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TinyML je novi koncept strojnog učenja koji omogućuje prikupljanje podataka za učenje, treniranje i testiranje modela na malim uređajima snage u rasponu od samo nekoliko milivata. Takav koncept omogućava veliku raznolikost i laku primjenjivost. Prednosti tehnologija koji ga omogućavaju su mali troškovi, mala potrošnja energije, mala latencija, velika sigurnost podataka i neovisnost o povezanosti na internet.TinyML je isto tako i suočen s mnogim izazovima zbog čega nije idealno rješenje za sve sustave. Samo neki od problema su upravo i neke od prednosti, naime zbog velike energetske učinkovitosti koju imaju uređaji pogodni za TinyML snaga procesiranja podataka za strojno učenje je ograničena čime je najčešće i točnost modela narušena. Osim pojašnjenja samog TinyML-a i navođenja nekih od sklopovlja i razvojnih okvira koji ga podržavaju, u ovom radu je obrađena i praktična primjena TinyML-a na pločici FiPy uz Pysense pločicu sa senzorima za detekciju pokreta uređaja. Za programiranje je korišten MicroPython pomoću kojeg su prikupljeni podatci za učenje te klasificiranje novih uzoraka korištenjem KNN algoritma. Povezivanjem uređaja na Wi-Fi novi uzorci su poslani i spremljeni u MySQL bazu s njihovim predviđenim klasama te grafički prikazani alatom Grafana. TinyML is a new machine learning concept that allows data collection for learning, training and model testing on small power devices ranging from just a few milliwatts. Such a concept allows for great variety and easy applicability. Advantages of such technology are low costs, low power consumption, low latency, high data security and independence of internet connection. TinyML also faces many challenges which is why it is not an ideal solution for all systems. Some of the problems are also some of the advantages of the concept, namely due to the high energy efficiency of devices suitable for TinyML, the power of data processing for machine learning is limited, which most often impairs the accuracy of the model. In addition to explaining TinyML itself and listing some of the circuits and development frameworks that support it, this paper also discusses the practical application of TinyML on a FiPy board alongside a Pysense board with sensors to detect device movements. MicroPython was used for programming the device. It was used to collect learning data and classify new samples using KNN algorithm. Connecting the device to Wi-Fi, the new samples are sent and stored to the MySQL database together with its predicted classes and graphically displayed with the Grafana tool.

Internet stvari pronašao je svoju primjenu u velikom broju različitih aplikativnih područja poput pametne industrije, grada i vozila, ali i pametne poljoprivrede, a sve u svrhu ostvarenja međusobne povezanosti fizičkog i virtualnog svijeta u jedinstvenu cjelinu putem Interneta kao medija komunikacije. Internet se stvari pokazao vrlo važnim potencijalom i u već spomenutom sektoru pametne poljoprivrede, upravo kao reakcija na činjenice da rast ljudske populacije utječe na povećanje potražnje za hranom, da se smanjuje broj prirodnih resurse, obradive zemlje te da vremenski uvjeti postaju sve više nepredvidljivi. Kako bi se pritom utjecalo na poboljšanje svakodnevnog rada poljoprivrednika kroz bolje praćenje razvoja usjeva, kontrole proizvodnje i obrade hrane, zatim bolje razumijevanje specifičnih uvjeta uzgoja, kao što su vremenski/okolišni uvjeti, sofisticiranije daljinsko upravljanje farmama, preradom te logističkim operacijama i sl, a sve u svrhu bolje produktivnosti, kvalitete i profita kultura, Internet stvari u području pametne poljoprivrede zajedno s analitikom/vizualizacijom podataka predstavlja idejno rješenje za održavanje i zadovoljavanje svjetske potrebe za hranom u narednim godinama. U ovome je radu obrađena tematika podatkovne vizualizacije za praćenje raznih parametara u sklopu pametne poljoprivrede na primjeru prototipa web aplikacije. Pritom je dan osvrt na paradigmu Interneta stvari, prikazana primjena istog u sektoru pametne poljoprivrede, objašnjena podatkovna analitika, preciznije podatkovna vizualizacija te u konačnici opisana implementacija gore navedene aplikacije za prikaz pohranjenih podataka s IoT-uređaja u polju. The Internet of Things has found its usage in a large number of different application areas such as smart industry, smart city and smart vehicle, but also smart agriculture, all for the purpose of interconnecting the physical and virtual world into a single whole via the Internet as a medium of communication. The Internet of Things has proved to be a very important potential in the already mentioned smart agriculture sector, as a reaction to the food demand increase due to the population growth, as a reaction to the reduce of natural resources and arable land and as a reaction to the weather conditions becoming increasingly unpredictable. In order to improve the daily work of farmers through better monitoring of crop development, control of food production and processing, better understanding of specific growing conditions, such as weather/environmental conditions, more sophisticated remote management of farms, processing and logistics operations, etc., all for the purpose of better productivity, quality and profit of crops, the Internet of Things in the field of smart agriculture together with data analytics/data visualization is a conceptual solution for maintaining and meeting the world's food needs in the coming years. This paper deals with the topic of data visualization for monitoring various parameters within smart agriculture on the example of a web application prototype. A review of the Internet of Things paradigm was given, its application in the smart agriculture sector was presented, data analytics, more precisely data visualization was explained, and finally the implementation of the above application for displaying stored data from IoT devices in the field was described.

U ovom je radu opisano rješenje pametnog kampusa koje omogućava pristup umreženim uređajima ovisno o pravima korisnika te detekciju broja ljudi u prostoriji za izvedbu automatiziranog upravljanja uređajima. Sustav definira studentima i profesorima pravo paljenja i gašenja pametne lampe, a isključivo profesorima omogućuje promjenu boje svjetla lampe. Autorizacija pristupa ostvarena je koristeći tokene, gdje članovi svake grupe imaju pristup samo tokenu te grupe. Detekcija broja ljudi je odrađena koristeći kameru s unaprijed istreniranom neuronskom mrežom koja očitava broj ljudi na slici. U slučaju preopterećenja kapaciteta broja ljudi u prostoriji, boja se svjetla promjeni u crveno. Sustav se temelji na uređajima umreženim pomoću platforme Home Assistant na koju je spojen i alat Node-RED pomoću kojeg su definirani svi tokovi u kojima se provodi funkcionalnost sustava, te Nvidia DeepStack alatu koji prepoznaje broj ljudi na slici. This thesis describes a smart campus solution that provides access to networked devices depending on the rights of users, as well as detection of the number of people in a room for the execution of an automation that controls a device. The system grants students and professors the right to turn a smart lamp on or off, and the right to change the color of the lamp’s light is granted exclusively to professors. Access authorization is achieved using tokens, where the members of each group have access only to that group’s token. The detection of the number of people in a room is done using a camera with a pre-trained neural network that counts the number of people in the picture. In case of overloading the room capacity of the number of people, the color of the light changes to red. The system is based on devices networked using the platform Home Assistant, through which the Node-RED tool is integrated, for defining all the flows through which the system functionality is carried out. The Nvidia DeepStack tool is used to detect the number of people in a picture.

Ovaj rad je opisao koncept okruženja Interneta stvari i važnosti kibernetičke sigurnosti u modernom svijetu. Dan je pregled osnovnih elemenata umjetne inteligencije u kontekstu neuronskih mreža koje su zatim korištene kako bi se pokušao izgraditi osnovni element nadzornog alata koji bi detektirao kibernetičke napade u IoT mrežama. Rad je obradio tri pristupa ovakvom alatu, jedan koristeći isključivo analizu metrika dostupnih na rubnim uređajima, te dva različita pristupa s gledišta umjetne inteligencije kojima se isti alat pokušao realizirati uz pomoć analize mrežnog prometa rubnih uređaja. Posljednja poglavlja ovog rada prilažu rezultate i prijedloge za buduća istraživanja. This paper describes the concept of an IoT network and the importance of cybersecurity in the modern world. An overview of basic elements used in the field of artificial intelligence was given. Specifically, an overview of neural networks which were then used as a foundation upon which a cyberattack detection system would be built in order to detect such hazards in an IoT network. The paper presents three approaches to creating such software, one of which exclusively analyses the telemetry data collected on the edge devices themselves, whilst the other two employ different artificial intelligence strategies in order to build software which would analyze the network traffic in the IoT edge layer. The final chapters present the final results and provide suggestions for future research.

Internet stvari označava mrežnu infrastrukturu fizičkih stvari s senzorima koji komuniciraju i razmjenjuju podatke s ostalim uređajima i sustavima na Internetu. Internet stvari zahtjeva da se entiteti u komunikaciji zaštite od brojnih sigurnosnih ranjivosti. Ovaj rad daje uvid u sigurnosne zahtjeve pri komunikaciji uređaja u Internetu stvari, koje su ranjivosti protokola MQTT i kako ih možemo ukloniti. Opisani su standardni protokoli SSL i TLS kojima štitimo tajnost mrežnog prometa te OAuth 2.0 standard za online autorizaciju. U praktičnom dijelu rada demonstrirana je implementacija navedenih sigurnosnih poboljšanja na studijskom primjeru pametne brave. Prikazano je kako osigurati komunikaciju između klijenata i brokera, gdje su u ovom primjeru klijenti iOS aplikacija i mikrokontroler ESP8266, a broker je Node JS aplikacija koja koristi Mosca okvir kako bi ostvarila funkcionalnosti MQTT brokera. The Internet of Things refers to the network infrastructure of physical things with sensors that communicate and exchange data with other devices and systems on the Internet. Internet of Things requires that entities in communication are protected from a number of security vulnerabilities. This thesis provides insight into the security requirements of devices who are a part of communication in Internet of Things, what are the vulnerabilities of MQTT protocol, and how we can remove them. Thesis also describes standard protocols SSL and TLS that are used to protect the privacy of network traffic, as well as the OAuth 2.0 standard for online authorization. The practical part of this thesis demonstrates the implementation of the mentioned security improvements on the study example of a smart lock. It is shown how to ensure communication between clients and brokers, where in this example the clients are an iOS application and ESP8266 microcontroller, and broker is Node JS application that uses Mosca framework to achieve MQTT broker functionalities.

