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The microheterogeneity of myelin basic protein, expressed as the ratio between the least cationic (C-8) charge isomer and the most cationic (C-1), was examined in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) cases. These included acute EAE of 2 months' duration induced with bovine proteolipid protein in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), chronic EAE induced with mouse spinal cord homogenate in varying doses from 0.5 to 2.0 mg in CFA, and chronic relapsing EAE of 12 months' duration induced with synthetic peptide 139-151 of the proteolipid protein sequence. The C-8/C-1 ratio was within the normal range for all groups of animals. However, the C-8/C-1 ratio was six- to sevenfold increased in a spontaneously demyelinating transgenic model, ND4, which contains 70 copies of the cDNA for DM20 (Mastronardi et al.: 1996). Since an increase in the C-8/C-1 ratio was also observed in victims of multiple sclerosis but not other neurological diseases, the ND4 model may address primary changes prior to demyelination, while the EAE model addresses the autoimmune aspects of the disease.

Grain legumes are an important source of protein in the diets of humans and livestock, as well as being components of sustainable cropping systems. Poor productivity of legumes on acid soils is a major problem globally. The severity of damage depends on the soil characteristics and sensitivity of plant species. There has been substantial research into and increased understanding of crop management on acid soils, but little progress has been made in characterising genetic variability in grain legume crops in response to acid soil conditions. We propose to explore such genetic variability, primarily for groundnut but also for other grain legumes depending on the interest expressed by potential cooperators. We propose to address this objective by initiating a working group, to integrate global efforts in screening genotypes of grain legumes for tolerance to acid soils. We would like to involve scientists from countries where acid soils are a major constraint, to establish appropriate field screening facilities. We are also seeking support of national and international organisations conducting research on acid soils. We believe that this approach would contribute to development of acid tolerant genotypes, leading to sustainable grain legume production and sustainable cropping systems on acid soils.

The usefulness of single Widal test in the diagnosis of typhoid fever was investigated. The test was done on 50 normal children, 50 children with non typhoidal fevers and 30 culture proved typhoid cases. Twenty one (70%) and nine (30%) of thirty typhoid fever cases had 'O' and 'H' agglutinin titer levels of more than or equal to 1:160, respectively as compared to only 3 (3%) and to 1 (1%) among controls. These differences were significant (p0.001). Twenty two (73.3%) out of thirty typhoid fever cases had either an 'O' or 'H' agglutinin titer of more than or equal to 1:160 as compared to only 3 (3%) among controls. An 'O' agglutinin titer of 1:160 had a specificity of 97%, a sensitivity of 70% and an accuracy of 90%. An 'H' agglutinin in titer of 1:160 was had a specificity of 97%, a sensitivity of 30% and an accuracy of 83.1%. Based on the above analysis, 'O' or 'H' titers of 1:160 or more were indicative of typhoid fever. Similarly, when the 2 titers were considered together, either 'O' or 'H' titers of 1:160 or more were suggestive.

Among other European authors, Aristotle postulated that the human being is a ternary compound of spirit, soul, and body. The soul makes the body sensitive and allows it to move. In the Parva Naturalia, Aristotle says that death corresponds to the moment when the vital warmth of the soul leaves the body. European culture connects death with the idea of loss of warmth and movement. The principle of life inhabits in the heart, but the heart is neither soul nor life, and, therefore, its beating is no longer an absolute criterion of life. In a culture which claims that the principle of life does not identify itself either with the brain or with the heart or any other organ, the idea of brain death is superfluous. What we nowadays call brain death corresponds to the essence of the traditional image of death: the loss of warmth, the loss of movement as a response. The principle of life is a supernatural one.

