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The resident participatory ecosystem service assessment is a method for determining local situations through the ecological knowledge of residents who most closely experience changes in local ecosystems. This is an opportunity for residents to synthesize their environmental knowledge. It provides valuable research material for researchers, can be utilized as a pathway for civil servants to reflect residents' opinions on policy, and can help environmental organizations instill environmental awareness and develop environmental public opinions in residents. Despite the participation of various stakeholders in resident participatory ecosystem service assessment, discussions concerning their roles and the nature of cooperation have largely not borne fruit. This study ascertained opinions on the development of the resident participatory ecosystem service assessment from local residents, local universities and research institutes, and relevant civil servants who participated as stakeholders in environmental organizations in this assessment. Upon organizing the stakeholders’ interests through text mining based on the Q methodology, results indicated that research groups were interested in utilizing research evaluation techniques of a participatory ecosystem services assessment. In contrast, environmental organizations and civil servants were interested in utilizing the assessment results for political application. These two groups agreed that it is important to periodically map and utilize the research results of resident participatory ecosystem service assessment. The South Korean case featured in this study indicated that research teams will have to do their utmost in technique development, as will civil servants and environmental organizations, in creating measures for policy application. All of these groups should first attempt to map the results of resident participation, thereby creating resources for research and policy application, and make advances toward governance for robust resident participatory ecosystem service assessment.

Background: Diabetes is a major health care concern in Korea. Individuals with sarcopenia could be at an increased risk for diabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether sarcopenia is associated with impaired fasting glucose, diabetes, and insulin resistance according to age in patients with and without obesity. Methods: We used the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2008 to 2010. The data for 15,467 nonpregnant adults aged ≥20 years were analyzed. Sarcopenia was defined as the appendicular skeletal muscle mass divided by body weight of

From 1970, the concept of ecotourism is introduced, lots of studies in ecotourism appeared. Review these studies are necessary for future ecotourism studies. Some review studies on ecotourism are existed. However, these approach also limitation of subjectivities and some sorts of papers has not been reviewed. This study use keyword network analysis which is used as big data analysis to overcome the limitation. Foreign 2455 studies and domestic 163 studies which have ecotoursim in keywords, are analyzed for reviewing. As a result, 3 cluster(`Sustainable tourism development`, `Ecological conservation`, `Ecotourist analysis` appeared, in ecotourism studies. In addition, this cluster has deep relationship with region. `Sustainable tourism development` is related to Eurasia, Australia, Europe. `Ecological conservation` is related to Africa. `Ecotourism analysis` is related to North America. Especially `Resident participation`, `Stakeholder` are appeared many times in Asia region. These results show that ecotourism studies are interpreted in regional contexts. It means that although only one word `ecotourism` is used in different contexts, regional approach are needed for exact use. In Korea, the keywords are focused on ecotourists and developments. As Korea has lots of ecotour village, resident participation studies have to be supplemented.

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Cultural ecosystem services are the benefits experienced by people visiting ecological resources. These services are assessed based on visitors’ behaviors and perception. Existing quantitative methods based on questionnaire surveys and geotagged photographs are useful in comparative analysis; however, they only address the items presented by researchers. This makes it difficult to explain unique user activities related to cultural ecosystem services in a specific area and the reasons behind their use. Qualitative analytics, which has been identified as an alternative, is ideal for confirming the features of local cultural ecosystem services but is limited in terms of quantification. In light of such limitations, this study opted for text mining as a tool for quantifying the opinions of local residents and the features of local cultural ecosystem services that were expressed during workshops. Specifically, the most frequently used keywords were selected from local residents’ texts concerning ecological knowledge and their opinions of cultural ecosystem services, and factor analysis was conducted for each ecological resource to shed light on the features of the cultural ecosystem services provided by each ecological resource. The analysis of Gwangju (Gyeonggi-do) Province, South Korea, showed that the main user activities related to cultural ecosystem services included mountain climbing, farm programs, and history and culture programs, among others. It also revealed local user activities in cultural ecosystem services in each ecological resource—ecosystem services provided by a public stadium in association with adjacent wetlands. It was observed that the indicator “recreation” was subdivided into “mountain climbing,” “exercise,” “strolling,” etc., in relation to “health value.” Meanwhile, the indicator “cultural heritage” was distinguished by the special user activity “ceramics” and was associated with “educational value.” It could also be qualitatively seen that “aesthetic value” was regarded as a benefit that accompanied the experience of “mountain climbing” and “exercise,” which may be enjoyed when visiting places of “nature,” “ecosystems,” or “plants” with “family,” in relation to “social relations value.” “Spiritual/religious value” was related to “cultural heritage” in Catholic sacred sites. However, limitations were found in the analysis of cultural ecosystem services based on the opinions of local residents, as it is difficult to compare them with the services of other regions. Thus, further advanced research on cultural ecosystem services is required to uncover regional user activities and allow for a comparative analysis between regions.

