resulted in 84.8–103.2 per cent increase in the income of the farm HH under study suggesting usefulness of typology-based intervention planning in increasing income of small farm holders.

Published
2021

72. Climate smart agriculture, farm household typologies and food security

Author

Lopez-Ridaura, Santiago, Frelat, Romain, van Wijk, Mark T., Valbuena, Diego, Krupnik, Timothy J., and Jat, M.L.

Subjects
Livestock, Drought, Conservation agriculture, Bihar, Scenario evaluation, Climate change, Socio-ecological system, Article
Abstract

One of the great challenges in agricultural development and sustainable intensification is the assurance of social equity in food security oriented interventions. Development practitioners, researchers, and policy makers alike could benefit from prior insight into what interventions or environmental shocks might differentially affect farmers' food security status, in order to move towards more informed and equitable development. We examined the food security status and livelihood activities of 269 smallholder farm households (HHs) in Bihar, India. Proceeding with a four-step analysis, we first applied a multivariate statistical methodology to differentiate five primary farming system types. We next applied an indicator of food security in the form of HH potential food availability (PFA), and examined the contribution of crop, livestock, and on- and off-farm income generation to PFA within each farm HH type. Lastly, we applied scenario analysis to examine the potential impact of the adoption of ‘climate smart’ agricultural (CSA) practices in the form of conservation agriculture (CA) and improved livestock husbandry, and environmental shocks on HH PFA. Our results indicate that compared to livestock interventions, CA may hold considerable potential to boost HH PFA, though primarily for wealthier and medium-scale cereal farmers. These farm HH types were however considerably more vulnerable to food insecurity risks resulting from simulated drought, while part-time farmers and resource-poor agricultural laborers generating income from off-farm pursuits were comparatively less vulnerable, due in part to their more diversified income sources and potential to migrate in search of work. Our results underscore the importance of prior planning for development initiatives aimed at increasing smallholder food security while maintaining social equity, while providing a robust methodology to vet the implications of agricultural interventions on an ex ante basis., Highlights • Five primary farming system types were identified in Bihar, India. • Conservation agriculture boosts food security for wealthy and medium-scale farmers. • Simulated drought has considerable negative impacts on all farm types. • Farmers with diversified income are however less vulnerable to environmental shocks. • This simple ex-ante approach may benefit agricultural development planners.

Published
2018

76. Business models of SMEs as a mechanism for scaling Climate Smart Technologies: The case of Punjab, India

Author

Groot, A.M.E., Bolt, J.S., Jat, H.S., Jat, M.L., Kumar, M., Blok, Vincent, Agarwal, T., Groot, A.M.E., Bolt, J.S., Jat, H.S., Jat, M.L., Kumar, M., Blok, Vincent, and Agarwal, T.

Abstract

Many Climate Smart Agricultural (CSA) technologies fail to achieve their full potential impact due to low levels of adoption by smallholder farmers and difficulties in scaling CSA. This paper presents how small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can act as change agents for the uptake of CSA technologies where their business models may be seen as adoption and scaling mechanisms. Drawing upon our fieldwork in Punjab (India) during which over 100 respondents have been interviewed, critical issues and enabling factors for the business model of two types of SMEs, i.e. farmer cooperatives and individual service providers of climate smart technologies have been identified. Enabling factors supporting adoption are driven by scientific and practical evidence of CSA technologies, good partnership between SMEs and research institutes, good customer relationships and effective channels through farmers’ field trials. Critical issues consist of distortive government subsidies on energy and the lack of market intelligence affecting the profitability of the business model. Scaling is enhanced through market intelligence and a favouring regulatory landscape. However, difficult socio-economic circumstances and distortive government subsidies limit the role of SMEs business model as mechanism for scaling

Published
2019

80. Ten years of conservation agriculture in a rice–maize rotation of Eastern Gangetic Plains of India: Yield trends, water productivity and economic profitability

Author

Jat, R.K., primary, Singh, Ravi G., additional, Kumar, Mukesh, additional, Jat, M.L., additional, Parihar, C.M., additional, Bijarniya, Deepak, additional, Sutaliya, J.M., additional, Jat, M.K., additional, Parihar, M.D., additional, Kakraliya, S.K., additional, and Gupta, Raj K., additional

Published
2019
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83. Long-term impact of conservation agriculture and diversified maize rotations on carbon pools and stocks, mineral nitrogen fractions and nitrous oxide fluxes in inceptisol of India

Author

Parihar, C.M., primary, Parihar, M.D., additional, Sapkota, Tek B., additional, Nanwal, R.K., additional, Singh, A.K., additional, Jat, S.L., additional, Nayak, H.S., additional, Mahala, D.M., additional, Singh, L.K., additional, Kakraliya, S.K., additional, Stirling, Clare M., additional, and Jat, M.L., additional

Published
2018
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89. Effects of precision conservation agriculture in a maize-wheat-mungbean rotation on crop yield, water-use and radiation conversion under a semiarid agro-ecosystem

Author

Parihar, C.M., primary, Jat, S.L., additional, Singh, A.K., additional, Ghosh, A., additional, Rathore, N.S., additional, Kumar, B., additional, Pradhan, S., additional, Majumdar, K., additional, Satyanarayana, T., additional, Jat, M.L., additional, Saharawat, Y.S., additional, Kuri, B.R., additional, and Saveipune, D., additional

Published
2017
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90. Conservation Agriculture and Soil Quality– An Overview

Author

Yadav, M.R., primary, Parihar, C.M., additional, Kumar, Rakesh, additional, S.L. Jat, R.K. Yadav, additional, H. Ram, A.K. Singh, additional, M. Singh, R.K. Meena, additional, N. Yadav, V.K. Meena, additional, C. Kumawat, B. Yadav, additional, and Jat, M.L., additional

Published
2017
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93. Climate-smart villages in South Asia

Author

Aggarwal, Pramod K.; Khatri-Chhetri, Arun; Jat, M.L.; Joshi, Pramod Kumar; Shirsath, P.B., http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9637-1767 Joshi, Pramod Kumar, Aggarwal, Pramod K.; Khatri-Chhetri, Arun; Jat, M.L.; Joshi, Pramod Kumar; Shirsath, P.B., and http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9637-1767 Joshi, Pramod Kumar

Abstract

Non-PR, IFPRI5; CRP7, SAO, CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)

Published
2015

98. Reprint of “Optimizing intensive cereal-based cropping systems addressing current and future drivers of agricultural change in the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plains of India”

Author

Gathala, Mahesh K., primary, Kumar, Virender, additional, Sharma, P.C., additional, Saharawat, Yashpal S., additional, Jat, H.S., additional, Singh, Mainpal, additional, Kumar, Amit, additional, Jat, M.L., additional, Humphreys, E., additional, Sharma, D.K., additional, Sharma, Sheetal, additional, and Ladha, J.K., additional

Published
2014
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99. Conservation agriculture in an irrigated cotton–wheat system of the western Indo-Gangetic Plains: Crop and water productivity and economic profitability

Author

Das, T.K., primary, Bhattacharyya, Ranjan, additional, Sudhishri, S., additional, Sharma, A.R., additional, Saharawat, Y.S., additional, Bandyopadhyay, K.K., additional, Sepat, Seema, additional, Bana, R.S., additional, Aggarwal, Pramila, additional, Sharma, R.K., additional, Bhatia, A., additional, Singh, Geeta, additional, Datta, S.P., additional, Kar, A., additional, Singh, Billu, additional, Singh, Parmendra, additional, Pathak, H., additional, Vyas, A.K., additional, and Jat, M.L., additional

Published
2014
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