Field studies were conducted on Indian Vertisol to determine the fate of15N-labeled fertilizers applied to dryland sorghum in two successive rainy seasons. In the 1981 season, a split-band (SB) urea application of 74 kg N/ha, half amounts placed 5 cm deep and 8 cm from opposite sides of plant rows at 4 and 19 days after emergence, was superior to preemergent applications of either surface-applied (S) or incorporated (I) applications at the same rate; 907 mm of rainfall fell during the sorghum growing period. Percentages of applied N recovered in the soil-plant system after the sorghum harvest were 94%, 74%, and 72%, respectively, for the SB, I, and S application methods. Substantial quantities, 39%, 45%, and 42% of the added N for the SB, I, and S tretments, respectively, remained in the soil after the final harvest. Plant utilization of added urea-N was greater in 1980 when rainfall during the growing season was 212 mm less than in 1981. S or I applications of urea at 74 kg N/ha, with above-ground plant15N recoveries of 48.0% and 48.6%, respectively, were also equally as efficient during 1980. Residual soil N derived from fertilizer was of little value for a sorghum crop in the following rainy season and for a safflower crop in the post-rainy season in a double-cropping system.

Nitrogen requirements and utilization of mineral nitrogen (N) by sorghum and groundnut were compared. At the maximum N use level, sorghum genotypes showed greater N use efficiency (120 kg biomass/kg N harvested) than groundnut genotypes (36 kg biomass/kg N harvested). Using a non-nodulating groundnut genotype (Non-nod) or sorghum as controls for soil N uptake, the amounts of N2 fixed by the nodulated groundnut genotypes were estimated to be 183–190 kg N/ha. Nitrogen fertilization increased harvest index and percentage N translocated to seeds in sorghum genotypes, but decreased harvest index and had variable effects on percentage N translocated to seed in groundnut genotypes. Leaf nitrate reductase activity (NRA) and nitrate content in the leaves of two sorghum genotypes, one nodulating, and ‘Non-nod’ groundnut genotypes were also compared. The concentration of nitrate was lower in sorghum than in groundnut leaves, but NRA was higher in sorghum. It is suggested that either NRA in the groundnut leaves has relatively lower affinity for the substrate (higher Km, the Michaelis-Menton constant) or higher nitrate is required for the induction of nitrate reductase in groundnut than in sorghum. This implies that groundnut is a poor utilizer of fertilizer nitrogen.

The response of sole and intercropped cereal to nitrogen fertilization was compared in three contrasting cropping systems, sorghum/pigeonpea, maize/groundnut, and sorghum/cowpea. The cereal in these systems responded to nitrogen similarly as in sole cropping, although different legumes affected the cereal differently. There was no current season benefit from the legume, whether it matured earlier or later than the cereal, and for high yields the cereal in intercropping needs fertilizer application. Response to nitrogen varied with the amount and distribution of seasonal rainfall. With increased nitrogen fertilizer applied to the intercropped cereal, the legume yields were suppressed. The optimum dose for the intercropped cereal was similar to that for sole cropping but it was 50% less in a dry year particularly, on a shallow Alfisol. The combined yields of both crops made intercropping more profitable than sole cropping. The relative advantage of intercropping was high in the sorghum/pigeonpea system (40 to 70%) because of the greater temporal difference between species, and moderate in the maize/groundnut (13 to 35%), and sorghum/cowpea (18 to 25%) systems. Although the relative advantage of intercropping (expressed as Land Equivalent Ratio (LER)) decreased with N, the economic value, of the advantage was little affected within the optimum N range because absolute yields increased with fertilization.

Performance results for three railguns are summarized. The system used a helium gas-driven injector and railgun launcher to accelerate 1- and 4-g polycarbonate projectiles intact up to 6.6 and 3.0 km/s, respectively. A 625 kJ capacitor bank powered the railgun, and an adjustable inductor provided pulse shaping and peak current control. Operation in hard and soft vacuum was reliably achieved. Projectiles were accelerated without blowby of injector gas or plasma. The diagnostic system measured the projectile position and launch velocity, verified that the projectile was launched intact in the desired direction, and identified system components where improvements could enhance performance. Flash x-ray radiography measured velocity and verified that projectiles were intact. Post-launch projectile travel along the axis of the launcher without tilt was recorded with flash radiographs and impact impressions or holes in witness plates. The system performed as expected up to 4-5 km/s but below expectations at higher velocities. Our diagnostics suggest that the decreased performance was probably caused by the restriking of a second arc in the breech of the railgun, which shunted the current from the propulsive arc. Estimates of ablated launcher mass, drag forces, methods of eliminating restrike, and suggestions for improving the performance of railguns are discussed.

