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MOST the research reported on photoperiodism as related to avian reproduction has been concerned either with testis changes in wild birds or with egg production in domestic fowl. The male domestic fowl has received relatively little attention. The effects of varying the length of daily light periods on spermatogenesis and changes in testis size have been reviewed by numerous investigators including Lamoreux (1943a), Amoroso and Marshall (1960) and Romanoff (1960). Lamoreux also reported results of experiments showing the effect of the amount of daily light on semen production in White Leghorn and concluded that 12 hours or more of daily light were required to effectively stimulate semen production. He did not determine the effect of daily light periods on the fertilizing capacity of semen produced. Bonadonna and Pozzi (1955) observed that cocks “steadily kept in the dark,” as well as males kept under continuous illumination, produced smaller semen volumes than…

DURING the course of some investigations on the effect of male to female ratios on fertility in flock matings of chickens, it was observe d that when Dar k Cornish cockerels were mated to New Hampshire pullets, fertility appeared to be lower than when either Delaware or New Hampshire cockerels were used (Parker, 1958a). Increasing the relative numbers of Cornish males in the flocks from four to as many as eleven per 100 females did not increase fertility. The purposes of the following investigations were to compare the fertilizing capacity of Dark Cornish males with that of New Hampshire, Delaware, and Cornish × New Hampshire crossbred males in controlled experiments and to attempt to determine the factor or factors contributing to the differences in fertility. FERTILITY IN FLOCK MATINGS To compare the fertilizing capacity of Cornish cockerels with that of New Hampshire and Delaware cockerels three pens of approximately 100…

ARSCOTT AND PARKER (1963) have reported that adult White Leghorn males fed diets containing 16.9, 10.7 and 6.9 percent of protein over a 33-week period showed no adverse effects on semen volume, fertilizing capacity of semen or hatchability of fertile eggs. Since these results showed that protein levels considerably below those ordinarily fed to breeder flocks had no adverse effects and since the males in this investigation were kept in individual cages, an experiment was initiated to study the effect on reproductive performance of maintaining males together in floor pens on a low-protein diet. PROCEDURE Thirty adult White Leghorn males hatched April 22, 1964 were placed in two pens of a colony house on March 26, 1965. Prior to this the two groups of 15 males were flock-mated to two pens of about 240 similarly managed White Leghorn layers. Initial hatchability and fertility data involving 300 eggs were obtained during …

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of reserpine in terminating light refractoriness when the drug was incorporated in feed of young turkey hens 24 to 28 weeks of age. Results show that the drug at levels of 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 2.0 p.p.m. for two, three or four weeks produced inconsistent responses as measured by egg production when compared to restricted light to control refractoriness. Fertility, hatchability and embryonic morphology were not effected by the treatments. Body weight and feed consumption also were unaffected.

CANE and beet molasses have been accepted and used as feedstuffs in live-stock rations for a number of years. Their basic nutritive value appears to be in their carbohydrate content. These products, however, are also reasonably good sources of such vitamins as biotin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, and niacin. Cane and beet molasses are comparatively high in mineral elements varying from 6 to 10 percent of the total weight. (Ewing, 1947; Morrison, 1948; Titus, 1949). Acceptance and use of molasses as a feed stuff for poultry have in general been slow. Winter (1929) reported results from feeding cane molasses to pullet and laying hens at 5, 10, and 15 percent levels. The product produced a mild laxative effect while feed intake and egg production were only slightly less than that obtained from the control birds. Mortality was reported to have been less in the lots fed molasses than in the controls. . . .

AS BREEDING males are one of the principal items of expense in producing chicken hatching eggs experiments were initiated in 1947 at the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station to determine the minimum number of males required in several kinds of flock matings for consistent high fertility. Results from experiments on male to female ratios as related to fertility of New Hampshire females flock mated to New Hampshire males have already been reported by Parker and Bernier (1950). Results from subsequent experiments in which New Hampshire females were flock mated to Delaware and Dark Cornish males at varying ratios are reported in this paper. Also included are results from matings of White Leghorn females flock mated to Black Australorp males. Pertinent literature on relative number of males to fertility has been reviewed (Parker and Bernier, 1950). Recently Raskopf (1957) from a study of 517 Tennessee hatchery flocks involving both heavy breeds and . . .