Sustavi Interneta stvari imaju široku primjenu u današnjici, te se ona neprestano povećava. Budući da navedeni sustavi koriste IoT uređaje koji se napajaju putem nekog izvora električne energije (baterije, solarne ćelije i sl.), u cilju je da ta potrošnja bude minimalna kako bi sustav samostalno funkcionirao što dulje. Upravo zato su osmišljeni komunikacijski protokoli kao što su Bluetooth Low Energy i MQTT čija je implementacija objašnjena i demonstrirana u ovome radu. Koncept interneta stvari također sadrži uređaje koji dohvaćaju podatke i međusobno komuniciraju, te poslužitelje koji prikupljaju podatke i kasnije manipuliraju njima. ESP32 mikroupravljač jednostavan je IoT uređaj koji ima podržanu BLE tehnologiju i pruža mogućnost jednostavnog programiranja putem Arduino IDE, stoga je on korišten u radu. Poslužitelj koji je također korišten u radu jest MQTT Broker, koji se nalazi na IoT platformi Home Assistant podignute na virtualnom stroju. Home Assistant platforma pruža puno veće mogućnosti nego što su prikazane u radu, no zbog zahtjeva demonstrativnog sustava Interneta stvari on se koristi samo kao MQTT poslužitelj s mogućnošću prikaza dolaznih MQTT poruka. U cjelini, IoT sustav korišten u petljaradu imitira sustav koji bi dohvaćao podatke o temperaturi s krajnjeg uređaja, te kojim bi se moglo upravljati samo putem MQTT poruka. Završno, sustav je pogodan za daljnju nadogradnju, te bi se u budućnosti mogao integrirati protokol HTTP i spremati podatke u bazu podataka kako bi se putem web aplikacija moglo dohvaćati podatke i upravljati uređajima ili bi se moglo dodati još IoT uređaja u sustav i isprobati BLE „mesh“ tehnologiju. Internet of Things systems are widely used today and they are constantly increasing. Since these systems use IoT devices that are powered by some source of electricity (batteries, solar cells, etc.), the aim is to keep this consumption to a minimum so the system can operate independently for as long as possible. That is why communication protocols such as Bluetooth Low Energy and MQTT were designed and implementation of which is explained and demonstrated in this work. The concept of the Internet of Things also includes devices that retrieve data and communicate with each other and servers that collect data and later manipulate it. The ESP32 microcontroller is a simple IoT device that has BLE technology supported and provides easy programming via the Arduino IDE, so it has been used in this work. The server that was also used in the work is MQTT Broker, which is located on the IoT platform Home Assistant, built on a virtual machine. The Home Assistant platform provides much greater capabilities than shown in the paper, but due to the requirements of the Internet of Things demonstration system, it is only used as an MQTT server with the ability to display incoming MQTT messages. On the whole, the IoT system used in the paper mimics a system that would retrieve temperature data from the end device, and which could only be controlled via MQTT messages. Finally, the system is suitable for further upgrades, and in the future the HTTP protocol could be integrated and data stored in a database so that data could be retrieved and managed via web applications or more IoT devices could be added to the system and BLE tested, mesh technology.

Sustavi interneta stvari mijenjaju našu svakodnevicu. Visoka razina umreženosti, brz prijenos podataka, precizno obrađivanje i ciljano grupiranje tih podataka samo su neki od razloga zašto Internet stvari postaje izrazito popularan. Tome doprinosi i činjenica da ga je moguće integrirati u brojna područja, od auto, građevinske, sportske pa do poljoprivredne industrije. Dodatnu vrijednost koju u njemu pronalazimo jest da ga je moguće pružiti na korištenje gotovo svima jer je krajnjem korisniku potreban samo funkcionalan mobilni uređaj. U ovom radu analiziran je Ekosustav umreženih uređaja i usluga za Internet stvari s primjenom u poljoprivredi za koji je izrađena mobilna iOS aplikacija po visokim standardima trenutne prakse. Omogućen je rad aplikacije u trenutcima kada korisnik nema internet, visoka razina sigurnosti pomoću napredne autorizacije i to je uz ostala unaprjeđenja izvedeno koristeći funkcijsko reaktivnu paradigmu. Internet of Things systems are changing our daily lives. High levels of connectability, fast data transfer, accurate processing and targeted grouping of data are just a few of the reasons why Internet of Things is becoming extremely popular. The fact that it can be integrated into so many areas, from the automotive, construction, sports to the agricultural industry, also contributes to its popularity. The additional value we find in it is that it can be provided for use by almost everyone because the end user only needs a functional mobile device. This paper analyses Ecosystem of networked devices and services for the Internet of Things with application in agriculture for which an iOS mobile app was developed according to the highest standards of current practice. The operation of the application is enabled in moments when the user does not have the Internet, a high level of security with advanced authorization and this, along with other improvements, is made using a functional reactive paradigm.

Ubrzani razvoj tehnologije, i sve više dostupni i cijenom pristupačniji senzori dovode do stvaranja ogromne količine podataka, posebice u sferi Interneta stvari. Osim rasta količine podataka rastu i očekivanja klijenata glede obrade podataka. Rad s takvom količinom i kompleksnim algoritmima i nije baš jednostavan, pa iziskuje dosta računalne snage i resursa, što sa sobom povlači i povećanje troškova. Upravo iz ovog razloga, nastale su platforme za Internet stvari. Njihov cilj je smanjiti spomenute troškove, te nam ponuditi mogućnosti kakve ne možemo ostvariti na lokalnim poslužiteljima. Uz veliku računalnu snagu i dobro osigurane sustave platforme nam nude jednostavno upravljanje našim uređajima i generiranim podacima. Tako na raspolaganju imamo različite alate za obradu i analitiku podataka, kao i alate i funkcije za automatizaciju naših sustava. Kroz rad su opisane osnovne funkcionalnosti računarstva u oblaku i platformi za Internet stvari, te je dodatno napravljena analiza po slojevima trenutno najkorištenijih platformi na svijetu. Kao pokazni primjer u sklopu praktičnog dijela rada, implementirano je rješenje praćenja podataka o temperaturi, vlazi zraka, i stanju ulaznih vrata unutar poslužiteljske sobe koristeći platformu Azure. The rapid development of technology, and increasingly available and affordable sensors are leading to the creation of huge amounts of data, especially in the realm of the Internet of Things. In addition to data growth, customer expectations regarding data processing are also growing. Working with such a large amount and complex algorithms is not very simple, so it requires a lot of computing power and resources, which entails an increase in costs. It is for this reason that platforms for the Internet of Things have emerged. Their goal is to reduce these costs, and offer us opportunities that we can not achieve on local servers. With great computing power and well-secured systems, the platforms offer us easy management of our devices and generated data. Thus, we have various tools at our disposal such as data processing and analysis tools, as well as functions and tools for the automation of our systems. The paper describes the basic functionalities of cloud computing and the Internet of Things platform, and additionally makes an analysis by layers of the currently most used platforms in the world. As an illustrative example as part of the practical part of the work, a solution for monitoring data on temperature, humidity, and condition of the front door inside the server room was implemented using the Azure platform.

Tema ovog završnog rada jest izrada aplikacije za prikaz podataka iz FER-ovog vrta na Android TV uređaju. U radu su najprije objašnjeni pojmovi Interneta stvari i pametne poljoprivrede, na kojima se temelji FER-ov vrt. Zatim je opisana arhitektura Android aplikacija, te su detaljnije istaknute razlike između razvoja aplikacija za TV i mobilne uređaje. Nadalje su objašnjene osnove baze podataka vremenskih serija, koja se koristi za pohranu podataka sa senzora koji se nalaze u FER-ovom vrtu. Opisane su osnove reaktivnog programiranja, na kojem se temelji rad ove aplikacije, te tehnologije koje se koriste kako bi se ono postiglo. U posljednjim poglavljima opisana je implementacija aplikacije, te su prikazane upute za njeno korištenje. The subject of this thesis is the development of an Android TV application to display data from FER's garden. First, the concepts of the Internet of Things and smart agriculture are explained, which form the basis for FER's garden. The next chapter describes the Android application architecture and the differences between developing applications for TV and mobile devices. It also explains the basics of the time series database used to store the sensor data of FER's garden. It also describes the concepts of reactive programming and the technologies used in this application. In the last chapters, the implementation of the application is described and instructions for its use are given.