Effective methods are needed for determining total N when studying the fate of N fertilizer applied to soil. This study was concerned with the pretreatment of samples of a Vertisol (calcareous Typic Pellusterts) with water, 20 and 2 mL for macro- and semimicro-Kjeldahl methods, respectively, prior to digestion. The need for such a modification with certain clay soils was originally recommended in 1925, but its requirement in conjunction with modern Kjeldahl methods is rarely reported. The macro- and semimicro-Kjeldahl methods used involved digestion of soil with a H2SO4-K2SO4-CuSO4 5H2O-Se mixture. Both techniques yielded digestion residues with dark-colored granules and low recoveries of N with soil samples ground to pass through a sieve with 0.8-mm openings (20 mesh), unless the soil was initially treated with water. For instance, N recovery from a surface Vertisol was increased by 29% as a result of a 30-min water soaking prior to a macro-Kjeldahl digestion. Extension of the digestion period up to 5 h after initial clearing did not eliminate the need for the water pretreatment. The requirement for the water pretreatment for semimicro-Kjeldahl methods was greatly reduced when the soil was ground to pass through a sieve with 0.16-mm openings (100 mesh). Increase in soil N due to water pretreatment was reduced from 35 to 6% by grinding the coarser soil to such fineness. A salicylic acid pretreatment, involving water addition after the nitration reaction, permitted satisfactory digestion. The water pretreatment effect appeared to be associated with incomplete digestion of organic N, not with the recovery of fixed NH4+, and was found with both surface and subsoils. Water pretreatment of samples from several horizons of an Alfisol (Udic Rhodustalfs) had little effect on recovery of soil N. A water pretreatment is probably not needed to obtain maximum recoveries of N if the nonmodified Kjeldahl method results in a postdigestion soil residue without dense, darkish granules. However, the water soaking was found to reduce bumping during digestion of many soils and is recommended for routine use

A report is presented of the design, fabrication, and testing of a 25.6-m-long wiggler for a free-electron-laser (FEL) experiment. It is a DC iron-core electromagnetic wiggler that incorporates a number of important and unique features: permanent magnets are used to suppress saturation in the iron and extend the linear operating range; steering-free excitation allows real-time adjustment of the field taper without causing beam steering; and wiggle-plane focusing is produced by curved pole tips. The magnitude of random pole-to-pole field errors is minimized by a mechanical design concept that reduces tolerance stackup in critical locations. Three five-meter sections of this wiggler design were tested individually, and when connected together the measurements show exceptionally low levels of random errors. Detailed analysis of the error distribution has shown that the errors are not truly random, and the net effect on steering is much less than would be expected from random errors of the same magnitude. Analysis is still in progress to identify the cause of this beneficial effect. >