A MEANS of predetermining reproductive performance in young breeding cockerels would be considerable economic benefit to poultry breeders and to the hatchery industry. It is generally known that the comb of the male fowl is a secondary sex organ and that its size is influenced by the male sex hormone secreted by the testes. It has been observed in developing cockerels that periods of greatest comb growth coincide with periods of greatest testicular growth (Blyth, 1928; Parker, McKenzie and Kempster, 1942; Fransen, Andrews and Carrick, 1955). Hogue and Schnetzler (1937) found that, after 16 to 20 weeks of age, Barred Rock cockerels with large combs and wattles were more likely to fertilize eggs than those with small combs and wattles. Jones, 1944, has shown that in Leghorns rate of comb development is associated with spermatogenic activity. In order to determine the relation of rate of comb development in New Hampshire …

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IT IS the purpose of this paper to report our findings on the use of supplementary methionine, grit and stabilized animal fat in improving the efficacy of barley in broiler rations. Considerable data are available on the comparative value of barley versus wheat or corn in chick rations. The earlier literature on this subject has been reviewed by Crampton (1936). In summary of these early observations and findings concerning the use of barley in chick rations, it would appear that barley, corn and wheat can be used interchangeably provided vitamin A is added to the diets containing barley or wheat. Little information is available, however, regarding the use of barley in high-efficiency broiler rations. On the basis of the productive energy values of Fraps (1946), barley is given a value of approximately 70% that of corn. Bearse (1952) has indicated that barley can replace up to 50% of the corn …

IN A PREVIOUS report by Harper and Parker (1957) it was shown that winter hatched turkeys become refractory when reared during a time of year with increasing daily light. Termination of refractoriness could be brought about by subjecting hens, when 22 to 24 weeks of age, to a shortened daily light period of nine hours for three or four weeks. Following restricted lighting and re-exposure to a long day length, the hens laid at a rate two to three times that of hens maintained on long hours of daily light. Progesterone was used in the above experiments in an attempt to overcome the refractory condition without dependence upon a change to a short daily light period. Levels of 40 and 80 mg. of progesterone were found to depress egg production. A review of the pertinent literature will be found in the previous paper. In a more recent study Van Tienhoven …

FERTILITY of eggs from flock matings of chickens is generally highest in the winter and spring months and decreases in the summer and fall as shown by Upp and Thompson (1927) and numerous other investigators since. It has also been reported by Parker and McSpadden (1943) and Wheeler and Andrews (1943) that chicken semen volumes decline during the summer and fall months. The above observations lead to the speculation that fertility in flock matings may be related to the volume of semen produced by the males. Malmstrom (1943) observed that fertility in flock matings declined when temperatures exceeded 47°F. and stated that this decline was probably because of reduced semen production in the males. Jones and Lamoreux (1942) observed that White Leghorn cockerels of a high-fecundity strain produced greater volume of semen than those of a low-fecundity strain. They also observed that fertility from natural matings was higher in the…

THE possibility that light intensity affects laying hens has been recognized for many years. Fairbanks (1924) determined that from 0.8 to 1.0 foot candle (f.c.) of light was necessary on the floor for hens to actively feed. Roberts and Carver (1941) and Dobie et al. (1946) found that if hens had 13 hours of light per day, varying light intensity from 1.0 to 31.3 f.c. had no effect on egg production; and Nicholas et al. (1944) observed no effects due to varying intensities from 0.5 to 38.0 f.c. on the floor with 0 to 27 f.c. on the roosting perches. Ostrander et al. (1960) reported no advantage from supplying high intensity light in pens of laying hens. Platt (1953) found that supplementing natural light with 4 hours of dim red light stimulated winter egg production and that using 8 hours of supplemental dim red light stimulated maximum production. Morris and…

A MAJOR item of expense in producing hatching eggs is keeping male birds. The fact that some hatching egg producers use as many as 10 to 12 males per each 100 females suggests that the number of males kept in breeder flocks may not always be consistent with the most economical production of hatching eggs with high fertility. A review of the literature reveals that the published data on the relation of male to female ratio on fertility is scant. Byerly and Godfrey (1937) observed that fertility decreased in a linear fashion as the number of females per male increased. They found that fertility dropped from about 95 percent when the male to female ratio was 1 to 4 to 35 percent when the ratio was 166 to 1. In single male matings, Hays and Sanborn (1939) found that a range of 1 to 14 in the number of females . . .

