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Physical review accelerators and beams 23(1), 010101 (2020). doi:10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.23.010101, A transverse kick resulting from the coaxial rf coupler in the L-band rf gun at the photoinjector test facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ) has been systematically studied in simulations and further characterized in experiments. The used rf macro-pulse for the gun is typically 600 μs long and applied to produce a train of up to 2700 electron bunches. The kick is transient and found to be dependent on the detuning of the resonance frequency of the gun cavity. The frequency detuning within the rf pulse results in a variation in the kick strength along the pulse. This leads to a downstream orbit and size change of individual bunches within the train. Using 3D rf field distributions, calculated at resonant and detuned frequencies of the cavity, particle tracking simulations are performed to evaluate the integral kick location and strength, simulate its transient behaviors with respect to gun launch phase and detuned frequency of the gun cavity, and thereby emulate its impacts onto the electron bunch. In the experiments, the temperature of the cooling water for the gun is tuned, allowing detailed characterization of the frequency detuning within the rf pulse and thus measurements of the kick which are of practical interest for machine operation. The resulting orbit and size change along a 240 μs bunch train have been measured downstream at the injector exit for an rf gun peak power of about 5.7 MW. A measured focusing difference between head and tail of the bunch train is evaluated in terms of the gun solenoid current which provides more relevant information for overall tuning of the FELs. This is exemplarily given for both the under- and over-focusing case. The obtained results will be presented and discussed., Published by American Physical Society, College Park, MD

39th International Free-Electron Laser Conference, FEL19, Hamburg, Germany, 26 Aug 2019 - 30 Aug 2019; JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland 444-447 (2019). doi:10.18429/JACOW-FEL2019-WEP052, In this paper we report our consideration and simulation on the space charge dominated emission in the L-band photocathode RF gun at the Photo Injector Test facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ). It has been found that the emission curve, which relates the extracted and accelerated bunch charge after the gun to the laser energy, doesn’t agree very well with Astra simulations when the emission is nearly or fully saturated. Previous studies with a core-halo model for a better fit of the experimentally measured laser transverse profile as well as with an improved transient emission model have resulted in a better agreement between experimental data and simulation. A 3D FFT space charge solver including mirror charge and binned energy/momentum has been built, which also allows more emission mechanisms to be included in the future. In this paper, the energy spread during emission was preliminarily analyzed. Experimentally measured emission curves were compared with simulation, showing the effect of the inhomogeneity of the laser on the emission and beam parameters., Published by JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland

39th International Free-Electron Laser Conference, FEL19, Hamburg, Germany, 26 Aug 2019 - 30 Aug 2019; JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland 473-476 (2019). doi:10.18429/JACOW-FEL2019-WEP062, Cesium telluride is a widely used cathode in photo injectors, and its performance is one of the keys for not only emittance but also reliable operation. Over the years lots of experiences with Cs2Te photocathodes produced with the same recipe and thickness were gained at the DESY photo injectors, but cathode performance dependence on the cathode layer thickness were not investigated. In this paper, we test fresh Cs2Te cathodes with different thickness at the Photo Injector Test Facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ). The QE and thermal emittance of these cathodes inside the high gradient RF gun will be compared. Besides, the injector emittance under the operation conditions of the XFEL will also be measured with these cathodes., Published by JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland

39th International Free-Electron Laser Conference, FEL19, Hamburg, Germany, 26 Aug 2019 - 30 Aug 2019; JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland 41-44 (2019). doi:10.18429/JACOW-FEL2019-TUP002, A proof-of-princle experiment for a THz SASE FEL is undergoing preparation at the Photo Injector Test facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ), as a prototype THz source for pump-probe experiments at the European XFEL, which could potentially provide up to mJ/pulse THz radiation while maintaining the identical pulse train structure as the XFEL pulses. In the proof-of-principle experiment, LCLS-I undulators will be installed to generate SASE radiation in the THz range of 3-5 THz from electron bunches of 16-22 MeV/c. One key design is to obtain the peak current of nearly 200 A from the heavily charged bunches of a few nC. In this paper, we report our simulation results on the optimization of the space charge dominated beam in the photo injector and the following transport line with two cathode laser setups. Experimental results based on a short Gaussian laser will also be discussed., Published by JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland

The Photo Injector Test Facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ) was built to test and to optimize sources of high brightness electron beams for Free-Electron Lasers (FELs). In order to achieve high accelerating gradients and long RF pulse lengths in the RF gun cavities an extensive and safe RF conditioning is required. A State Machine based Automatic Conditioning application (SMAC) was developed to automate the RF conditioning processes, allowing for greater efficiency and performance optimization. SMAC is written in Java and uses State Chart XML (SCXML) as the finite-state machine execution environment based on Harel statecharts. It employs the Distributed Object-Oriented Control System (DOOCS) and Three-fold Integrated Networking Environment (TINE) for the communication with the control system of PITZ. The graphical user interface (GUI) is created by using the Java Swing toolkit. Communication between GUI and SXML processing layer is performed via Document Object Model (DOM) events. The SMAC application has been successfully applied to RF conditioning of several gun cavities at PITZ., Proceedings of the 12th Int. Workshop on Emerging Technologies and Scientific Facilities Controls, PCaPAC2018, Hsinchu, Taiwan

8th International Beam Instrumentation Conference, IBIC2019, Malmö, Sweden, 8 Sep 2019 - 12 Sep 2019; 4 pp. (2019)., At the Photo Injector Test Facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ) high-brightness electron sources are optimized for use at the X-ray free-electron lasers FLASH and European XFEL. Transverse projected emittance measurements are carried out by a single-slit scan technique in order to suppress space charge effects at an energy of ~20 MeV. Previous slice emittance measurements, which employed the emittance measurement in conjunction with a transverse deflecting structure, suffer from limited time resolution and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to a long drift space from the mask to the observation screen. Recent experimental studies at PITZ show improvement of the temporal resolution and SNR by utilizing quadrupole magnets between the mask and the screen. The measurement setup is described and first results are shown.

39th International Free-Electron Laser Conference, FEL19, Hamburg, Germany, 26 Aug 2019 - 30 Aug 2019; JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland 599-602 (2019). doi:10.18429/JACOW-FEL2019-THP007, We model and characterize a transverse kick which results from the coaxial RF coupler in the L-band RF gun at the Photo Injector Test Facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ). The RF pulse is typically 600 µs long and used to produce a train of up to 2700 electron bunches. The kick is transient and found to be dependent on the detuning of the resonance frequency of the gun cavity. The frequency detuning within the RF macro-pulse results in a variation in the kick strength along the pulse. This leads to a downstream orbit and size change of individual bunches within the train. Using 3D RF field distributions calculated at detuned frequencies of the cavity, particle tracking simulations are performed to simulate the transient kick onto the bunch train. Given a drift distance, the orbit and size change along a train of fixed length is estimated. Systematic measurements of the kick have meanwhile been carried out. The temperature of the cooling water for the gun is tuned allowing detailed characterization of the frequency detuning within the RF pulse, and thereby measurements of the kick under conditions of practical interest. Experimental findings and simulation results will be presented., Published by JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland

10th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC’19, Melbourne, Australia, 19 May 2019 - 24 May 2019; Geneva, Switzerland : JACoW Publishing 3616-3618 (2019). doi:10.18429/JACOW-IPAC2019-THPGW017, The self-modulation instability (SMI) of long (in respect to the plasma wavelength) charged particle beams passing through plasma enables the use of currently existing high energy charged particle beams as drivers for plasma wakefield accelerators. At the Photo Injector Test facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ) the SMI of electron beams is studied *, **. An enhanced experimental setup includes a plasma channel of variable length which allows to investigate in details the development stages of the SMI by measuring the instability growth rate and phase velocity as a function of propagation distance in the plasma. In this contribution we present the experimental setup improvements, first measurement results and supporting beam dynamics simulations., Published by JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland

10th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC’19, Melbourne, Australia, 19 May 2019 - 24 May 2019; Geneva, Switzerland : JACoW Publishing 1964-1967 (2019). doi:10.18429/JACOW-IPAC2019-TUPTS014, In state of the art photoinjector electron sources, cathode performance determines the lower limit of achievable beam emittance. Measuring the thermal emittance at the photocathodes in electron guns is of vital importance for improving the injectors. Traditional methods, like solenoid scan, pepper-pot, need multi-shots and are time-consuming, therefore suffer from machine stability. Here we propose a new method, named cathode transverse momentum imaging. By tuning the gun solenoid focusing, the electrons’ transverse momentum at the cathode is imaged to a downstream screen, which enables a single shot measurement. Several experiments have been done at the Photo Injector Test Facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ) with a Cs2Te cathode. Measurements of cathode transverse momentum, the corresponding spectra, cathode transverse momentum map and its correlation with surface electric field are presented., Published by JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland

10th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC’19, Melbourne, Australia, 19 May 2019 - 24 May 2019; Geneva, Switzerland : JACoW Publishing 3612-3615 (2019). doi:10.18429/JACOW-IPAC2019-THPGW016, The Photo Injector Test Facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ) carries out studies of beam-driven plasma wakefield acceleration (PWFA). The facility possesses a flexible photocathode laser beam shaping system and a variety of diagnostics including a high-resolution dipole spectrometer and an rf deflector which enables the observation of the longitudinal phase space of electron beams after their passage through a plasma. Two plasma sources are available: a gas discharge plasma cell and a photoionized lithium vapor plasma cell. Studies at PITZ include investigations of the self-modulation instability of long electron beams and the high transformer ratio, i.e., the ratio between the maximum accelerating field behind the drive beam and the decelerating field within the beam. This overview includes the experimental results and plans for future experiments., Published by JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland

39th International Free-Electron Laser Conference, FEL19, Hamburg, Germany, 26 Aug 2019 - 30 Aug 2019; JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland 440-443 (2019). doi:10.18429/JACOW-FEL2019-WEP051, A continuous wave (CW) mode operation of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL) is under considerations for a future upgrade. Therefore, a superconducting radio frequency (SRF) CW gun is under experimental development at DESY in Hamburg. Beam dynamics simulations for this setup have been done assuming 100 pC bunch charge and a maximum electric field at the photocathode of 40 MV/m. Experimental studies for these parameters using a normal conducting RF photogun have been performed at the Photo Injector Test facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ). The beam transverse emittance was minimized by optimizing the main photo injector parameters in order to demonstrate the feasibility of generating electron beams with a beam quality required for successful CW operation of the European XFEL for conditions similar to the SRF gun setup., Published by JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland

We investigate a transverse RF kick induced by the transition between rectangular waveguide and coaxial line of the RF coupler in the 1.6-cell L-band normal conducting (NC) RF gun at the Photo Injector Test Facility at DESY, Zeuthen site (PITZ). A three-dimensional electromagnetic simulation shows the disturbed RF field distributions in the fundamental accelerating mode. Based on the 3D RF field map, an electron beam based characterization and quantification of the coaxial coupler RF kick in the PITZ gun is simulated. Preliminary results of the investigations are presented., Proceedings of the 38th Int. Free Electron Laser Conf., FEL2017, Santa Fe, NM, USA

PITZ Collaboration Meeting December 2018, Zeuthen, DESY, Germany, 4 Dec 2018 - 5 Dec 2018

PITZ Collaboration meeting May 2018, Zeuthen, DESY, Germany, 29 May 2018 - 30 May 2018

Transverse slice emittance is one of the most important properties of high-brightness electron beams for freeelectron lasers (FELs). The photo injector test facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ) develops high-brightness electron sources for modern FELs. With a 23 MeV, 1 nC beam at PITZ the experimental slice emittance characterization with the quadrupole scan technique is complicated by strong space charge effects. Combining the slit scan technique with a transverse deflecting cavity (TDS) allows for timeresolved emittance measurements of such a space-chargedominated beam. The first proof-of-principle results of slice emittance measurements at PITZ based on the 'TDS + slit scan'-technique are presented in this paper., Proceedings of the 29\textsuperscript{th} Linear Accelerator Conf., LINAC2018, Beijing, China

DPG Frühjahrstagung 2018, Würzburg, Germany, 19 Mar 2018 - 23 Mar 2018, The photo injector test facility at DESY, Zeuthen site (PITZ), was built to test, develop and experimentally optimize high brightness photoelectron sources for superconducting linac driven SASE FELs, such as the Free electron LASer in Hamburg (FLASH) and the European X-ray Free Electron Laser (European XFEL). Extremely low beam emittance beyond the original European XFEL requirements has been demonstrated at PITZ in 2011. Further improvements of the transverse projected beam emittance are in good progress by generating 3D ellipsoidal electron beams on the basis of photocathode laser pulse shaping. In this talk, an overview of the PITZ facility is given. New progress on emittance optimization will be presented.

The optimization of photoinjectors is crucial for the successful operation of linac-based free electron lasers, and beam dynamics simulations have shown that ellipsoidal photocathode laser pulses result in significantly lower electron beam emittance than that of conventional cylindrical pulses. Therefore, in collaboration with the Institute of Applied Physics (Nizhny Novgorod, Russia) and the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research (Dubna, Russia), a laser system capable of generating quasi-ellipsoidal laser pulses has been developed and installed at the Photo Injector Test facility at DESY, Zeuthen site (PITZ). The pulse shaping has been realized using the spatial light modulator technique, characterized by cross-correlation and spectrographic measurements, and is demonstrated with electron beam measurements. In this contribution the overall setup, operating principles, and results of first regular electron beam measurements will be presented together with corresponding beam dynamics simulations. Furthermore, the numerous improvements of the simplified re-design currently under construction shall be detailed., Proceedings of the 38th Int. Free Electron Laser Conf., FEL2017, Santa Fe, NM, USA