U ovoj disertaciji istražena je klasa izravno pogonjenih hidrauličkih sustava upravljanih dvjema pumpama. Sustav je analiziran s aspekta regulacije položaja, energetske učinkovitosti te interneta stvari. Predložen je nelinearni dinamički model sustava, gdje su glavne nelinearnosti trenje u cilindru te protoci kroz proporcionalni ventil. Za regulaciju sustava predložene su četiri različite metode. Prve dvije metode odnose se na linearne regulatore, a to su ISA PID i LQR-I regulator. Iz nelinearne teorije upravljanja odabran je SMC regulator i metoda povratnog koraka. Za sve predložene upravljačke metode dobiveni su simulacijski rezultati za dvije sinusne pobude i jednu skokovitu. Dobiveni simulacijski rezultati usporedeni su sa simulacijskim rezultatima proporcionalnog elektrohidrauličkog sustava te eksperimentalnim rezultatima za oba sustava. Iz eksperimentalnih rezultata, koji su dobiveni za različita opterečenja, izračunato je šest parametara pomoču kojih se usporedivala statička i dinamička točnost sustava. Iz odziva sustava na sinusne pobude izračunate su pogreške u fazi i amplitudi te kumulativna pogreška sustava, dok je za skokovitu pobudu izračunato vrijeme porasta i vrijeme smirivanja odziva te kumulativna pogre_ska sustava. Pomoću navedenih parametara komentirana je statička i dinamička točnost sustava u odnosu na različite regulatore i klasični elektrohidraulički sustav. Energetska učinkovitost sustava izračunata je za različita opterečenja sustava i sve predložene regulatore. Dan je primjer seta mjerenih podataka iz kojih je izračunata energetska učinkovitost sustava kao omjer izlazne i ulazne energije sustava. Dobiveni rezultati međusobno su usporedeni za pojedine regulatore i sustave te su pokazali da je DDH sustav energetski učinkovitiji od klasičnog elektrohidrauličkog sustava. Sa stanovišta IoT-a predloženo je rješenje za udaljeni nadzor i upravljanje sustavom. Razvijen je model baze podataka i web aplikacija te su istraženi mrežni industrijski protokoli. Na kraju, dan je zaključak ovog rada te su predložene smjernice za daljnja istraživanja. In this thesis, comprehensive investigation of a class of direct-driven hydraulic (DDH) systems controlled by two pumps is carried out. The DDH system is investigated from the standpoints of control theory, energy efficiency, and the Internet of Things (IoT). A nonlinear dynamical model of the system is proposed, wherein the main nonlinearities in the proposed model are friction inside the cylinder and ow through the proportional valve. Four different methods have been proposed for solving of fixed and variable setpoint (dynamic trajectory) tracking problems. The first two methods are chosen from the linear control theory, and they are the ISA PID and LQR-I controllers. The SMC controller and backstepping control were chosen from the nonlinear control theory. Simulation results were obtained for the step and dual sine wave reference trajectory for all proposed control methods. Simulation results were compared with ones obtained for proportional electrohydraulic systems, and with experimental results for both systems. Six parameters were calculated from obtained experimental results for different cylinder payloads. Based on these six parameters, the static and dynamic accuracy of the system is evaluated and compared. From the results obtained for the sine wave reference trajectory, phase, amplitude, and cumulative control system error were calculated. The rise and settling time together with cumulative system error were calculated from system response to stepwise reference (setpoint) change. With given parameters, steady-state and dynamical accuracy of the system is evaluated for different control methods and compared to the classical electrohydraulic system. The energy efficiency of the proposed system was calculated for different cylinder payloads and proposed control methods. Energy efficiency has been calculated as the ratio of the output and input system energy based on a measured data set. The obtained results for proposed control methods are mutually compared for DDH and classical hydraulic systems. Results showed that the DDH system's energy efficiency is higher in comparison to the classical electrohydraulic system. From the aspect of IoT, a solution for remote system monitoring and control has been proposed. Web application and database model were developed while network-specific industry protocols have been investigated. Finally, the main contributions of this thesis have been summarized in the conclusion section, which has also given guidelines for further research. This thesis is organized in eight chapters, whose contents are outlined below. Chapter 1: Introduction. In this chapter, a detailed literature review on the topic of this thesis is presented. Motivation for this research is given alongside an overview of the previous work. Based on the detailed literature review, hypotheses and scientific contributions are defined. The outline of the thesis also provided herein. Chapter 2: Experimental setup. This chapter describes the experimental setup used to carry out all the tests presented in this thesis. Hydraulic schematics for proportional and DDH system are also shown. A detailed description of all used components is given along with their technical specifications. Chapter 3: Mathematical modeling. The nonlinear mathematical model of the system is derived in this chapter. First, the dynamical model of the hydraulic cylinder is given, incorporating the nonlinear LuGre friction model. Proportional valve dynamics are modeled as the second-order lag term while the flows through the valve are represented by a nonlinear static function normalized over the maximum range of the control spool movement. A proportional term with volumetric efficiency is used for describing the dynamical behavior of the gear pump. Finally, state-space models of the DDH and classical hydraulic system are given as fifth-order and seventh-order lag terms respectively. Chapter 4: Classical control methods. From the linear control theory, two control methods are chosen for solving of fixed and variable setpoint (dynamic trajectory) tracking problems. The first control method is widely used the ISA PID controller. The controller parameters are obtained with the Ziegler-Nichols method. Simulation results are given for the case of a fully loaded cylinder and comparison has been carried out between the classical system and DDH system through experimental results. For different proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller structures experimental results are given and mutual comparison between individual PID controller types has been performed. Linear quadratic regulator (LQR) type state controller with integral action (LQR-I) is chosen as the alternative linear control method, with parameters for the proposed control method obtained from a linearized dynamic process model. Obtained experimental results indicated superior control performance (i.e. faster response and smaller control error) compared to the PID controller. Chapter 5: Nonlinear control methods. The sliding mode controller (SMC) and backstepping state-space controller are selected from the nonlinear control system methods in order to further improve set point accuracy and trajectory tracking ability. For both controllers, simulations are carried out and their results compared to those obtained for the classical system, as well as with experimental results for the fully loaded cylinder. In particular, the obtained experimental results show excellent response and tracking capabilities for sine wave reference input. For the case of step reference input signal, both controllers showed roughly the same transient dynamics and obtained similar results as ISA PID and LQR-I controllers. Chapter 6: Energy efficiency. In this chapter, the energy efficiency of the proposed system is investigated. The equations used for calculating the system power and energy are defined. For the cylinder velocity estimation, an algebraic approach is used to determine signal time-derivatives of arbitrary order. An example set of measured data from which energy efficiency is calculated is given for both the DDH and classical hydraulic system. Thus obtained results are mutually compared for both systems and different control methods used in this thesis. Finally, some general conclusion on energy efficiency have been given. Chapter 7: Remote system control and monitoring. An Internet of Things (IoT) solution for remote system control and monitoring is presented in this chapter. Firstly, a schematic representation of the proposed setup is given. Connections between programmable logic controller (PLC), human-machine interface (HMI), camera, web server and, user are defined and explained. A detailed literature review on industrial network protocols is also given herein. Modbus TCP protocol is chosen, as the most suitable protocol for communication between PLC and web server. A suitable database model is designed for continuous data logging and system overall monitoring, with the user administration database model is adopted from the Web2py framework. The developed web application is user-friendly and easy to use. It provides for sending the information to the PLC and monitoring of all relevant data in real-time, with easy integration of new systems being possible through the system administration page. Chapter 8: Conclusion. In this chapter main contributions of the dissertation have been listed, and all hypotheses are confirmed. Several recommendations are given for future research.

V diplomski nalogi je bila izdelana zasnova avtomatizacije doma s pomočjo brezžičnih naprav IOT proizvajalca Shelly in spletne aplikacije za upravljanje teh naprav. S pomočjo aplikacije in naprav IOT lahko uporabnik spreminja stanje električnih naprav, nastavlja parametre ali spremlja porabo električne energije v bivalnem okolju. Aplikacijo lahko uporablja s pomočjo računalnika, tablice ali pametnega telefona. Dostopna je s spletnim brskalnikom preko strežnika Nginx. Za implementacijo smo uporabili ogrodje Angular, ki omogoča enostavnejši in hitrejši razvoj spletnih aplikacij. Sestavni del sistema so tudi brezžične naprave Shelly, ki omogočijo upravljanje priključenih električnih naprav. Vsaka brezžična naprava se poveže v omrežje in vsebuje spletni strežnik, preko katerega lahko komunicira z aplikacijo. Slednja do brezžičnih naprav dostopa s pomočjo aplikacijskega vmesnika REST, ki deluje na osnovi protokola HTTP. Tako komunikacija poteka v obliki različnih vrst zahtevkov HTTP ter dodatnih polj v naslovih teh zahtevkov. Končni rezultat našega dela je učinkovit in uporabniku prijazen sistem, ki omogoča enostavno upravljanje naprav v bivalnem okolju tako preko grafičnega uporabniškega vmesnika kot z uporabo govornih ukazov tudi na daljavo. Sistem smo uspešno realizirali in preizkusili tudi v realnem okolju. In the thesis, a design was developed for home automation using wireless IOT devices from Shelly company and a web application to manage these devices. Using the application and the IoT devices, a user can change the status of electrical appliances, set parameters or monitor the power consumption in the living environment. The application can be used from a computer, tablet or smartphone. It can be accessed with a web browser via the Nginx server. We have used the Angular framework for the implementation, which allows for easier and faster development of web applications. The Shelly wireless devices are also an integral part of the system, allowing the control of connected electrical appliances. Each wireless device connects to the network and contains a web server through which it can communicate with the application. The latter accesses the wireless devices using a REST application interface based on the HTTP protocol. Thus, communication takes the form of different types of HTTP requests and additional fields in the addresses of these requests. Our work results in an efficient and user-friendly system that allows easy management of appliances in the living environment, both through a graphical user interface and by using voice commands, even remotely. The system has been successfully implemented and tested in a real environment.

Magistrsko delo obravnava možnost uporabe majhnega računalnika imenovanega Raspberry Pi in njegovo nadgradnjo za namene izvajanja visokofrekvenčnih meritev z velikim dinamičnim razponom. Poleg tega preuči orodja in protokole na področju interneta stvari za izdelavo spletne aplikacije. V drugem delu je predstavljen način uporabe aplikacije, možnosti uporabnikovega spremljanja tovrstnih meritev v realnem času ter izvedba analize signalov po ustrezni metodi, na kar se navezuje tudi predstavljena teorija s področja procesiranja signalov. This master thesis deals with the possibility of using a small computer called Raspberry Pi, for the purpose of performing high-frequency measurements with a large dynamic range. Further, with the purpose of creating web application, tools and protocols in the field of the Internet of Things are presented. In the second part it is shown how the user can use developed web application to monitor measurements and perform signal analysis in real time. In addition, the theoretical background of appropriate signal processing method is presented.