Reducing the demands placed on ecosystems can maximize the benefits they provide. Therefore, this study examines public complaints about the environment to analyze the pressure placed on the ecosystem spatially and temporally. Environment-related public complaints filed in the city of Namyangju were examined. The city sources its water from the Han River and is poised to implement a payment system for ecosystem services. Many complaints were filed regarding noise and oscillation, dust scattering, wildlife, air quality management, and water quality management. The complaints indicated that the public were inconvenienced by the regulation of services and service-support: scattered dust affected the downtown area all year, while noise and oscillation, as well as problems with air quality, were prevalent mainly during the summer. Measures should be adopted to address the peculiarities of each issue. This study suggests that areas in which wild boars are active should be separated from areas of human activity and that pollutants need to be prevented from reaching the waterfront. Measures should be developed to address the negative factors and maximize ecosystem benefits. Analyzing public complaints about the environment can lead to the establishment of local plans to maximize ecosystem services.

Purpose. To compare measurements of anterior and posterior keratometric values, using a color light-emitting diode corneal topographer and a dual rotating Scheimpflug–Placido topographer. Methods. Anterior and posterior corneal index measurements were performed using a color light-emitting diode corneal topographer (Cassini) and a dual rotating Scheimpflug–Placido topographer (Galilei G4) and then compared. The paired t-test, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), and Bland–Altman plots were used to evaluate the agreement between measurements. Results. Sixty postrefractive surgery eyes and 60 normal eyes were evaluated. Both the color light-emitting diode corneal topographer and the dual rotating Scheimpflug–Placido topographer provided highly repeatable corneal measurements (ICC > 0.969). The agreement levels between the 2 devices for anterior corneal power, astigmatism magnitude, and J0 and J45 values were ICC > 0.906 for the total group. However, the ICC values for posterior corneal power, astigmatism magnitude, and J0 and J45 values were lower than 0.681 for the total group. Conclusions. The anterior keratometric values obtained by the color light-emitting diode corneal topographer and the dual rotating Scheimpflug–Placido topographer showed high agreement levels, but the posterior keratometric values showed lower agreement levels.

PURPOSE To compare posture-induced intraocular pressure (IOP) changes in vitrectomized eyes and normal eyes of patients who had vitrectomy in one eye. METHODS A total of 31 patients older than 20 years of age who underwent vitrectomy were enrolled in the study. At least six months after vitrectomy, we measured IOP in both eyes using a rebound tonometer 10 minutes after the patient assumed sitting, supine, right lateral decubitus, and left lateral decubitus positions. Patients with a history of ocular surgery (not including vitrectomy) or recent medication use associated with IOP were excluded. IOP and ocular parameters of vitrectomized and normal fellow eyes were compared. For the decubitus position, IOP values of dependent and nondependent eyes were compared. RESULTS No significant difference was observed in IOP between vitrectomized and normal eyes in the sitting and supine positions. The IOP for dependent eyes (on the lower side in the lateral decubitus position) was significantly higher than the IOP for nondependent eyes in both right lateral decubitus (right vitrectomized eye 19.31 ± 4.20 vs. 16.71 ± 4.02 mmHg, p < 0.001; left vitrectomized eye 18.35 ± 1.75 vs. 16.04 ± 3.02 mmHg, p = 0.003) and left lateral decubitus (right vitrectomized eye 17.32 ± 4.63 vs. 19.15 ± 3.83 mmHg, p = 0.004; left vitrectomized eye 16.19 ± 1.81 vs. 18.12 ± 2.29 mmHg, p < 0.001) positions. CONCLUSIONS IOP was higher in the dependent than the nondependent eye in the lateral decubitus position, for both vitrectomized and nonoperated eyes.

