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Microalgae cultivation in photobioreactors (PBRs) has emerged as a promising and sustainable approach to address various environmental and energy challenges, offering a multitude of benefits across diverse applications. Recent developments in microalgae cultivation in photobioreactors have contributed substantially to the development and optimization of sustainable bioprocesses. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of recent innovations and breakthroughs in the field of microalgae cultivation, with a specific focus on their application in photobioreactors, aimed at paving the way for a greener future. This study in-depth examines the advantages of microalgae cultivation in photobioreactors, concentrating on its effectiveness in wastewater treatment, CO2 bioremediation, and the production of biofuels and high-value products. The review evaluates the effects of light, solar irradiation, temperature, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in culture media, CO2 concentrations, and pH on microalgae growth performance, including specific growth and biomass productivity. The study also examines open systems like unstirred ponds, raceway ponds, and circular ponds and closed systems like horizontal tubular, vertical bubble-column, airlift, flat panel, and plastic-bag photobioreactors, comparing their pros and cons. To optimize microalgae cultivation, key factors in photobioreactor design, including photosynthetic effi- ciencies, light/dark (L/D) cycles, CO2 concentrations, mass transfer, hydrodynamics behavior, and pH, are extensively investigated. In addition, the review outlines recent developments in large-scale photobioreactors and highlights the challenges and opportunities associated with photobioreactor scale-up and design parameter optimization, including genetic engineering and economic feasibility. This article is a vital resource for researchers, engineers, and industry professionals seeking sustainable bioprocesses and the application of microalgae-based technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: We aimed to evaluate the extent to which clinical trials represent countries with different socio-demographic indexes and the availability of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for chronic myeloid leukemia. We found a significant lack of availability for tyrosine kinase inhibitors on the global level, and a lack of equitable distribution of trials across countries is an issue that needs to be addressed. Background: Evaluating clinical trial representation for countries with different socio-demographic index (SDI) and tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) availability for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Methods: CML incidence rates (IRs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) (1999–2019) from the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation were analyzed. Trials investigating TKI use in CML were obtained from ClinicalTrials.gov. Site data for eligible trials (N = 30) and DALYs were analyzed. TKI approvals, DALYs, and IRs were summarized by SDI. Results: North America (NA) had significant decreases in annual percent change (APC) in DALYs and incidence rates from 1999 to 2004. IRs were highest in Europe and Central Asia (ECA) and NA, while DALYs were highest in South Asia (SAsia) and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Countries in the high-SDI quintile were likely to have lower DALYs than lower-SDI quintiles. Differences in regional DALYs vs. sites in TKI trials were significant for SAsia, SSA, and ECA. High-SDI countries were included in all 30 trials, and TKI approvals were prominent in high-SDI (142) vs. low-SDI (14) countries. Conclusions: The inclusion of disproportionately affected countries during the design of and recruitment into clinical trials should occur, as should TKI availability. The lack of representation demonstrates healthcare disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Weather and season are determinants of physical activity. Therefore, it is important to ensure built environments are designed to mitigate negative impacts of weather and season on pedestrians to prevent these losses. This scoping review aims to identify built environment audits of pedestrian environments developed for use during a specific weather condition or season. Secondly, this review aims to investigate gaps in the inclusion of relevant weather mitigating built environment features in pedestrian environment audit tools. Methods: Following a standard protocol, a systematic search was executed in CINAHL, Medline and Web of Science to identify built environment audit tools of pedestrian spaces. These databases were chosen since they are well-known to comprehensively cover health as well as multi-disciplinary research publications relevant to health. Studies were screened, and data were extracted from selected documents by two independent reviewers (e.g., psychometric properties and audit items included). Audit items were screened for the inclusion of weather mitigating built environment features, and the tool's capacity to measure temperature, precipitation, seasonal and sustainability impacts on pedestrians