THE pedigree breeding of turkeys would be expedited if toms in individual pens could be replaced during the regular breeding season with little or no loss in the identity of poults. Switching toms in pedigree matings would make it possible to progeny test more sires during the normal turkey breeding season. During recent years it has become commonplace for chicken breeders to switch sires in pedigree matings one or more times during the breeding season. Results of experiments reported by Crew (1926), Dunn (1927), Warren and Kilpatrick (1929), Curtis and Lambert (1929) and Warren and Gish (1943) have demonstrated that following a change of males identity of the offspring is lost for only a few days. The degree of overlap following the interval of change was not found great enough to be a serious handicap in a breeding program. The results of an experiment with turkeys reported by Kosin and . . .

We have investigated the annealing of the oxygen donor in silicon in the temperature range 550–700 °C using Heatpulse lamp annealing in the time range of 1–1200 s. As‐grown silicon wafers can contain donors due to cooling through 450 °C as a part of the crystal growth process. A 1‐s anneal at 650 °C is sufficient to eliminate these donors completely. Intentionally created donors were annealed in order to determine reaction kinetics. A second‐order process involving the donor plus another species fits the data, with an Arrhenius behavior as a function of temperature. The activation energy for this process is 1.7 eV.

SEASON and age are factors that have been shown to be related to fertility in chickens. A number of investigators including Upp and Thompson (1927), Funk (1938) and Parker (1956) have reported that fertility in breeder flocks decreased during the summer and fall months. The work of Heywang (1944) indicated that high temperature is a contributing factor to the summer decline in fertility. Parker and McSpadden (1943) and Wheeler and Andrews (1943) have shown that season influenced sperm production in males. Sperm production increased from December to April and then declined during the summer and fall. That cockerels usually fertilize a higher percentage of eggs than cocks has been demonstrated by Curtis and Lambert (1929), and Jull (1935). When the same males were mated as cockerels and later as cocks Jull observed that with White Leghorns there was a difference of 4.9 percent in fertility in favor of the cockerels, . . .

There are several reports that the presence of hard-shelled eggs in the uteri of chicken hens at the time of artificial insemination adversely affects fertilization (Moore and Byerly, 1942; Parker, 1945; Bornstein et al., 1960). More recent research indicates that fertility is impaired by the presence of a hard-shelled egg in the uterus only if A.I. is done within the last 3 or 4 hours prior to laying, and that hens laying within 1 or 2 hours prior to A.I. also have reduced fertility (Johnston and Parker, 1970; Hughes, 1970). This indicates that some factor other than the presence of a hard-shelled egg in the uterus or the act of oviposition per se is responsible for the decreased fertilization rate. Since neurohypophysial hormones are known to cause oviposition in hens and the blood level of vasotocin increases greatly shortly before oviposition (Douglas and Sturkie, 1964), it is conceivable that these hormones may affect fertilization of hens inseminated near the time of oviposition.…

The view that fertility is not an inherited characteristic in fowls has prevailed until recently. Investigations by Gowe and Hutt (1949) and Hays (1949) with chickens provide evidence of a genetic relationship. Results from an experiment at this station with turkeys provide additional information relative to inherited differences between families with respect to fertility and duration of fertility. A pen of 50 Broad Breasted Bronze females representing ten families obtained from single tom matings of the previous spring were used for the experiment. The hens were maintained in an outside yard with access to a range shelter. Artificial lights were used beginning January 15, 1949. An adequate breeder mash was fed free choice along with a grain mixture limited to one-fourth pound per bird each day. Individual trapnest and incubation records were maintained. Eggs were set at two-week intervals in a forced-draft electric incubator. Fertility was based on broken-out appearance . . .

TO DETERMINE if maintaining chicken breeding males in wire cages had any influence on their semen production and the fertilizing capacity of the semen an experiment was commenced at the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station in December, 1957. A group of 17 Delaware cockerels hatched in March, 1957, which had been reared in confinement in a 16′X16′ pen of a multiple-pen brooder house, were available for the experiment. On December 5 and 12 semen was collected from the first 16 of these males by the technique described by Burrows and Quinn (1939). The cockerels, numbered 1511 to 1527, were divided into two groups on December 14, the eight even numbered males being put into two 28×36 inch cages in a steel fattening battery. Four males were put in each cage. The battery was located in another pen of the brooder house similar to the one in which the cockerels were raised… .