V diplomskem delu opišemo hitro rastoče področje IoT in podrobneje pregledamo eno izmed tehnologij na tem področju, tj. LoRaWAN, ki temelji na LoRa modulaciji. LoRaWAN zaradi svojih prednosti postaja vse bolj priljubljena, saj združuje fleksibilnost protokolov, ki jih uporabljamo predvsem na lokalni ravni (npr. Bluetooth in WiFi) ter dometa mobilnih omrežij (npr. GSM, 3G, LTE itd.). Ob vseh teh lastnostih imamo še izjemno nizko porabo energije, kar omogoča, da merilne naprave montiramo na oddaljena mesta brez stalnega vira napajanja. Te naprave oziroma senzorji nam omogočajo spremljanje želenih vrednosti iz okolice. Meritve se s pomočjo prehodnih naprav pošiljajo v zaledne strežnike, kjer se podatki shranjujejo. Cilj diplomske naloge je realizacija takšnega omrežja za potrebe nadzora in upravljanja kmetijske plantaže. Prikazana je izbira komponent rešitve, opis postavitve takšnega omrežja in opis delovanja rešitve. In this thesis we describe fast growing IoT and take a closer look at one of it’s techonologies, LoRaWAN, which is based on LoRa modulation. LoRaWAN is gaining popularity due to it’s advantages, as it combines the flexibility of protocols mainly used as local networks (e.g. Bluetooth and WiFi) and range of mobile networks (e.g. GSM, 3G, LTE etc.). In addition to all these features, we also have extremely low energy comsumption, which allows us to install measuring devices in remote locations without permanent power source. These devices, usually refered as sensors allow us to monitor desired values from the environment. The measurements are sent via gateway devices to back-end servers, where the data is stored. The aim of this thesis is the realisation of such network for the needs of control and management of agricultural plantations. It shows how to choose components of the solution, how to set up such network and describes how the system operates.

Predlaže se arhitektura za IoT temeljena na metaprotokolu za komunikaciju među čvorovima i sustavu pravila za konfiguraciju čvorova. U njoj se ne rabi tradicionalna podjela na slojeve, nego se svaki čvor promatra kao ravnopravan sa svima ostalima. Kategoriju čvora određuje uloga koja je za taj čvor skrojena. Pri tom čvor može biti jednostavan senzorski čvor, ili nešto složenije, kao što je usmjernik ili čvor koji pohranjuje i obrađuje podatke. Čvor može imati i više uloga, a one se ostvaruju ili posebnim programima ili definiraju sustavom pravila, kao u ostvarenom prototipu programske potpore. Čvorovi komuniciraju tim metaprotokolom, koji je temeljen na SQL-ovim podatkovnim operacijama. Poraba takvih operacija omogućuje vrlo veliku fleksibilnost pri osmišljavanju sustavâ. S druge strane, brojni mehanizmi kraćenja poruka i delegiranje određenih stvari nižim protokolima omogućuju stvaranje što kraćih i jednostavnijih poruka, pa tako i uključivanje i onih najjednostavnijih čvorova u takav sustav. Usporedba predloženoga s postojećim znanstvenim i komercijalnim rješenjima pokazuje da se u nekim slučajima očekuju prednosti porabe predložene arhitekture pred tim rješenjima. Te su prednosti najizraženije kad se rabe najjednostavniji čvorovi i kad se zahtijeva konfiguracija mreže po volji na način drugačiji od tradicionalnih arhitektura. -- Metaprotokol za prijenos podataka u IoT-u temeljen na operacijama svojstvenim bazama podataka & Arhitektura sustava IoT-a temeljena na izgrađenom metaprotokolu i sustavu pravila s naglaskom na prilagodljivost i jednostavnost. An arhichitecture for IoT is proposed based on a metaprotocol for communication between nodes and a rule system for node configuration. In it the traditional split into layers is not used, but every node is considered as equal to all others. The node category is determined by the role that was fit for that node. There a node can be a simple sensor node, or something more complex, like a gateway or a data storage and processing node. The node can even have multiple roles, and they are realized either by special programs or defined by a rule system, like in the implemented software prototype. The nodes communicate by that metaprotocol, which is based on SQL data operations. The usage of such operations enables very big flexibility during system design. On the other side, numerous message-shortening mechanisms and delegation of specific things to lower protocols enable creating as short and simple messages as possible, and so also including even those simplest nodes in such a system. Comparison of the proposed with existing scientific and commercial solutions show that in some cases advantages are expected of using the proposed architecture over those solutions. These advantages are most expressed when the simplest nodes are used and when an arbitrary network configuration is required in the way different from traditional architectures. -- Metaprotocol for data transfer in the IoT based on operations attributed to databases & Architecture of IoT systems based on the developed metaprotocol and rule system with focus on adaptability and simplicity.

Razvojem pametnih mobilnih uređaja te njihovim sve većim brojem i korištenjem, nailazi se na potrebu njihovog međusobnog povezivanja zbog velike količine podataka koja se na tim uređajima pohranjuje i obrađuje. Povezivanjem tih uređaja u cjelinu korisnicima se olakšava pristup podacima jer su samim time i podaci povezani u cjelinu. Tehnologija koja omogućava sve navedeno naziva se Internet stvari (Internet of Things). Kao i svaki drugi veliki sustav, Internet stvari ima mnoštvo prednosti, ali i nedostataka od kojih je najveći mogućnost neautoriziranog pristupa podacima. Konstantno je potrebno poduzimanje određenih sigurnosnih koraka i usavršavanja sustava te edukacija korisnika kako bi se te mogućnosti smanjile. Neovlašteni pristup podacima može ozbiljno našteti fizičkoj ili pravnoj osobi stoga su neophodni sigurnosni sustavi zaštite. Ova vrsta tehnologije se svakodnevno razvija, a s obzirom na to da je broj mobilnih terminalnih uređaja sve veći, može se reći da će biti u konstantnom razvoju. Prije same implementacije jednog ovakvog sustava potrebno je zadovoljiti određene pravne norme.

U ovom članku opisali smo praktični primjer primjene interneta stvari za pretvorbu starijeg (ili jeftinijeg) „običnog“ sustava centralnog grijanja na pelete u „pametni“ sustav kojim upravljamo preko interneta pomoću aplikacije na svom mobilnom telefonu. Za izradu upravljačkog sustava koristili smo relativno jeftine komponente u usporedbi s komercijalnim rješenjima te, naravno, znanja stečena na preddiplomskom stručnom studiju mehatronike i politehničkom specijalističkom diplomskom stručnom studiju strojarstva Tehničkog veleučilišta u Zagrebu. Sustavom centralnog grijanja sada možemo daljinski upravljati i nadzirati mu rad te automatski bilježiti podatke o potrošnji u stvarnom vremenu. Upravljanje smo ostvarili korištenjem mikro upravljača, senzora temperature i udaljenosti, servo motora, relejnog modula te odgovarajućih kablova. Izradili smo i funkcionalnu korisničku mobilnu aplikaciju te programski kôd za ispravan rad i međusobnu komunikaciju komponenti, spajanje na Internet i daljinsko upravljanje mobilnim uređajem. Zbog ograničenog prostora, programski kôd nije dio ovog članka, ali je u potpunosti dostupan u diplomskom radu prema kojem je članak napisan., In this article, we have described a practical example of using the Internet of Things to convert an older (or cheaper) "ordinary" pellet heating system into a "smart" system controlled over the Internet using an application on your mobile phone. We used cheap components to create the control system compared to commercial solutions, and, of course, the knowledge acquired in the undergraduate professional study of mechatronics and the polytechnic specialist graduate professional study of mechanical engineering at the Zagreb University of Applied Sciences. We can now remotely control and monitor central heating system and record real-time consumption data. We achieved system control using microcontrollers, temperature and distance sensors, servo motors, relay modules and appropriate cables. We also created a functional user mobile application, as well as a program code for the correct operation and communication of components, connection to the Internet and remote control by a mobile device. Due to limited space, the program code is not part of this article, but is fully available in the thesis the article is based on and written.