Ecotourism needs ecological sensitivity and respect for the ecological culture of local residents. From this perspective, listening to the opinion of local residents, collaborating with the local residents in conjunction with an appropriate governance structure, is of prime importance in ecotourism. However, many ecotourism sites have numerous problems because of conflicts among stakeholders such as local government and local residents. This study investigates the conflicts and the stakeholders’ subjectives in the case of Maha ecotourism site in Pyeongchang-gun, the site of the 2018 Winter Olympic games. Before the analysis, the conflicts seem to be caused by the different attitudes of government officials and local residents’ representatives. From the analysis of subjectives, the difference in attitudes is caused by generation gaps. Young people show relatively uniform attitudes, where different occupation sectors exert little influence. It means that conflicts can be decreased if more opportunities for ...

In analyzing the issues of ecotourism, collecting opinions of local residents and participants is an essential process because ecotourism needs to keep ecological sensitivity and respect local residents` ecological lives. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze the local participants` attitude in resident-oriented ecotourism. Maha ecotourism site, as a study site, is located in Pyeongchang-gun, one of the twelve ecotourism sites designated by the Ministry of Environment. This site has drawn attention since the local government of Pyeongchang-gun transferred its management right on Maha ecotourism sit to the organization of local residents in 2013. This study uses Q methodology which is the most popular research method in analyzing people`s subjectivity, that is, viewpoint and attitude. This study have found that there are four features in the subjectivities of participants toward ecotourism site: first group is the people who want more autonomous management right of local residents on Maha ecotourism site. Second group is the people who only want to stand by the ecotourism management. Third group is the people who focus on the migration of talented persons into their neighborhood owing to the program. Lastly, fourth group is the people who focus on the quality of the ecotourism program. In case of the second group, though they have negative opinions of the program, they have much interest in successful cases in other countries managed similar programs with Maha ecotourism. It would be effective for the group to have opportunities to experience successful ecotourism cases in other countries. On top of it, having seminars regarding ecotourism or holding community councils frequently would be very helpful for encouraging the second group of people to join in the ecotourism program actively like other groups of people. Supplying more manpower and developing various programs are also necessary in order to support other three groups.

In daily living environments, an individual’s state influences spatial perception. The current study, based on Attention Restoration Theory, aimed to explore differences in the health utility of nature according to individual differences in spatial perception. Cognitive mapping and the Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS) were used to assess spatial perception ranges and the restorative effect of the environment. Two spatial perceptual groups were defined: one describing only the internal area of a green space, and another illustrating the external area of this green space on a larger scale. The former had higher overall PRS, Being Away, Fascination, and Compatibility scores. The latter had higher scores only on the Coherence subscale. These results illustrate that frequency of nature visits and time spent traveling to do so differently influence the two groups’ attentional restoration, which has great implications for landscape planning in highly stressful urban environments.

The concept of ecosystem services, which are the direct and indirect benefits of nature to humans, has been established as a supporting tool to increase the efficiency in decision-making regarding environmental planning. However, preceding studies on decision-making in relation to ecosystem services have been limited to identifying differences in perception, whereas few studies have reported cooperative alternatives. Therefore, this study aimed to present a method for cooperative decision-making among ecosystem service stakeholders using Q methodology. The results showed three perspectives on ecosystem services of small mud flat areas: ecological function, ecotourism, and human activity. The perspectives on cultural services and regulating services were diverse, whereas those on supporting services were similar. Thus, supporting services were considered crucial for the cooperative assessment and management of small mud flat ecosystems as well as for the scientific evaluation of regulating services. Furthermore, this study identified practical implementation measures to increase production through land management, to manufacture related souvenirs, and to link them to ecotourism. Overall, our results demonstrated the ideal process of cooperative decision-making to improve ecosystem services.