The molecular species of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP) receptor proteins (high-affinity-binding proteins) present in hormone-dependent and -independent rat mammary carcinomas were identified and characterized. Three major types of cAMP receptor proteins, with molecular weights of 39,000, 48,000, and 56,000, specifically incorporated the photoaffinity label, 8-azido-cyclic adenosine 3':5'-[32P]monophosphate and were identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the tumor cytosols. The M.W. 48,000 and 56,000 receptor proteins appeared to be the regulatory subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinase types I and II, respectively, and the M.W. 39,000 receptor protein was the proteolytic fragment of the M.W. 56,000 receptor protein. The relative amounts of these cAMP receptor proteins varied from one tumor type to another and showed no correlation with respect to the hormone dependency of tumors. Under two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, however, the M.W. 56,000 receptor protein from hormone-dependent tumors migrated as a doublet and shifted to either a more acidic or more basic charge than that of the receptor protein of hormone-dependent tumors. The alteration of the charge of the receptor did not affect the affinity for cAMP binding, because both hormone-dependent and hormone-independent tumor cytosols exhibited the dissociation constant for cAMP of approximately 10(-8) M. The M.W. 56,000 cAMP receptor protein from hormone-dependent tumors exhibited self-phosphorylation, but that from hormone-independent tumors did not. The diethylaminoethyl cellulose elution profiles of cAMP receptor proteins also differed between hormone-dependent and -independent tumors; cAMP binding activity from hormone-dependent tumors coeluted with cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity, whereas most of the cAMP binding activity from hormone-independent tumors eluted at a higher ionic strength than did cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity. These results suggest that the charge alteration of cAMP receptor proteins, which appears to occur at a site remote from that of cAMP binding, may be associated with the hormone independency of mammary tumors.

Information concerning input is given first. Then formulas are given for calculation of atoms/millimeter, fissions, kiloton yield, R-value, atoms/fission, fissions/fission, bomb fraction, fissions/atoms, atoms, atoms/atoms, fissions/atoms, atom ratio, total atoms formed, and thermonuclear bomb fraction. Some of the terminology used is elucidated in an appendix. (RWR)

A 440-day single-pass continuous-flow leaching experiment was conducted at LLNL from September 1980 to December 1981. The data obtained for only one-third of the experiment are presented. The laboratory and data analysis of the remaining portion is still in progress at this time and a second report will follow at the end of FY83. This report concerns itself with the study of PNL 76-68 glass beads interacting with crushed uranium flow basalt and a simulated basalt groundwater under controlled conditions of temperature (25/sup 0/C and 75/sup 0/C) and flow rate (1, 10, and 300 ml/day). The main purpose of the experiment was to determine the absorption on basalt of Pu, Np, and some of the stable elements such as B, Mo, U, and Cs, as they were leached from the glass beads. Results are presented, as incremental and cumulative leach rates and sorption rates have been calculated for Pu, Np, B, Mo and U. also sorption profiles as a function of temperature and flow rate are graphically shown for Pu, Np, and U.

The semi-arid tropics (SAT) are defined in the context of Troll’s (1965) vegetation zone delineation as the region within the tropics where the mean monthly rainfall exceeds mean potential evapotranspiration during 2 to 7 months of the year. Within this region the areas where this excess lasts for 2 to 4.5 months are characterized by thorn Savannah vegetation and those where it lasts for 4.5 to 7 months are characterized by dry Savannah; these are called the dry SAT and wet-dry SAT, respectively.

Apparently the electricity sector of Argentina has suffered in the past from excessive capacity planning, owing to overoptimistic forecasts of the demand growth rate. But because of the long delays involved and lack of financial backing this advantage has been progresively lost. The present official planning only provides for renovation and demographic growth, not allowing for economic growth. Therefore, the actual supply-demand balance of electricity can easily be worn away by technical obsolescence and aging process of the actual installed capacity of electricity production.

We have performed a 440-day leaching experiment, Bead Leach II, using PNL 76-68 glass beads and simulated uranium fuel rods in the presence of repository host rocks. The experiment was conducted in a single pass continuous-flow apparatus consisting of 72 channels. The experimental conditions were: 25/sup 0/C and 75/sup 0/C, flow rates of 1, 10, and 300 m1/d, and leachant solutions consisting of simulated basalt groundwater, brine, and sodium bicarbonate solution. The two host rocks studied were Umtanum basalt and Nugget sandstone. The Bead Leach II experiment began in late 1980 and the leaching phase was concluded in December, 1981. Analysis of the leachates and of the two rock types was carried out subsequently and the results are presented in two reports. Part I was published in March, 1983, and it included results of the leaching of PNL 76-68 glass beads with the basalt groundwater. Part II includes results of the leaching of PNL 76-68 glass beads with brine and bicarbonate solution and the leaching of UO/sub 2/ pellets with basalt groundwater, brine, and bicarbonate solution. Results are in the form of leach rates, cumulative fractions leached, and adsorption profiles on basalt and sandstone. The radionuclides studied were Pu andmore » Np in the case of the glass beads and uranium in the case of the simulated uranium fuel rods. 5 references, 21 figures, 44 tables.« less