Računarstvo u magli predstavlja novi koncept arhitekture za isporuku usluga u kojem se osim računalnog oblaka koriste i resursi računalnih čvorova između računalnog oblaka i krajnjih uređaja. Primjenom ovog koncepta omogućuje se optimizacija rješenja zbog blizine izvora podataka i čvorova za njihovu obradu, što je zbog karakteristične okoline posebno naglašeno u okviru Interneta stvari. Virtualizacija zasnovana na kontejnerima i druge moderne tehnologije omogućili su implementaciju raspodijeljenih IoT usluga koje se mogu efikasno izvoditi u promjenjivim heterogenim okolinama kakve podrazumijeva računarstvo u magli. Ipak, raspored izvođenja komponenti IoT usluga u raspodijeljenim okolinama ovoga koncepta ovisit će o optimizaciji koja se u konkretnom slučaju želi postići njegovom primjenom pa je upravo određivanje optimalnog rasporeda izvođenja usluga na dostupnim računalnim resursima računarstva u magli fokus ove disertacije. Stoga su u ovom radu najprije kategorizirane usluge Interneta stvari prema kontekstima relevantnim za primjenu računarstva u magli: kontekstu uređaja, korisnika, i usluge. Također, definirani su i parametri kvalitete usluge kojima se može ocijeniti učinkovitost primjene računarstva u magli te je određen njihov prioritet u prethodno definiranim kategorijama IoT usluga. Zatim je opisan formalni model usluga i specificiranih konteksta, kako bi se faktori koji utječu na izvedbu raspoređivanja usluga mogli uzeti u obzir u konkretnoj implementaciji algoritma. Tako se u razvijenom dinamičkom algoritmu raspoređivanja na temelju kontekstnih informacija o usluzi, korisniku, i dostupnim uređajima određuje raspored izvođenja komponenti usluge kojim se postiže veća kvaliteta njenog izvođenja u okviru definiranih parametara kvalitete usluge. Na kraju je izvedena verifikacija razvijenog dinamičkog algoritma kako bi se utvrdila njegova učinkovitost na odabranim slučajevima primjene. Dobiveni rezultati su potvrdili bolje performanse izvođenja usluga u okolini računarstva u magli primjenom razvijenog algoritma za dva odabrana scenarija (strujanje podataka i automatizaciju upravljanja). Također, rezultati su pokazali da je glavna prednost ovog algoritma u odnosu na postojeće pristupe, njegova mogućnost dinamičkog pokretanja raspoređivanja na temelju promjena u izvedbenoj okolini koje uzrokuju pad kvalitete usluge. The fog computing concept emerged as a novel architecture that extends cloud computing to the edge of the network by utilizing available computing resources between the cloud and the targeted service environment. Such architecture reduces the distance between the end-devices and processing nodes, thus enabling the optimized processing execution that is especially emphasized within the characteristic Internet of Things environments. The inclusion of fog computing concept within such a heterogeneous and distributed environment was significantly facilitated by microservice architecture and container-based virtualization. Still, the effective schedule of service components across the fog computing execution environment depends on the specific use-case scenario and factors defining its efficiency. Thus, the focus of this dissertation is to define a scheduling procedure that determines the most efficient service execution schedule enabling the optimized service delivery. To achieve this goal, we first categorize IoT services based on the contexts relevant for applying the fog computing concept: device context, service context and user context. Also, we define QoS parameters determining the efficiency of applying the fog computing concept and prioritize them for each previously defined category of IoT services. The aforementioned factors affecting the application of fog computing are formally described and considered in the implementation of the dynamic algorithm that determines the most efficient service execution schedule based on the considered contexts and QoS parameters within the available execution environment. Finally, we present the results of the verification procedure conducted on the two common IoT service scenarios (data streaming and automated control management). The results confirmed the efficiency of our dynamic scheduling algorithm and showcased improved service performance within the fog computing execution environment in comparison to the existing approaches. The main advantage of our algorithm compared to the other considered scheduling policies is its ability to dynamically re-schedule service components when the QoS level of service delivery deteriorates because of the changes in a volatile network environment.

Internet stvari postao je sastavni dio svakodnevnog života ljudi diljem svijeta. Od pametnih mobilnih uređaja pa sve do pametnih domova i gradova, ljudi su okruženi brojnim senzorima i kamerama koji neumorno prikupljaju statističke podatke o njima. Sastavljanjem svih prikupljenih podataka može se dobiti cjelokupna slika o načinu života pojedinca, njegovim navikama, ponašanju, rutama kretanja, stavovima, njegovom zdravstvenom stanju i privatnom životu. Slikovito, to bi značilo da je život pojedinca izložen kao na dlanu. Zvuči kao špijuniranje i narušavanje zakona, ali ne, to je samo tehnologija koja je dio Industrije 4.0. Stvari u okolini postaju sve pametnije i sve više preuzimaju ulogu čovjeka, a ljudi sve više ovise o toj tehnologiji ne shvaćajući koliko su podaci u takvom sustavu ugroženi. Sve to povlači pitanja odgovornosti pojedinaca, kompanija, državnih, standardizacijskih i pravnih tijela. U konačnici tehnologiju je nemoguće zaustaviti, ali je moguće poduzeti korake za kontrolu iste.

Ovaj diplomski rad posvećen je istraživanju operativnih mogućnosti LoRa i LoRaWAN tehnologija s ciljem analize utjecaja LoRa komunikacijskih parametara na kvalitetu prijenosa signala u zatvorenim prostorima. Provedena je analiza utjecaja komunikacijskih parametara kao što su faktor raspršenja, odašiljačka snaga, dužina odašiljane poruke i period odašiljanja poruka na parametre koji ukazuju na kvalitetu prijenosa signala kao što su odnos signala i šuma (engl. signal to noise ratio SNR) i indikator snage prijemnog signala (engl. received signal strength indicator – RSSI). Za potrebe istraživanja razvijen je sustav za provođenje analitike komunikacijskih parametara LoRa mreže. Opisane su tehnologije koje su korištene za razvoj sustava i način na koji su implementirane, a koje su sačinjene od programskog alata za povezivanje usluga Node-RED, baze podataka InfluxDB i alata za vizualizaciju mjernih podatka Grafana. Razvijeni sustav je iskorišten za provođenje eksperimenata nad testnom LoRa mrežom, koji su trajali u razdoblju od 24. lipnja 2021. do 23. srpnja 2021. godine na području prostora Fakulteta elektrotehnike, strojarstva i brodogradnje u Splitu. Testna LoRa mreža koja je integrirana u razvijeni sustav za provođenje analitike je sadržavala dva krajnja LoRa korisnička testna uređaja i četiri LoRa poveznika koji su alocirani u fakultetskoj zgradi kako bi se provela simulacija prijenosa LoRa signala na manje udaljenosti u zatvorenim prostorima. Temeljem provedenih praktičnih eksperimenta je zapaženo da je najutjecajniji faktor na kvalitetu prijemnog signala gustoća i vrsta (materijal) ometajućih prepreka kroz koje signal mora propagirati. U slučaju prijenosa podataka na manjim udaljenostima s niskom razinom prepreka između korisničkih uređaja i LoRa povezaka, faktor raspršenja nije znatno utjecao na kvalitetu signala. Međutim, u slučajevima prijenosa na veće udaljenost i sa većim brojem i/ili gustoćom prepreka, odašiljanje sa maksimalnim faktorom raspršenja je kontinuirano ostvarivalo kvalitetniji prijenos signala. Također je uočeno da utjecaj razine odašiljačke snage na kvalitetu signala nije značajan u slučajevima kada se propagacija signala realizira na većoj udaljenosti s visokom razinom ometajućih prepreka. Postojanje određenog pozitivnog utjecaja povećanja razine odašiljačke snage na kvalitetu prijemnog signala je primijećeno u slučajevima niske ili srednje razine ometajućih prepreka, no i tad je riječ o blagim utjecajima na kvalitetu prijemnog signala. Nadalje, analiza dobivenih rezultata je pokazala da veličina podataka i dužina perioda uzastopnog odašiljanja podataka ne utječu na kvalitetu prijemnog signala. Rezultati eksperimentalne analize pokazuju da pravilna prilagodba kombinacije LoRa komunikacijskih parametara kao što su odašiljačka snaga, faktor raspršenja, dužina poruka i intenzitet slanja poruka mogu doprinijeti poboljšanju rada LoRa sustava u smislu postizanja kvalitetnijeg prijemnog signala za različite veličine i vrste prepreka koje mogu postojati prilikom propagiranja signala.

Raspodijeljeno udruženo učenje relativno je nova paradigma u treniranju modela strojnog učenja. Za treniranje modela koriste se uređaji na rubu mreže koji imaju vlastiti skup podataka za treniranje. Kako bi privatnost podataka korisnika ostala sačuvana, lokalni podaci klijenata nikada se ne prenose preko mreže. Proces treniranja modela izvodi se tako da klijenti na svojem lokalnom skupu podataka provode ažuriranje globalnog modela, a centralni čvor agregira ažuriranja modela od klijenata te kreira jedan globalni model. U ovom radu istraženo je područje raspodijeljenog udruženog učenja i primjeri korištenja takve vrste paradigme strojnog učenja. Kreirana su tri različita modela koji su predviđali prinos usjeva soje te su ispitane razlike u odnosu na modele koji su dobiveni na klasični način primjenom centraliziranog modela strojnog učenja. Federated learning is an emerging paradigm used in the process of training of Machine Learning models. Edge devices are used to train machine learning models based on their local data sets. To preserve the privacy of user data, local data sets are never transmitted over the network. During the model training process, clients update a global model using their local datasets, and then the central server aggregates model updates from the clients to create one global model. In this thesis a review on federated learning and applications that have emerged using the paradigm of federated learning has been explored. Three different models were created to predict soybean crop yields and we examined the differences between three different models that are trained on a centralized dataset and models that are trained using the federated learning principles.

The health consequences of prolonged sitting in the office and other work chairs have recently been tried to be alleviated or prevented by the application of modern technologies. Smart technologies and sensors are installed in different parts of office chairs, which enables monitoring of seating patterns and prevents positions that potentially endanger the health of users. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of previous research in the field of the application of smart technologies and sensors built into office and other types of chairs in order to prevent diseases. The articles published in the period 2010-2020 and indexed in WoS CC, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore databases, with the keywords “smart chair” and “sensor chair” were analysed. 15 articles were processed, with their research being based on the use of different types of sensors that determine the contact pressures between the user’s body and stool parts and recognise different body positions when sitting, which can prevent negative health consequences. Analysed papers prove that the use of smart technology and a better understanding of sitting, using various sensors and applications that read body pressure and determine the current body position, can act as preventive health care by detecting proper heart rate and beats per minute, the activity of individual muscle groups, proper breathing and estimates of blood oxygen levels. In the future research, it is necessary to compare different types of sensors, methods used and the results obtained in order to determine which of them are most suitable for the future development of seating furniture for work., Posljedice dugotrajnog sjedenja na uredskim i drugim radnim stolicama u posljednje se vrijeme pokušavaju ublažiti ili spriječiti primjenom suvremenih tehnologija. U različite dijelove uredskih stolica ugrađuju se pametne tehnologije i senzori, što omogućuje praćenje rasporeda sjedenja i izbjegavanje položaja koji potencijalno ugrožavaju zdravlje korisnika. Cilj ovog rada jest davanje pregleda dosadašnjih istraživanja u području primjene suvremenih pametnih tehnologija i senzora ugrađenih u uredske i ostale vrste stolica radi prevencije obolijevanja korisnika. Analizirani su članci objavljeni u razdoblju od 2010. do 2020. i indeksirani su u bazama podataka WoS CC, Scopus i IEEE Xplore, a izdvojeni su prema ključnim riječima pametna stolica i senzorska stolica. Obrađeno je 15 članaka u kojima su se istraživanja temeljila na primjeni različitih vrsta senzora koji određuju kontaktne tlakove između korisnikova tijela i dijelova stolice te raspoznaju različite položaje tijela pri sjedenju, čime se mogu prevenirati negativne posljedice za zdravlje. U analiziranim istraživanjima autori su dokazali da primjena pametne tehnologije i bolje razumijevanje sjedenja uporabom različitih senzora i aplikacija kojima se očitava pritisak tijela i određuje njegov trenutačni položaj može preventivno djelovati zahvaljujući praćenju rada srca i broja otkucaja u minuti, aktivnosti pojedinih mišićnih skupina, pravilnog disanja, procjene razine kisika u krvi i sl. U budućim istraživanjima potrebno je usporediti različite tipove senzora, primijenjene metode i dobivene rezultate kako bi se uočilo koji su od njih najprikladniji za budući razvoj radnog namještaja za sjedenje.