was calculated. Results: The search returned 2823 documents. After screening and full text review, 27 articles were included. No tool was found that was developed specifically for use during a specific weather condition or season. Additionally, gaps in the inclusion of weather mitigating items were found for all review dimensions (thermal comfort, precipitation, seasonal, and sustainability items). Poorly covered items were: (1) thermal comfort related (arctic entry presence, materials, textures, and colours of buildings, roads, sidewalk and furniture, and green design features); (2) precipitation related (drain presence, ditch presence, hazards, and snow removal features); (3) seasonal features (amenities, pedestrian scale lighting, and winter destinations and aesthetics); and (4) sustainability features (electric vehicle charging stations, renewable energy, car share, and bike share facilities). Conclusions: Current built environment audit tools do not adequately include weather / season mitigating items. This is a limitation as it is important to investigate if the inclusion of these items in pedestrian spaces can promote physical activity during adverse weather conditions. Because climate change is causing increased extreme weather events, a need exists for the development of a new built environment audit tool that includes relevant weather mitigating features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) undergoes a protracted maturation process. This is true both for local interneurons and for innervation from midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons. In the striatum, dopaminergic (DA) neurotransmission is required for the maturation of medium spiny neurons during a critical developmental period. To investigate whether DA innervation influences the maturation of interneurons in the PFC, we used a conditional knockout (cKO) mouse model in which innervation from mDA neurons to the mPFC (mesoprefrontal innnervation) is not established during development. In this mouse model, the maturation of parvalbumin (PV) and calbindin (CB) interneuron populations in the PFC is dysregulated during a critical period in adolescence with changes persisting into adulthood. PV interneurons are particularly vulnerable to lack of mesoprefrontal input, showing an inability to maintain adequate PV expression with a concomitant decrease in Gad1 expression levels. Interestingly, lack of mesoprefrontal innervation does not appear to induce compensatory changes such as upregulation of DA receptor expression in PFC neurons or increased innervation density of other neuromodulatory (serotonergic and noradrenergic) innervation. In conclusion, our study shows that adolescence is a sensitive period during which mesoprefrontal input plays a critical role in promoting the maturation of specific interneuron subgroups. The results of this study will help to understand how a dysregulated mesoprefrontal DA system contributes to the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how the substrate temperature affects the electrical characteristics of the Zr-doped HfO2/Al/Zr-doped HfO2 (HZO/Al/HZO) tri-layer stack. Tri-layer stack is deposited by a simultaneous use of RF magnetron sputtering for HfO2 and DC magnetron sputtering for Zr and Al targets. During deposition, the substrate temperature is varied from 25 to 300°C. The observed hysteresis loop is prominent for the stack deposited at room temperature, while it becomes minute at higher temperatures. Interface trap density and oxide charge density of the tri-layer stack are minimum at 300°C and maximum at room temperatures. Frequency dispersion is detected in the stack deposited at room temperature, but it disappears in stacks deposited at 300°C. In addition, compared to other tri-layer stacks, the stack deposited at 300°C shows good conductivity. Therefore, compared to other samples, the tri-layer stack deposited at 300°C has improved electrical characteristics. It is shown that the substrate temperature has a significant impact on the electrical properties of the stack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Wilson Disease (If D) of neurological presentation is rare in pediatric population . Very limited study has been done in this disorder particularly from Bangladesh. This study was done to describe clinical profile of children with Wilson Disease with neurological presentation. Methods: This cohort study was conducted in the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMV) from July 20 IS to July 2021. Children under IS years of age having either neurological or combined hepatic und neurological features of WD were included. Results: Total 74 patients were taken as study case. A male predominance was observed. Age of presentation was comparatively late in neuro-heputic group. Jaundice and cirrhosis of liver was observed in more than two third cases of neuro-heputic group. Most of the patients of both group presented with deterioration of school performance (100% and 88.89%, respectively), dystonia (95% und 75.63%. respectively), drooling (85% and 75.93%, respectively). altered activity of daily living (85% and 77.78%, respectively), dysphasia (95% and 81.48%, respectively). Patients with neuro-hepatic manifestations