The invention of free electron lasers (FELs) opened new opportunities for the investigation of natural phenomena. However, the operation of a FEL requires high energy, high peak current electron beams with very small transverse emittance which causes extreme requirements for the corresponding electron sources. Besides the high beam quality, the electron sources must have very high operational stability and reliability. One of the electron source types which satisfy FEL requirements is a photoelectron gun. Photoelectron guns combine photoemissive electron generation and direct acceleration in a Radio Frequency (RF) cavity. The Photo Injector Test facility at DESY, Zeuthen site (PITZ), was established as a test stand of the electron source for FELs like FLASH and the European XFEL in Hamburg.The studies of the beam emittance at PITZ showed that the gun is able to produce electron beams with emittance even smaller than it is required by XFEL specifications.But the experiments on the emittance revealed discrepancies between expected gun behavior and observation, such as the difference in optimal parameters for the smallest emittance value, asymmetry of the transverse beam profile and the phase spaces. The work performed at PITZ includes preparation of several RF guns for their subsequentoperation at FLASH and the European XFEL. RF conditioning of a gun cavity is one of the major steps of the preparation of a high brightness electron source required for modern FELs. A thorough procedure is applied to increase the peak and average RF power in the gun cavity, including an increase of the repetition rate and RF pulse lengthcombined with a gun solenoid current sweep.The main goals of this thesis are: (1) an attempt of deep understanding of physical processes taking place during operation of a photoelectron gun (conditioning process, parameters adjustments); (2) definition of operational problems sources and explanation of the experimentally obtained results in the gun behavior; (3) understanding of the differences between models used to describe the gun operation and the real device. Furthermore, this thesis considers a few key problems of the photoelectron gun implementation at European XFEL: the beam quality improvement, understanding of the beam production behavior and beam features that can have an effect on the output radiation and the gun performance stability at the nominal parameters for XFEL.

38th International Free-Electron Laser Conference, Santa Fe, USA, 20 Aug 2017 - 25 Aug 2017; WEP007 (2017)., The electron beam asymmetry observed at the Photo Injector Test Facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ) was traced back to multipole kicks in the gun section, namely around the location of the coaxial power coupler and the main solenoid. Several dedicated studies have been performed to quantify the kick location and strength. Based on these studies, two designs of correction quadrupole coils were proposed. The coils were fabricated and tested with an electron beam. The second updated design implies a two-quadrupole setup on a frame installed around the gun coaxial coupler close to the main solenoid centre location. Skew and normal quadrupole magnets are powered independently, enabling flexibility in electron beam manipulations. By means of this setup, a more symmetric beam was obtained at several screens. This led also to more equal measured horizontal and vertical phase spaces and to even smaller overall emittance values. Some details of the gun quadrupole designs, magnetic measurements, and results of electron beam measurements including emittance optimization will be reported.

29th Linear Accelerator Conference, LINAC2018, Beijing, China, 16 Sep 2018 - 21 Sep 2018; Geneva, Switzerland : JACoW Publishing 4 pp. (2018)., The cathode emission physics plays a crucial role in the overall beam dynamics in an RF gun. Interplays between intricate emission mechanisms in the cathode vicinity strongly influence the cathode quantum efficiency (QE) and the intrinsic emittance. The presence of strong space-charge effects in high gradient RF guns further complicates the emission process. A proper modeling of photoemission and a careful treatment of the space-charge contribution is thus of great necessity to understanding the formation of the beam slice emittance. In this article, emission measurements are carried out using the L-band cesium-telluride photocathode RF gun at the Photo Injector Test Facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ)and the S-band copper photocathode RF gun at Tsinghua University. Following the Dowell model a simple so-called space-charge iteration approach is developed and used to determine the QE through temporal- and spatial-dependent electromagnetic fields. An impact of the space-charge cooling on the intrinsic emittance is presented. Measurementdata are shown and discussed in comparisons to preliminary simulation results, Published by JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland

DPG - Frühjahrstagung 2018, Würzburg, Germany, 19 Mar 2018 - 23 Mar 2018, The photo injector test facility at DESY, Zeuthen site (PITZ), was built to test, develop and experimentally optimize high brightness photoelectron sources for coherent light sources. The produced high quality electron beam and a large variety of advanced beam diagnostics at PITZ also provide excellent oppotunities for a wide field of research activities. This includes experiments of particle beam driven plasma wakefield acceleration, experiments towards a prototype IR/THz source for pump-probe experiments at the European XFEL, experimental demonstration of ballistic bunching with dielectric-lined waveguides, electron diffraction experiments and many others. In this talk, an overview of recent research activities at PITZ is given. Corresponding results will be presented.

IV International Conference on Laser & Plasma researches and technologies, LaPlas-2018, Moscow, Russia, 30 Jan 2018 - 1 Feb 2018