The study presented in this article focuses on the role of a smart waste bin (waste container) designed for waste management and explores what types of interventions people consider more appropriate in promoting environmentally responsible behaviour—based on norms or on an individual’s emotions. The smart waste bin development process was people-centred and paid particular attention to human experiences, allowing for various interaction modalities. By incorporating various sensors for waste volume and weight measurement in conjunction with presence and user identification capabilities, the experience was personalised. User feedback was collected by an extensive survey, consisting of four systematic sections, where values, attitudes, norms, perceived behavioural control, behavioural intention and actual behaviour were examined. The survey was completed by 194 respondents. The results showed that participants at the declarative level show a high level of environmental awareness and are very much willing to handle waste appropriately. Additionally, the results of the R&D process indicated that relatively cheap and efficient technological solutions can be developed to support waste management and sustainable lifestyles if the human-centred approach is taken into account.

Initially, the concept of Smart Cities (urban settlement) originated from the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, however, the use of IoT technology can be extended to the concept of Smart Villages (rural settlement) as well, improving the life of the villagers, and the communities as a whole. Yet, the rural settlements have slightly different requirements than the urban like settlements. If application of IoT in Smart Cities can be characterized by densification of IoT to day-to-day life, following cities’ structural characteristics of being densely settled places, IoT empowered Smart Villages are usually a system of dispersion and deficiency. In this manner, this research paper will address and discuss different application areas of IoT technology, identifying differences, but also similarities in both ecosystems, while trying to illuminate the standardization efforts that can be applicable in both contexts. In our text we will propose the following IoT application domains, which will also serve as a base for research on smart villages: 1. Natural Resources and Energy, 2. Transport and Mobility, 3. Smart Building, 4. Daily Life, 5. Government, and 6. Economy and Society. By providing an overview of technical solutions that support smart solutions in Smart Cities and Smart Villages this research paper will evaluate how, with IoT empowered Smart Villages and Smart Cities, an overall improvement of quality of life of their inhabitants can be achieved.

Agriculture is a sector that today demands even greater efficiency; thus, it relies extensively on the use of precision agriculture technologies: IoT systems, mobile applications, and other digitalization technologies. Experience from a large-scale EU-funded project with a consortium made up of several software companies shows that software companies have a different and unequal knowledge/understanding of agricultural processes and the use of precision agriculture in agricultural processes. This finding coupled with what is known about the standard process model for IT governance (COBIT) triggered the idea of a reference standard process model for agriculture (RSPMA), which we present in this paper. We applied the Delphi technique to assess the RSPMA and evaluate its potential implementation in the area of agriculture. A panel of 20 members from Slovenia, Romania, Croatia, and Serbia was established for the study. The majority of RSPMA elements were identified as appropriate for the use in agriculture by the panel. The study results show that RSPMA is suitable for use in this field.

U diplomskom radu opisan je koncept „Interneta stvari“ ili IoT (eng. Internet of Things) platforme kroz izradu uređaja za mjerenje kvalitete zraka sa prikupljanjem i obradom podataka u stvarnom vremenu, te prikazom u Web aplikaciji. Navedeni uređaj sastoji se od mikrokontrolerske pločice Wemos D1 Mini kao središnjom jedinicom, baziranoj na čipu ESP8266. Wemos D1 prikuplja podatke sa senzora CCS811 i BME280. CCS811 je senzor kvalitete zraka koji mjeri količinu raznih čestica u zraku, a BME280 je atmosferski senzor koji mjeri tri veličine: temperaturu, tlak i vlažnost zraka. Povezivanje s MQTT brokerom vrši se bežično Wi-Fi mrežom, koristeći MQTT protokol. Objašnjen je koncept IoT-a, njegova važnost i primjena u industriji. Opisan je Wemos D1 Mini, korišteni senzori te su navedene njihove karakteristike. Ukratko su navedene karakteristike Raspberry Pi mini računala. Objašnjen je MQTT protokol i način njegovog korištenja. Opisan je postupak programiranja Wemosa D1, Raspberry Pi-ja, konfiguriranja MQTT brokera. In this master’s thesis, the concept of “Internet of Things” or IoT platform is explained through the making of device which measures the air quality, collects and processes data in real time, and displays it in a Web application. This device consists of a microcontroller board Wemos D1 Mini as it’s central unit, which is based on ESP8266 microchip. Wemos D1 Mini collects data from CCS811 and BME280 sensors. CCS811 is an air quality sensor which measures the quantity of particles in the air, and BME280 is an atmospheric sensor which measures three sizes: temperature, pressure and relative humidity. Connecting with the MQTT broker is made wireless via Wi-Fi network, using the MQTT protocol. The concept of IoT is explained, its importance and usage in industry. Wemos D1 Mini is described, as are the used sensors. The characteristics of Raspberry Pi mini computer are briefly stated. The functioning of the MQTT protocol and its usage are explained. The process of programming is explained for Wemos D1, Raspberry Pi, as is the process of configuring the MQTT broker.

In this paper, we present Low-Bandwidth Distributed Applications Framework (LDAF)—an application-aware gateway for communication-constrained Internet of things (IoT) devices. A modular approach facilitates connecting to existing cloud backend servers and managing message formats and APIs’ native application logic to meet the communication constraints of resource-limited end devices. We investigated options for positioning the LDAF server in fog computing architectures. We demonstrated the approach in three use cases: (i) a simple domain name system (DNS) query from the device to a DNS server, (ii) a complex interaction of a blockchain—based IoT device with a blockchain network, and (iii) difference based patching of binary (system) files at the IoT end devices. In a blockchain smart meter use case we effectively enabled decentralized applications (DApp) for devices that without our solution could not participate in a blockchain network. Employing the more efficient binary content encoding, we reduced the periodic traffic from 16 kB/s to ~1.1 kB/s, i.e., 7% of the initial traffic. With additional optimization of the application protocol in the gateway and message filtering, the periodic traffic was reduced to ~1% of the initial traffic, without any tradeoffs in the application’s functionality or security. Using a function of binary difference we managed to reduce the size of the communication traffic to the end device, at least when the binary patch was smaller than the patching file.

The adoption of advanced Internet of Things (IoT) technologies has impressively improved in recent years by placing such services at the extreme Edge of the network. There are, however, specific Quality of Service (QoS) trade-offs that must be considered, particularly in situations when workloads vary over time or when IoT devices are dynamically changing their geographic position. This article proposes an innovative capillary computing architecture, which benefits from mainstream Fog and Cloud computing approaches and relies on a set of new services, including an Edge/Fog/Cloud Monitoring System and a Capillary Container Orchestrator. All necessary Microservices are implemented as Docker containers, and their orchestration is performed from the Edge computing nodes up to Fog and Cloud servers in the geographic vicinity of moving IoT devices. A car equipped with a Motorhome Artificial Intelligence Communication Hardware (MACH) system as an Edge node connected to several Fog and Cloud computing servers was used for testing. Compared to using a fixed centralized Cloud provider, the service response time provided by our proposed capillary computing architecture was almost four times faster according to the 99th percentile value along with a significantly smaller standard deviation, which represents a high QoS.

Cilj ovog rada izraditi je web aplikaciju za prikaz vrijednosti temperature i vlage pojedinih prostorija unutar kuće. Na početku su opisane frontend i backend tehnologije koje su bile potrebne za izradu ove aplikacije. Najviše je korišten PHP u kombinaciji s Ajax tehnologijom. Svi podaci se spremaju na MySQL bazu podataka. Aplikacija se pokreće preko web preglednika koristeći XAMPP serverski paket. Potrebno se prijaviti radi pregledavanja vrijednosti. Ovisno o vrijednostima očitanih sa senzora, korisniku se daju preporuke što treba učiniti da vrijednosti održi unutar preporučenih granica. Korisnik ima uvid u dnevno očitanje s najmanjom i najvećom vrijednosti tijekom dana te može sortirati vrijednosti unutar određenog razdoblja. Omogućen je prikaz vremenske prognoze te usporedba prosječnih vrijednosti unutar i izvan kuće. The goal of this thesis is to develop a web application that displays temperature and humidity values inside specific rooms in the house. At the beginning of this work, frontend and backend technologies that were used to create this application have been shortly described. PHP is usually used in combination with Ajax technology. All data is stored in a MySQL database. Application starts through a web browser using the XAMPP cross-platform web server solution stack package. It is necessary to log in to check the values. Depending on the read values from the sensor, the user is given recommendations to keep those values inside the recommended range. User can see daily data with the lowest and highest values during the day and can sort the values within a certain period. It is enabled to display the weather forecast and compare the average values inside and outside of a house.