had significantly lower serum ceruloplasmin and serum albumin while that of urinary total copper excretion was significantly higher in this group. In MR1 of brain, most affected parts were puramen, head of caudate nucleus and thalamus. C on elusion: The most important clinical features were school performance deterioration, dystonia, impaired daily activity and jaundice. Patients with neuro-hepatic features had lower serum ceruloplasmin and higher urinary total copper. In MR I, most affected part was putamen, thalamus and head of caudate nucleus. Most patients showed some improvement or remained stable after treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Malaysia's rapid economic growth and industrialization, environmental degradation and carbon emissions pose significant challenges. As urbanization continues to rise, there is a growing recognition of the imperative to tackle CO2 emissions. Trade openness and globalization drive economic activity but also heighten environmental pressures, including CO2 emissions from transportation and industry. Information communication technology (ICT) usage, shaped by infrastructure and regulations, can either improve energy efficiency or increase energy consumption. The study examines the impacts of economic growth (EG), trade openness (TON), technological innovation (TIN), and ICT on CO2 emissions in Malaysia, using both symmetric and asymmetric methods from 1985 to 2021. While many studies have explored environmental degradation, focusing on CO2 emissions and ecological footprint indicators, only a limited number have delved into the combined impact of sustainable EG, TON, ICT, and TIN on Malaysia's CO2 emissions. Notably, these studies have often neglected the utilization of both symmetric and asymmetric methodologies. Hence, this study employed auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) and non-linear ARDL approaches to investigate the dynamic effects of the studied variables. The key findings from the symmetric analysis demonstrate that EG, TON, and ICT together take part in the increase of CO2 emissions in both the short and long run. Particularly, technological innovation plays a significant role in reducing CO2 emissions in the short term through the adoption of cleaner technologies. However, the results of the NARDL bound test reveal asymmetric long-term consequences of technological innovation, economic growth, and ICT on CO2 emissions. The study underscores the need for CO2 reduction policies in Malaysia, advocating for measures, such as incentivizing cleaner technologies and upgrading energy infrastructure. It also recommends implementing carbon pricing mechanisms for production and trade, alongside awareness campaigns to foster behavioral changes aimed at reducing emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of rapid urbanization and urban sprawl, growing concerns about sustainability in urban governance have come to the forefront. The study employed exploratory bibliometric analysis to examine the literature on sustainable urban governance and critically investigate how sustainability is complexly woven into urban governance as a multidimensional phenomenon. The paper addresses the existing literature gaps, including contextual challenges and inadequate theoretical-methodological underpinnings, by analyzing 2,194 scholarly outputs. We propose a “sustainable urban governance framework” that rationalizes contextual justifications (at the macro-meso-micro and interlevel) by synthesizing the concept of good urban governance, interlinks of sustainability dimensions, and multilevel governance systems. Sustainable urban governance is defined in this study as a process and system that creates harmonious coexistence among urban settings’ ecological and social strata through integrating rationalized contextual justifications, collective sustainability objectives, and inclusive urban resilience plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation into the performance of small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) driven by open innovation has received relatively limited attention in academic research. Businesses can enhance their innovation efforts and develop new products or services by using open innovation strategies to tap into internal expertise or examine external facts. The authors examined the rationales and outcomes of open innovation in SMEs by drawing upon existing theories related to the resource‐based and knowledge‐based perspectives of firms. A conceptual model was proposed. The hypotheses were tested using Partial Least Squares (PLS). Data collected from 429 SMEs were analyzed using SmartPLS 4. The current research indicates that open innovation serves as a mediator between knowledge sharing and innovation performance, with knowledge sharing exerting a positive influence on open innovation and innovation performance. The findings of this study emphasize the increased opportunities presented by open innovation theory and practice, providing insights into the formulation of strategies for the future development of Chinese SMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a technique for generating multiple electron beams with different energies and comparable currents from a