A laboratory leaching test has been performed as part of a project to evaluate the suitability of tuff rocks at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, as a site for a high-level nuclear waste repository. Glass samples were placed in water inside tuff vessels, and then the tuff vessels were placed in water inside Teflon containers. Glass-component leach rates and migration through the tuff were measured for samples of the ATM-8 actinide glass, which is a PNL 76-68 based glass doped with low levels of {sup 99}Tc, {sup 237}Np, {sup 238}U, and {sup 239}Pu to simulate wastes. Disc samples of this glass were leached at 90{sup 0}C for 30, 90, and 183 days inside tuff vessels using a natural groundwater (J-13 well-water) as the leachant. At the end of each leaching interval, the J-13 water present inside and outside the rock vessel was analyzed for glass components in solutions. Boron, molybdenum, and technetium appear to migrate through the rock at rates that depend on the porosity of each vessel and the time. The actinide elements were found only in the inner leachate. Normalized elemental mass loss values for boron, molybdenum, and technetium were calculated using concentrations of the inner and outer leachates and assuming a negligible retention on the rock. The maximum normalized release was 2.3 g/m{sup 2} for technetium. Boron, molybdenum, technetium, and neptunium were released linearly with respect to each other, with boron and molybdenum released at about 85% of the technetium rate, and neptunium at 5 to 10% of the technetium rate. Plutonium was found at low levels in the inner leachate but was strongly sorbed on the steel and Teflon supports. Neptunium was sorbed to a lesser extent. 8 refs., 6 figs., 6 tabs.

A series of tests has been performed to characterize the chemical stability of a DWPF borosilicate glass sample as part of the Waste Package Task of the Nevada Nuclear Waste Storage Investigations (NNWSI) Project. This material was prepared at the Savannah River Laboratory for the purpose of testing the 165-frit matrix doped with a simulated nonradioactive waste. All tests were conducted at 90{sup 0}C using deionized water and J-13 water (a tuffaceous formation ground water). In the deionized water tests, both monoliths and crushed glass were tested at various ratios of surface area of the sample to volume of water in order to compare leach rates for different sample geometries or leaching times. Effects on the leach rates as a result of the presence of crushed tuff and stainless steel material were also investigated in the tests with J-13 water. 3 refs., 12 figs., 7 tabs.

Two treatment-refractory cases of depression were treated with doses of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) that exceeded the recommended therapeutic range. Both patients improved without any side effects. It appears that high doses of MAOIs when used with caution in responsible patients may be another method for treating refractory depression.

A shock impedance match experiment was performed in close proximity to an underground nuclear explosion. A shock wave travelled through Al(alloy 1100) into Mo and the shock velocities were measured in each. Relative to an equation of state for Al calculated from pseudopotential theory the pressures achieved were 1.37 and 2.50 TPa in Al and Mo, respectively. Double-shock experiments were also performed for Al using a two-stage light-gas gun. Effective Grueneisen parameters were found to agree with constant ..gamma../V scaling.

A series of tests have been performed to characterize the chemical stability of a DWPF borosilicate glass sample as part of the Waste Package Task of the NNWSI Project. This material was prepared at the Savannah River Laboratory for the purpose of testing the 165-frit matrix doped with a simulated non-radioactive waste. All tests were conducted at 90°C using deionized water and J-13 water (a tuffaceous formation groundwater). In the deionized water tests, both monoliths and crushed glass were tested at various ratios of surface area of the sample to volume of water in order to compare leach rates for different sample geometries or leaching times. Effects on the leach rates due to the presence of crushed tuff and stainless steel material were also investigated in the tests with J-13 water.