U radu će se prikazati razvoj mobilnih mreža, njihova arhitektura, funkcionalnosti i mogućnosti korištenja, pri čemu će fokusirati na najnoviju, petu generaciju. Opisat će se razvoj mobilnih mreža kroz vrijeme, s ciljem da se prikažu razlike i prednosti u odnosu na prethodne generacije. Analizirat će se prednosti pete generacije, kako za krajnje korisnike, tako i za pružatelje usluga. Prikazat će se i istražiti trenutna pokrivenost 5G mrežom na području Republike Hrvatske te planirani daljnji razvoj. Glavni cilj rada je prikazati kako su se mobilne mreže razvile do sada i što nam sve omogućuje zadnja, peta generacija mobilnih mreža. This piece of work describes the development of mobile networks, its' architecture, functionality and possibilities of use, while the highlight is most recent, fifth generation. Development of mobile networks through time is described, in order to present differences and advantages of this generation in comparison to previous ones. Advantages of the fifth generations are analyzed, not only for eventual users, but also for service providers. Coverage of 5G technology on the territory of Republic of Croatia is presented and examined in this work, as well as planned further development. The main goal of this piece of work is to show the evolution of mobile networks up until now and the possibilities that the latest, fifth generation of mobile networks provides.

Danas tehnologija napreduje velikom brzinom, zbog toga poslovni subjekti moraju pratiti konkurencije kako bi mogli reagirati točno na vrijeme. Veliki povod razvitku i poboljšanju reagiranja poslovanja na vrijeme jest komunikacija koja je od velikog značaja za cijeli razvoj uredskog poslovanja. Korištenjem informacijskih tehnologija olakšava se rad u uredima pomoću korištenja robota u ubrzanju svih procesa poslovanja. 5G mreža korištenjem velike brzine i podržavanja velikog broja korisnika na mreži olakšat će nesmetan rad svih poslova uredskog poslovanja. Cilj rada bio je prikazati utjecaj 5G mreže na razvoj uredskog poslovanja. Kroz odabrane primjere primjene umjetne inteligencije, velikih podataka, internet stvari i groupware alate, nastojalo se ukazati na važnost uvođenja 5G mreže u urede. Rezultati mogu biti od pomoći svima koji imaju za cilj modernizirati svoja uredska poslovanja te time biti konkurentniji na hrvatskom, europskom i svjetskom digitalnom tržištu. Today, technology is advancing at a rapid pace, which is why businesses need to keep up with the competition in order to be able to react exactly on time. A big reason for the development and improvement of business response in time is through communication, which is of great importance for the entire development of office business. The use of information technology facilitates work in offices are made simpler by using robots to speed up all business processes. 5G network is using high speed network and support a large number of users on the network will facilitate the smooth operation of all office operations. The aim of this paper was to show the impact of the 5G network on the development of office operations. Through selected examples of the application of artificial intelligence, big data, the Internet of Things and groupware tools, an effort was made to point out the importance of introducing a 5G network in offices. The results of this work can be helpful to all those who aim to modernize their office operations and thus be more competitive in the Croatian, European and global digital market.

U ovom završnom radu iznosi se pregled nekoliko pristupa implementacije bežičnog programiranja ugradbenih uređena (engl. Over-the-Air programming) temeljenih na mikrokontroleru ESP32. Nabrojane su mogućnosti i mane navedenih pristupa. Nadalje, opisan je proces integracije jednog takvog rješenja u postojeći sustav kontrole pristupa. Implementirano rješenje omogućava individualnu i grupnu kontrolu ažuriranja programskih rješenja i konfiguracija nad svim povezanim modulima preko središnjeg servera korestieći web aplikaciju. Opisana su implementirana poboljšanja web aplikacije navedenog sustava. Omogućen je pregledniji prikaz zapisa o ulascima u prostorije. The bachelor thesis describes some approaches to implementing Over-the-Air programming capabilities to ESP32 based embedded devices. The benefits and pitfalls of those approaches are discussed. Furthermore, it describes the integration of one such solution into the existing Access Control System. The implemented solution enables control of firmware and configuration settings on an individual or all remote modules from the central server using the web interface. The improvements to System's web application are also described. More transparent entry log listings are enabled.

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are rapidly penetrating e-health and assisted living domains, and an increasing proportion among them goes on the account of computationally-weak devices, where security and privacy provisioning alone are demanding tasks, not to mention grouping proofs. This paper, therefore, gives an extensive analysis of such proofs and states lessons learnt to avoid possible pitfalls in future designs. It sticks with prudent engineering techniques in this field and deploys in a novel way the so called non-deterministic principle to provide not only grouping proofs, but (among other) also privacy. The developed solution is analyzed by means of a tangible metric and it is shown to be lightweight, and formally for security.

Porastom broja pametnih uređaja, javlja se sve veći problem sigurnosti komunikacije između uređaja. Sigurnost se često zanemaruje kod proizvođača zbog želje za što bržim izlaskom na tržište, a i kod korisnika zbog neznanja i manja osviještenosti. U ovom Diplomskom radu objašnjeni su osnovni koncepti sigurnosti komunikacije te također sigurnost komunikacije u Internetu stvari. Objašnjeno je kako je implementirana sigurnost u tri najčešće korištena protokola u Internetu stvari, HTTP, MQTT i COAP. Na studijskom slučaju je omogućen autoriziran ulazak u prostoriju pomoću studentske iksice. Autorizacija se vrši pomoću NFC čitača koji u komunikaciji s poslužiteljem provjerava je li očitana studentska iksica autorizirana za ulazak u određenu prostoriju. Nastavak ovo rada mogao bi uključivati komunikaciju poslužitelja s ostalim pametnih uređaja kao što je npr. paljenje svjetla u hodniku nakon autorizacije korisnika. With the increase in the number of smart devices, there is a ever growing problem with security of communication between devices. Safety is often neglected by manufacturers due to the desire to release the product on the market as fastest as possible. On the users side, safety is often overlooked due to lack of knowledge and awareness of security problems. This Diploma Thesis explains the basic concepts of communication security and also more specifically the communication security in the Internet of Things. This Thesis explains how security is implemented in the three most commonly used protocols in the Internet of Things, HTTP, MQTT and CoAP. In practical part it is demonstrated how to implement authorized entry into the room by using student card. Authorization is done using a NFC reader which, in communication with the server, checks whether the user with the student card is authorized to enter a particular room. Continuation of this work could include communication of the server with other smart devices such as smart light bulbs so that, after the authorization, the lights in the hallway could be automatically turned on.

U radu je obrađena izrada sustava Interneta stvari za upravljanje osvjetljenjem u pametnom domu. Sustav pomoću neuronske mreže određuje željeno osvjetljenje korisnika. Opisani su pojmovi povezani s Internetom stvari i umjetnim neuronskim mrežama. Sustav je izrađen koristeći programski jezik Python, za izradu neuronske mreže korišteno je sučelje Keras. Sve korištene tehnologije su opisane. Opisana je struktura programskog rješenja i proces dizajniranja neuronske mreže. Predstavljene su sposobnost kontrolne aplikacije i značajke sustava. Opisani su obrasci uporabe. This thesis describes the development of an Internet of things system for controlling lighting in a smart home. The system uses a neural network for determining the desired lighting for a user. Key terms related to Internet of things and neural networks are explained. This solution is developed using programming language Python and Keras API. All used technologies are described. The thesis covers the structure of the developed solution and describes

Perovskitne sončne celice (PSC) so tehnologija sončnih celic, ki se v zadnjih letih najhitreje razvija. V zelo kratkem času so bile dosežene učinkovitosti pretvorbe nad 25%, kot zelo učinkovita se je pa pokazala tudi njihova integracija s silicijevimi celicami v tandemske sončne celice. Kljub potencialu, ki ga imajo, pa zaenkrat zaradi slabše stabilnosti pod zunanjimi pogoji večinoma ostajajo omejene na uporabo v laboratorijih in v okviru mer, ki ne presegajo nekaj kvadratnih centimetrov. V izogib zgornjim izzivom se je pojavila nišna aplikacija uporabe PSC v notranjih prostorih za napajanje različnih naprav, med drugim tudi v napravah interneta stvari (ang. Internet of Things, IoT). V ta namen je poleg učinkovite sončne celice potrebna tudi zmogljiva elektronika z nizko porabo. V nalogi prikažemo komercialno ugodno elektronsko vezje za črpanje energije iz ene same PSC in spremljanje njenih parametrov. Z uporabo zadnjih standardov Bluetootha in varčnih integriranih vezij smo zmanjšali povprečno porabo pod 10 µA. Tako nizka poraba omogoča uporabo superkondenzatorjev za shranjevanje energije namesto sicer uveljavljenih Li-ion baterij, kar omogoča poenostavitev sistema. Uresničljivost koncepta smo demonstrirali z razvojem samozadostne naprave IoT, ki se napaja iz ene same laboratorijske PSC in skladišči energijo v superkondenzatorju. Z napravo merimo intenziteto svetlobe v prostoru in parametre sistema, ki so posredovani oddaljenemu sprejemniku in se tam zbirajo. Izkoriščanje Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) promocijskih kanalov omogoča učinkovito enosmerno brezžično komunikacijo, ki ima doseg do nekaj 10 m in omogoča večdnevno delovanje brez energije sonca, ko je superkondenzator do konca napolnjen. Prototip dokazuje, da današnje laboratorijske PSC že omogočajo izgradnjo avtonomnih senzorjev z brezžično komunikacijo. Dobri izkoristki celic že pri zelo majhnih površinah omogočajo generiranje dovolj energije tudi v zaprtih prostorih. S primerno zasnovo elektronike lahko tako dosežemo dolgotrajno delovanje z zelo malo energije, s čimer omogočimo praktično aplikacijo perovskitnih sončnih celic za avtonomno napajanje IoT naprav v zaprtih prostorih. Perovskite solar cells (PSC) are the fastest-growing solar cell technology in recent years. A remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) above 25% has been reached in a very short time, while at the same time perovskite are also compatible with silicon technology to form tandem solar cells. Despite their potential, due to stability concerns they mostly remain limited to laboratory use and within dimensions not exceeding a few square centimetres. As a solution to the above challenges, a niche application to use PSC to power indoor electronics, such as devices for Internet of things (IoT), has arisen. Besides the excellent PCE of these cells, also an efficient, low-power electronics is required. In this paper, we present a commercially viable electronic circuit for harvesting energy from a single PSC and monitoring its parameters. Use of the latest Bluetooth standards and efficient integrated circuits can lower average consumption below 10 µA. This allows the use of supercapacitors for energy storage instead of the otherwise established Li-ion batteries, which simplifies the system. The feasibility of the concept was demonstrated by the development of a self-sufficient IoT device that is powered by a single laboratory PSC and stores energy in a supercapacitor. The device measures the intensity of light in the room and the parameters of the system, which are transmitted to the remote receiver and recorded there. Exploiting Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) promotional channels enables efficient one-way wireless communication with a range of up to a few tens of meters and allows a few days of uninterrupted operation without solar energy when the supercapacitor is fully charged. The prototype shows that today’s laboratory PSCs already allow the construction of autonomous sensor nodes with wireless communication. The good cell efficiency enables the generation of sufficient energy even indoors with quite small solar cells. By suitable design of electronics, long-term operation with very little energy can be achieved, enabling the practical application of perovskite solar cells to autonomously power IoT devices intended for indoor operation.