RESULTS of experiments reported by Moore and Byerly (1942), and Parker (1945) with artificially inseminated hens suggest that restricting the mating of chickens to the afternoon should increase fertility. Moore and Byerly showed that the percentage of fertile eggs laid following the artificial insemination of hens with a hard-shell egg in the uterus was lower than that obtained following the insemination of hens that had just laid or of hens that had a soft-shell egg in the oviduct. Their results indicate that, for highest fertility, hens should be inseminated at a time when fewest of them have hard-shell eggs in their oviducts. Hens artificially inseminated in the afternoon were found by Parker to have higher fertility and hatchability than hens inseminated in the morning. Under natural mating conditions Gracewski and Scott (1943) found that restricting the sexual activity of the males to the afternoons increased fertility significantly. In order to . . .

In studying the effect of nutrition on fertility in adult male chickens (Arscott and Parker, 1967), we observed that some White Leghorn males appeared more nervous and agitated than others during the process of collecting semen. It was considered possible that this might result in lower semen volumes. The purpose of this experiment was to determine if the inclusion of a tranquilizer in the diet of these males affected semen volume and other reproductive characteristics. A review of the literature provided very little information specifically related to adult male chickens. Hewitt and Reynolds (1957) reported that 7 p.p.m. of reserpine in the diet of adult ring-neck pheasants prevented fighting in cocks. A decrease in fertility also was observed. Whether or not this effect was attributed to either the males or the females was not determined. Adverse effects on egg production, fertility and hatchability have been noted also with turkey breeders …

Synopsis Results from three trials in which 4,810 eggs were incubated showed no relation between current rate of lay and fertility following artificial insemination of the chickens. The correlation coefficients calculated from data on individual pullets were statistically nonsignificant, being +0.071, +0.144 and ‐0.040 for the first, second and third trials, respectively. There was also no significant correlation between current rate of lay and hatchability.

One hundred and eleven patients with microinvasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix were studied over a 21-year period. Thirty-five cases of carcinoma in situ with questionable stromal invasion were excluded. Cases with pathologic examination of less than a cervical cone or the entire cervix were not accepted. The sole pathologic criterion for inclusion was unequivocal invasion to a depth of no more than 5.0 mm. Ninety-one patients were followed for 5 years or until death, and 80 patients for 10 years or until death. One patient was lost to follow-up at 5.5 years. The two deaths officially attributed to cervix cancer prior to 10 years were signed out by nonphysician assistant coroners. Available clinical evidence indicates that at least one of these patients, and probably both, did not die of cervix cancer. From these data, simple hysterectomy would seem to be the maximal treatment indicated. Since the prognosis of microinvasive carcinoma is similar to that of carcinoma in situ, it is suggested that such cases not be included when considering the end results of Stage I cervix cancer.

Abomasal fistulas were corrected surgically in 9 adult Holstein cows. Six cows had a history of right paramedian abomasopexy (RPA), and 2 cows had had a percutaneous abomasopexy using the blind-stitch technique (BSA). Fistulas developed from 2 weeks to 12 months after the RPA or BSA. In 1 cow, history was not available beyond 2 years, and no surgery had been performed in that time. All fistulas were in the right paramedian area and were draining blood and/or ingesta from necrotic abomasal tissue (8 cows) or ruminal tissue (1 cow). Surgery was performed immediately in cows with consistent hemorrhage from the fistulated tissue (4 cows). Surgery was delayed to reduce rumen contents if bleeding was absent or considered negligible (4 cows) or to stabilize the patient (1 cow). General anesthesia was used in 7 cows, local anesthesia in 2 cows. Outcome following the fistula resection was successful in the 7 cows discharged from the clinic. The occurrence of abomasal fistulation is probably related to nonabsorbable sutures penetrating the abomasal lumen during the abomasopexy procedure resulting in infection of the incision or body wall.

A study of 113 patients with histologically confirmed bronchogenic carcinoma and survival for at least 18 months was performed. Posttherapeutic cytologic specimens were submitted for only 52.2% (59/113), and for only 8.5% (5/59) of the individuals was specimen procurement related to clinic visits. Yet, when utilized as a diagnostic procedure for the hospitalized patient, a positive cytodiagnosis was made on 55.6% (15/27) of the patients with recurrent carcinoma, in 61.1% (11/18) with persistent disease and in all 5 patients with a metachronous primary bronchogenic carcinoma. Cytologic diagnoses of cancer compared favorably with concurrent histologic interpretations of biopsies and radiologic observations of chest films.