Ecotourism spatial planning requires the balance of both development and conservation. Through environmental data analysis, many researchers have suggested spatial planning that falls between these two polarizing concepts. Nonetheless, ecotourism development has been criticized as inconsiderate of places that are precious to local residents. The purpose of this study is to map local stakeholders’ perspectives for collaborative planning based on interests regarding ecotourism. Q methodology was used to analyse interest in space and conduct mapping. Upon analysis of a Seocheon ecotourism site, four preference factors that focus on (i) large-scale ecotourism resources and facilities; (ii) mud-flat ecotour villages; (iii) inland agricultural ecotour villages; and (iv) traditional ecotour villages were identified. Additionally, there was a consensus to conserve the harbours and reservoirs actually used by residents. However, there were differing opinions about coastal region development, and thus design alternatives are required. These results are significant because they enable spatial planning by theme and consider the lives of local residents beyond spatial planning based on physical data.

We report proteogenomic analysis of diffuse gastric cancers (GCs) in young populations. Phosphoproteome data elucidated signaling pathways associated with somatic mutations based on mutation-phosphorylation correlations. Moreover, correlations between mRNA and protein abundances provided potential oncogenes and tumor suppressors associated with patient survival. Furthermore, integrated clustering of mRNA, protein, phosphorylation, and N-glycosylation data identified four subtypes of diffuse GCs. Distinguishing these subtypes was possible by proteomic data. Four subtypes were associated with proliferation, immune response, metabolism, and invasion, respectively; and associations of the subtypes with immune- and invasion-related pathways were identified mainly by phosphorylation and N-glycosylation data. Therefore, our proteogenomic analysis provides additional information beyond genomic analyses, which can improve understanding of cancer biology and patient stratification in diffuse GCs.

The ability of dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) to generate nano- or microarrays of soft or hard materials (e.g., small molecules, DNA, proteins, nanoparticles, sols, and polymers) in a direct-write manner has been widely demonstrated. The transporting of large-sized ink materials such as bacteria, however, remains a significant challenge with this technique. The size limitation of the water meniscus formed between the DPN tip and the solid surface becomes a bottleneck in such diffusion-based molecular transport experiments. Herein, we report a straightforward "stamp-on" DPN method that uses a nanostructured poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) hydrogel-coated tip and carrier agents to generate patterns of micrometer-sized Escherichia coli JM 109 bacterial cells. We demonstrate that this approach enables the deposition of a single bacterial cell array on a solid surface or arrays of layers of multiple cells by modulating the viscosity of the "ink" solution. Fluorescence microscopy images indicated that the deposited bacterial cells were kept alive on Luria-Bertani-agar layered solid surfaces after DPN patterning.

The purpose of this study was to describe the sonographic findings of pathologically confirmed subcutaneous lobular capillary hemangioma of the finger in six patients. The clinical records were reviewed for data, including the patients’ age and gender, the clinical presentation, a history of trauma, and the tumor site. The sonographic findings were retrospectively analyzed for the specific location within the superficial tissue, the tumor’s size, shape, and margin, the internal echogenicity, the internal echo texture, the presence of calcification, the presence of a hypoechoic rim, and the internal vascularity. The study group consisted of three men and three women, and the six patients’ mean age was 39 years (age range: 13-67 years). All the patients were admitted with a painful nodule or a painless protruding nodule in the finger with easy bleeding on contact. In all cases, there was no history of trauma. The mean size of the tumors was 0.85 cm. All the tumors were ill-defined, oval, subcutaneous nodules without calcifications or any hypoechoic rim. Color Doppler sonography showed marked internal vascularity in both the central and peripheral tumor regions in three cases and scanty vascularity in the peripheral region in three cases. Subcutaneous lobular capillary hemangioma should be considered when an ill-defined, oval, vascular subcutaneous nodule without calcifications or a hypoechoic rim is seen in the soft tissue of the finger, especially if this tumor is a painful small nodule or a painless protruding small nodule with easy bleeding on contact.

This study analyzes the relationships between majority shareholders equity ratio or foreign equity ratio and corporate value within the entertainment industry. Furthermore, an analysis is conducted between majority shareholders equity ratio or foreign equity ratio and accounting index with the same industry. Both analyses are conducted after referring the records of the relationships between corporate governance and corporate value in general industries. The result of this study is summarized as follows. First, foreign equity ratio and corporate size are found to be the most important variables in explaining corporate value of entertainment enterprises. Second, corporations with majority shareholders holding higher percentages show a positive difference in CFO.