single cathode stalk at a single potential using nested magnetically insulated coaxial diodes (MICDs). The application is for a multi-stream traveling wave tube. Particle-in-cell simulations are performed for an experimental parameter-based geometry where two thin-walled intense relativistic electron beams immersed in a strong uniform magnetic field propagate through a cylindrical vacuum channel. The analytically derived results are obtained by extending Fedosov's solution for generating a hollow electron beam from an MICD on a cathode stalk in an infinite magnetic field. Two electron beams are generated and accelerated downstream assuming zero initial kinetic energy of the electrons from the cathodes. Results show both electron beam currents ranging from 66 to 2.8 kA with an energy difference ranging from 6% to 27% depending on voltages applied from 100 to 600 kV and the geometry of the two MICDs. An optimal geometry is a crucial factor in achieving the maximum energy difference between the electron beams for comparable currents. The analytical and numerical simulation results show good agreement. We are currently in the process of planning experiments using the electron beam accelerator (SINUS-6 at UNM) to validate the analytical and simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Common calvarial lesions include fibrous dysplasia (FD), intraosseous meningioma, osteoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), intraosseous hemangioma, dermoid and epidermoid cyst, and malignancy. Surgical removal with removal of the involved skull is the choice of treatment for these lesions. Previously, the skull defect was repaired using allograft, and alloplastic materials have been replaced with newer polyetheretherketone (PEEK) material, which is more resistant, biocompatible, and can be 3-dimension (3D)--printed. High-resolution 3D printing uses very fine extruders to put materials in fine layers to recreate patients' anatomy authentically, which gives superior cosmetic outcomes. Our objectives were preoperative planning of craniectomy and reconstruction for calvarial lesions and reconstruction of skull defects using 3D-printed cranioplasty with PEEK materials. Methods: In this series, we describe 11 cases in which skull lesions were removed and reconstructed in the same sitting using a 3D-printed PEEK implant designed preoperatively using high-resolution computer tomography. All the cases were done in the neurosurgery department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University from 2021 to 2023. Patients were followed up for 6 months after surgery. Results: Regarding 11 cases, six cases were FD, three cases were intraosseous meningioma, one case was intraosseous hemangioma, and one case was LCH. Average lesion size were 12.73-5.77 cm. Cranioplasty was done with PEEK material. Minor complications were treated conservatively. Seroma, postoperative fever, and nausea were among these. Conclusion: The human bone-like biocompatibility and resistance to physical forces leads to more frequent use of PEEK, which enables to repair of complex craniofacial defects with better cosmesis. Despite some limitations, the PEEK cranioplasty implant continued to thrive and showed its promise to be an excellent material. Further, research and investment should be put into developing the technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soils derived from loess are fertile but susceptible to accelerated degradation in response to agricultural practices. The objective of our study was to evaluate the long‐term effects of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) integrated with contrasting organic amendments (29 years) to rejuvenate degraded loess via total soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. The replicated study was conducted in concrete lysimeter plots (2 m long × 1 m wide × 60 cm deep) filled with degraded loess materials followed by planting of alfalfa with cattle manure (60 Mg/ha) or vermicompost (27 Mg/ha) amendments. After 29 years, SOC concentration increased by 5.3–6.2‐fold under alfalfa–organic amendments compared to the control. A similar impact of alfalfa–organic amendments was observed on the humic acid, fulvic acid, and humin concentrations. There was an overestimation of SOC stocks (151 ± 48 kg/ha) when equivalent depth was used compared to equivalent mass of soil. While the SOC sequestration rates were 614 ± 129, 710 ± 69, and 744 ± 161 kg/ha/year at 0–10 cm depth under alfalfa, alfalfa–manure, and alfalfa–vermicompost treatments, respectively, the SOC sequestration rates decreased with depth. Significantly higher values of carbon pool index (CPI) and carbon management index (CMI) under alfalfa–organic amendments justified our results associated with the SOC sequestration; however, the SOC lability (CL) decreased under alfalfa–organic amendments, when compared to the control. A significant nonlinear inverse relationship (R2 = 0.80) between the CPI and CL suggested that SOC sequestration is significantly dependent on its lability or vice versa. Our results suggested that the impact of alfalfa–organic amendments significantly rejuvenated the degraded loess soils via SOC sequestration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]