A recently castrated horse was examined because of preputial and ventral abdominal swelling, prolapse of the preputial fold, and serosanguinous fluid dripping from the external urethral orifice. After a poor response to initial medical management, a urethral laceration was found during exploratory surgery. Half of the ventral portion of the corpus cavernosum penis had been transected. Primary closure was followed by healing without complications.

Four rodent cell lines were exposed to 2450 MHz microwave radiation at a Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of 103.5 +/- 4.2 W/kg for varying lengths of time at 37 degrees, 40 degrees, 42 degrees and 45 degrees C. mRNA was extracted from microwave-exposed and sham-exposed cells and dot blotted or Northern blotted to nitrocellulose. Radioisotope labelled DNA probes of oncogenes, heat shock protein or long terminal repeat sequences were hybridized to the mRNA, and the resulting autoradiographs analyzed for differences in levels of mRNA expression between exposed and nonexposed samples. With the cell lines and probes used in this study no significant differences in mRNA expression were observed after microwave exposure.

1. Nurses continue to experience back pain and injury as a result of occupational stressors, with most attributed to lifting clients. 2. Research found that only 2% of nurses lifted clients as prescribed by current nursing textbooks. 3. Nurses' lifting behavior was related to the age of the nurse and the type of client movement. 4. Ongoing education regarding prescribed lifting behavior in clinical settings and continued research regarding strategies to increase the prevalence of safe behavior in the workplace are recommended.

Qualitative cytologic evaluations of urinary bladder washings were performed on a selected population following photodynamic therapy for recurrent transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The seven patients were monitored trimonthly by cystoscopy, multiple biopsies and cytopreparations. Cancers reappeared in two of the five patients who initially responded to therapy. In the remaining two patients, the recurrent neoplasms were therapeutically refractory. Cytology detected recurrent cancer prior to biopsy confirmation and/or cytoscopic identification. Exfoliative cytology was correlated with the histopathology of the concurrent biopsies; a possible source for a false-positive cytodiagnosis was the cellular atypia of reepithelialized bladder mucosa. Dysplasia was not identified cytologically or histologically.

Two cases of smoke inhalation injury are reported with a brief review of the pertinent literature. The frequency of occurrence, the mortality rate, the clinical course of this common event are discussed with emphasis on the following facts: 1) Pulmonary injury is often associated with skin burns and, conversely, skin burns, particularly when severe, are accompanied by significant effects on pulmonary function; 2) Domestic fires, which account for most of these casualties, may involve complex exposure to a variety of aggressive agents (CO, HCN, NOx, etc.), causing systemic effects; 3) The clinical course of the most severe occurrences characteristically consists of three phases, namely acute pulmonary insufficiency, pulmonary edema and bronchopneumonia, in sequence; 4) The mortality rates of these clinical phases range at or about 50 per cent; 5) Significant laryngeal edema and even pulmonary edema may follow an interval of several hours, during which both subjective and objective evidence of injury may be minimal or unnoticed; and 6) The determination of carboxyhemoglobin levels often helps in gauging the severity of the exposure and related effects of either immediate or delayed appearance.

The role of education and training for cytopathologists in assuring quality in cytology laboratories is discussed, with particular attention given to (1) the problems in the diagnosis of Papanicolaou smears and (2) the contributions of the American Society of Cytology to cytology education. While many people contribute to the success or failure of gynecologic screening programs, poorly trained pathologists can be an especially weak link in the chain given their position in the diagnostic process. Well-formulated residency programs and the use of other educational resources can produce higher-caliber cytopathologists. The problems in Papanicolaou smear screening need to be defined, discussed and resolved by well-trained cytopathologists in conjunction with the clinicians and cytotechnologists involved.

Data from a 21-year period are presented to evaluate the effects of a mass cytologic screening program on uterine cancer morbidity and mortality in Louisville, Jefferson County, Kentucky. The success of screening was greatest in the younger age groups. There was a fall-off after age 45 years, especially in those age 60 years or older. Women at highest risk for cervical cancer, in the low socioeconomic quartile, had a better initial screening rate than the two middle-income quartiles, and had the highest rate of all women for subsequent rescreening. The greatest decrease in both morbidity and mortality was in women under the age of 50 years. Women age 30-39 and 50-59 years benefitted the most, as measured by mortality, with a decrease of 70.8 and 69.0%, respectively. There was no change in mortality rates for those age 70 years or older. Although the average annual age-adjusted rate increased from 13.2 to 15.3/100,000 women over the 21-year period.