A nano-porous polyoxazoline-coated silicon tip was developed by ring opening polymerization of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline. The tip surface modified with the nano-porous polyoxazoline has pore sizes from 30 nm to 100 nm, which can easily absorb large-molecular-weight biomolecules in their pores. In combination with dip-pen nanolithograpy (DPN) technique, this can generate protein nanostructures 60 times faster than what one can obtain with the conventional silicon tip. We discuss the fabrication of the nano-porous polymers on the surface and how to use this novel tip for scanning probe lithography-based nanopatterning of biomolecules.

Learning belief networks from data is NP-hard in general. A common method used in heuristic learning is the single-link lookahead search. When the problem domain is pseudo-independent (PI), the method cannot discover the underlying probabilistic model. In learning these models, to explicitly trade model accuracy and model complexity, parameterization of PI models is necessary. Understanding of PI models also provides a new dimension of trade-off in learning even when the underlying model may not be PI. In this work, we adopt a hypercube perspective to analyze PI models and derive an improved result for computing the maximum number of parameters needed to specify a full PI model. We also present results on parameterization of a subclass of partial PI models. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Int Syst 19: 749–768, 2004.

Increased vascular permeability and endothelial cell growth are important in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion (OME) and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is known to play an important role in the increased vascular permeability and angiogenesis. To date, at least five isoforms of the VEGF family have been identified as VEGF transcripts, encoding polypeptides of 206, 189, 165, 145 and 121, but their physiological roles are unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of VEGF, in both endotoxin-induced OME of the rat and human otitis media. We instilled endotoxin and saline as a control into the middle ear cavity of the rat. Middle ear mucosa were taken at 0 h, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days and 14 days and the expression of VEGF mRNA and VEGF protein was evaluated using semi-quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Expression of VEGF164 mRNA and VEGF120 mRNA was first identified 1 h after endotoxin instillation and was dramatically increased over the period 6 h-1 day and then progressively decreased by day 7. The level of expression of VEGF120 mRNA was slightly higher than that of VEGF164 mRNA and that of VEGF164 mRNA was much higher than that of VEGF188 mRNA. Immunostaining revealed expression of VEGF during 6 h to day 3 and its expression was localized to ciliated cells and some inflammatory cells. We also performed RT-PCRs of cDNA from middle ear fluids of 8 human OME patients and middle ear mucosa of 4 chronic otitis media patients for the identification of VEGF mRNA expression. VEGF121 mRNA was highly expressed in all samples compared with VEGF165 mRNA. These results suggest that VEGF may be primarily responsible for increased vascular permeability and endothelial cell growth in OME and that VEGF seems to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of OME.

Jae Hyuck Lee, Seung Wan Hong, Sung-Ae Kim, Hee Joung Choi, Mi Kyung Kim, Young-Sung Suh Department of Family Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea Department of Dermatology, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea Department of Endocrinology, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea

A case of jejunal intussusception caused by a multiple polypoid mucosal prolapse of jejunum in a 10-year-old girl is reported. The rarity of the lesion, its location, symptoms, and diagnosis are discussed.

We consider the simulcasting system using distributed antennas in the DS-CDMA system. The simulcasting system in which the same signal is broadcast simultaneously by distributed antenna ports in a cell can reduce both the blocking probability of a call in a shadowing region and the handoff attempt rate. We propose a controlled distributed antenna system to improve the Eb/Io in both links of the DS-CDMA simulcasting system. It is shown by simulation that improvement in the forward link Eb/Io can be achieved if the ERPs of those ports located far from the considered mobile are reduced to eliminate unwanted interference to other mobiles. It is also shown that the reverse link Eb/Io can be improved by selection diversity combining.

We consider the simulcasting system using distributed antennas in the DS-CDMA system. The simulcasting system in which the same signal is broadcasted simultaneously by distributed antenna ports in a cell can reduce both the blocking probability of a call in a shadowing region and the handoff attempt rate. We propose a controlled distributed antenna system to improve the Eb/Io in both links of the DS-CDMA simulcasting system. It is shown by simulation that improvement in the forward link Eb/Io can be achieved if the ERPs of those ports located far from the considered mobile are reduced to eliminate unwanted interferences to other mobiles. It is also shown that the reverse link Eb/Io can be improved by selection diversity combining.

