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This work presents an application of bio-inspired flower pollination algorithm (FPA) for tuning proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller in load frequency control (LFC) of multi-area interconnected power system. The investigated power system comprises of three equal thermal power systems with appropriate PID controller. The controller gain [proportional gain ( K ), integral gain ( K ) and derivative gain ( K )] values are tuned by using the FPA algorithm with one percent step load perturbation in area 1 (1 % SLP). The integral square error (ISE) is considered the objective function for the FPA. The supremacy performance of proposed algorithm for optimized PID controller is proved by comparing the results with genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based PID controller under the same investigated power system. In addition, the controller robustness is studied by considering appropriate generate rate constraint with nonlinearity in all areas. The result cumulative performance comparisons established that FPA-PID controller exhibit better performance compared to performances of GA-PID and PSO-PID controller-based power system with and without nonlinearity effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates Automatic Generation Control and optimal gain setting of conventional controller for multi area interconnected reheat thermal power systems. Conventional Proportional - integral - Derivative (PID) controller is used for this investigation. Optimization of controller gain values are tuned by Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE) traditional approach. The proposed work presents new Artificial Intelligence for tuning of controller gain values. The effectiveness and robustness of proposed technique is investigated with one percent step load perturbation in either area of the system with and without considering appropriate Generate Rate Constraint (GRC). Time domain analysis is used for the performance comparison and analysis for this work. Finally, simulation result reveals that new proposed AI based controller provide more superior response, when compared to conventional controller with and without considering the effect of non-linearity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The materials used in electrical and electronic applications have great importance and broader applications, but they have severe electromagnetic interference (EMI). These materials have extensive applications in broadcasting, medical industries, research, defence sectors, communication and similar fields. The EMI can be addressed by using effective EMI shielding materials. This review presents a detailed, comprehensive description for making electromagnetic interference shielding material by recycling various wastes. It starts with highlighting the overview of electromagnetic interference shielding (EMI) and its theoretical aspects. It provides a comprehensive and detailed understanding of recent trends in the novel approaches towards fabricating EMI shielding from industrial waste, agricultural waste and other miscellaneous wastes. This paper critically reviews the works related to the recycling of wastes like red mud (waste from the aluminium refining industry), ground tyre rubber, tea waste (biowaste) from tea industries, bagasse (waste from sugar cane industry), peanut and hazelnut shells (agricultural waste), waste tissue paper and polyethylene and other miscellaneous wastes like hydrocarbon carbon black and ash for the fabrication of highly effective electromagnetic (EM) interference shielding materials. Highly effective results have been reported using red mud showing maximum efficiency of 51.4 dB in X-band range, various agricultural waste displaying reflection loss of up to - 87.117 dB (in the range 0.01 to 20 GHz) and miscellaneous waste giving EMI SE of 80 dB in X-band frequency. A separate section is dedicated to emphasizing future work and recommendations., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)