A blind equalization algorithm may be switched to a decision-directed (DD) scheme in order to speed up the convergence rate. In this paper, we propose a new blind equalization scheme that automatically switches to the DD mode. The proposed scheme operates in two modes: a blind equalization mode and a DD mode. The mode is determined by the region in which the equalizer output lies, and the region varies as function of the estimated value of the error variance. Only the equalized signal that falls in the region of confidence is used to calculate the variance. From simulation results, it is shown that this scheme can achieve faster convergence and small MSE.

We propose an improved scoring metrics for learning belief networks driven by issues arising from learning in pseudoindependent domains. We identify a small subset of variables called a crux, which is sufficient to compute the incremental improvement of alternative belief network structures. We prove formally that such local computation, while improving efficiency, does not introduce any error to the evaluation of alternative structures.

Provided are an apparatus and a method for processing MIDI in a wireless terminal capable of controlling a volume of sound source samples when the MIDI is played. According to the method, a plurality of notes, volume levels, volume section information, and note playback duration information are extracted from an inputted MIDI file. After a volume sample number in each section is calculated using the extracted volume level and the volume section information, a volume of the sound source samples that correspond to a note that is to be played is controlled using the volume sample numbers. Next, frequency of the sound source samples are converted to a frequency assigned to the notes and the sound source samples are outputted, reducing a system load caused by the real-time play of the MIDI.

An apparatus and a method for synthesizing a MIDI based on a wave table are provided. According to the method, sound samples of a plurality of instruments stored in a wave table are compressed and stored so as to reduce the storage space required by the wave table. Bit streams for the samples are decoded to synthesize a MIDI when a specific instrument's sound samples are requested.

Background: We conducted a prospective randomized trial to compare laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG) including lymphadenectomy with open distal gastrectomy for the management of early gastric cancer (EGC). Methods: Forty-seven patients who had been diagnosed endoscopically with EGC were included in a study that ran from November 2001 to August 2003. With the aid of random number table, 23 patients were assigned to the open group (group O) and 24 patients were assigned to the LADG group (group L). Results: Estimated blood loss and transfusion amounts were similar in the two groups. The mean postoperative hospital stay and the duration of analgesic administration were shorter for group L but not significantly so. The mean number of harvested lymph nodes was 38.1 in the O group and 31.8 in the L group (p = 0.098). Postoperative pulmonary complications occurred more frequently in the O group (p = 0.043). At a median follow-up of 14 months, there has been no recurrence of disease in either group. Conclusion: In terms of resulting in fewer pulmonary complications while maintaining the curability of EGC, LADG has a clear advantage over its open counterpart.

The reverse link capacity of a DS-CDMA distributed antenna (DA) system is evaluated. Selection diversity can be used to compensate for the performance degradation due to the sum of interference and noise figures of additional antennas. To evaluate the performance according to the use of diversity, a DA system model is presented and interference analysis shown.

Purpose: To evaluate the usefulness of CT angiography (CTA) for the detection and assessment of intracranial aneurysms, compared with the findings of conventional angiography (CA) and surgery. Materials and Methods: Among 243 patients who underwent CTA because of suspected intracranial aneurysm, 116 who underwent surgery were studied. The patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of 77 patients (94 aneurysms) who underwent both preoperative CTA and CA, while group 2 comprised 39 patients (47 aneurysms) who underwent preoperative CTA only. The detection rate, size, shape and direction of the neck and its relationship to the adjacent vessel of the intracranial aneurysm seen during CTA were retrospectively compared with those seen during CA and surgery. Two radiologists worked in a blinded fashion without access to clinical information. Results: In group 1, the detection rate of aneurysms seen during CTA was 89 % (84 of 94 cases), and for CA was 95 % (89 of 94 cases). Among ten undetected aneurysms, four cases were less than 3mm in size and six were out of the scanning area. In group 2, the detection rate of aneurysms seen during CTA was 94 %(44 of 47cases). Among three undetected aneurysms, one case was less than 3mm in size and two were out of the scanning area. For delineation of an aneurysm (the direction and shape of the neck, for example), CTA was equal or superior to CA in 75 of 82cases(91 % ). Conclusion: CTA is a useful technique for the evaluation of intracranial aneurysms in the circle of Willis, but cannot depict all vessels in the brain. CTA performed in conjunction with CA is useful for the detection of intracranial aneurysms.