U aplikaciji je korišten razvojni okvir Wit.ai kako bi se razvio virtualni razgovornog asistent koji služi za upravljanje uređajima u pametnoj okolini. Napravljana je jednostavna web aplikacija koja omogućuje registraciju i prijavu korisnika u sustav te dodavanje uređaja kojim se onda može upravljati. Napravljeno je konverzacijsko sučelje preko kojeg korisnik komunicira s chatbotom, a sam chatbot je implementiran koristeći tehnologije Wit.ai i Django koje su detaljno razrađene. Predstavljeni su razni koncepti koji se vežu uz same chatbotove i pametnu okolinu te je razrađena arhitektura web aplikacije. In the development of the web application Wit.ai development framework was used in order to design a virtual conversational assistant that serves to manage devices in a smart environment. A simple web application was created that allows users to register and log in to the system and add a device that can then be managed. A conversational interface was created through which the user communicates with the chatbot, and the chatbot itself was implemented using Wit.ai and Django technologies, which were elaborated in detail. Various concepts related to chatbots and a smart environment were presented, and the architecture of the web application was explained.

Applications that make use of Internet of Things (IoT) capture an enormous amount of raw data from fixed and dynamically located sensors and devices. Currently, IoT devices send data directly to the cloud systems for processing to benefit from high availability, scalability, unlimited storage and pooled computing resources on the pay-per-use models. Due to ever-increasing and unpredictable data generation rates and varying demands of Iot-based applications on compute resources, sending the data towards the clouds can result in high latency, transmission costs and privacy issues which cannot efficiently support the overall Quality of Service (QoS) of latency-critical microservice-oriented applications. Recently, the emergence of Fog and Edge computing has enabled to move the services, data and processing power towards the network edge. However, there is lack of QoS-aware approaches that would fully address the QoS-aware reconfigurability of on-demand compute resources and service placement along Cloud-To-Things Computing Continuum. For this purpose, we propose a new P-Match method for QoS-aware distributed deployment and continuous adaptation of interactive and latency-critical applications composed of microservices. The P-Match method as an input data considers metrics obtained from virtual infrastructure monitoring and returns a set of QoS-aware infrastructure deployment options for the deployment of microservice-oriented applications. The P-Match method utilises a subgraph isomorphism matching that is based on requirements and resource matchmaking of an applications' components constraints towards the multi-level QoS metrics related to the Cloud-To-Things Continuum. The overall comparison of the P-Match method with MDP method also suitable for continuous adaptation reveals that for the particular set of microservices' constraints both methods proposed continuous deployment that satisfied the given QoS constraints. Though both methods gave QoS-aware solutions and satisfied the requirements, P-Match returned four times less powerful deployment options regarding infrastructure-level metric and consequently made more sustainable decision yet still enough to satisfy the particular QoS constraints. Since P-Match reached the same or better solutions than MDP method it obviously proves its correctness. Due to its lightweight nature, the P-Match method is suitable for the integration into service modelling frameworks and can be utilised particularly in the provisioning phase to support service placement, tasks and jobs scheduling and execution to specific (virtual) instances to satisfy application's QoS and contributes to the sustainable usage of compute resources, adjusts latency of microservices based on their requirements and data processing at instances where it is the most meaningful. Aplikacije, ki podpirajo internet stvari, zajemajo ogromne količine neobdelanih podatkov iz fiksnih in dinamičnih senzorjev ali naprav. Zaradi različnih zahtev mikrostoritvenih aplikacij po računskih virih, ki se lahko dinamično ter nepričakovano spreminjajo v realnem času in ki jih aplikacije potrebujejo za obdelavo podatkov, je postala potreba po izvajanju mikrostoritvenih aplikacij ter (re)konfiguraciji potrebnih računskih virov z namenom vzdrževanja kakovosti storitve teh aplikacij kritična. Aplikacije z večjimi zahtevami po računskih virih in obdelavi večje količne podatkov je možno poslati v podatkovne centre v oblakih, kjer so na razpolago visoka zmogljivost računskih virov, neomejen prostor za shranjevanje, visoka dostopnost. Podatkovni centri v oblakih se nahajajo najdlje od interneta stvari. Kljub velikim računskim zmogljivostim, pa je lahko obdelava vseh podatkov le v podatkovnih centrih cenovno draga in logistično zahtevna, kar se pozna pri daljšem odzivnem času aplikacij, večjih stroških prenosa ter nizke varnosti podatkov, zaradi česar kakovost storitve predvsem časovno kritičnih aplikacij ne more biti več ustrezno podprta. Ena izmed možnosti za obravnavo tovrstnega problema je decentralizacija mikrostoritvenih aplikacij. Razvoj računalništva v megli je omogočilo izvajanje storitev, procesiranje in analizo podatkov na robu omrežja, blizu interneta stvari, kar bi pomenilo nižji odzivni čas aplikacij in večjo varnost podatkov. Kljub velikemu raziskovalnemu interesu, obstaja še vedno veliko pomanjkanje učinkovitih pristopov, ki bi v celoti naslovili rekonfigurabilnost in izboljšano rabo računskih virov ter izbiro virtualnih instanc za namestitev mikrostoritev vzdolž računalništva v megli in oblaku. Namen doktorske disertacije je razvoj nove metode P-Match za izboljšano razporejanje in izvajanje mikrostoritev na instancah blizu interneta stvari ali v oblaku. Dinamično razporejanje mikrostoritev med podatkovnimi centri ter internetom stvari glede na zahteve po računskih virih, pomeni neprekinjeno prilagajaje računskih virov in posledično vzdrževanje kakovosti storitve časovno-kritičnih aplikacij. Metoda kot vhodne podatke prejme metrike pridobljene z monitoringom virtualne infrastrukture ter vrne set ustreznih (virtualnih) instanc za namestitev mikrostoritvene aplikacije. Metoda P-Match deluje na podlagi podgrafnega izomorfizma, ki temelji na ujemanju potrebe po računskih virih mikrostoritev z razpoložljivimi računskimi viri na infrastrukturi. Vrednotenje in primerjava metode P-Match s podobno metodo MPD, prav tako primerno za izboljšano razporejanje mikrostoritev, je pokazala, da za določen sklop zahtev mikrostoritev po računskih virih obe metodi predlagata takšno razporeditev mikrostoritev, ki zadošča vnaprej določenim zahtevam aplikacije ter vzdržuje izboljšano kvaliteto storitve. Čeprav sta obe metodi zadostili zahtevam, je metoda P-Match vrnila enake ali celo boljše rezultate v nekoliko hitrejšem času. Metoda P-Match je zaradi hitrega izvajanja primerna za integracijo v orodja za kreiranje mikrostoritev ter uporabo v fazi planiranja in prispeva k trajnostni rabi računskih virov, prilagaja odzivni čas mikrostoritev glede na njihove zahteve ter obdelavo podatkov tam, kjer je najbolj smiselna.

Internet of things ili IoT je nova vrsta umrežene paradigme koja je pomoću interneta proširena diljem svijeta. Glavni cilj je povezati mnoštvo heterogenih uređaja korištenjem različitih komunikacijskih tehnologija. IoT sa sobom nosi mnoštvo dobrih stvari kao što su napredak u društvenom razvoju i ekonomski dobici. Jedan od glavnih oblika bežične tehnologije koja se koristi u razvoju IoT-a je Bluetooth. Jedna od glavnih primjena Bluetooth-a je razmjena podataka između fiksnih i mobilnih bežičnih uređaja unutar kratkog dometa. Bluetooth Low Energy standardi su Bluetooth tehnologija koja je dizajnirana kako bi se omogućilo što jednostavnije uparivanje uređaja. Cilj ovoga rada je istraživanje sigurnosti i sigurnosnih nedostataka Bluetooth-a, kakva poboljšanja pruža šifriranje i razmjena ključeva, te analiziranje ponašanja Bluetooth signala u okruženjima u kojemu se generiraju smetnje različitog tipa. The Internet of Things or IoT is a new kind of networking paradigm that has been expanded around the world using the Internet. The main goal is to connect a mulitple of heterogeneous devices using different communication technologies. The IoT carries with it a various of good things such as progress in social development and economic gains. One of the main forms of wireless technology used in the development of IoT is Bluetooth. One of the main applications of Bluetooth is the exchange of data between fixed and mobile wireless devices within short range. Bluetooth Low Energy standards are Bluetooth technology designed to make pairing as easy as possible. The aim of this paper is to investigate the security and security flaws of Bluetooth, what improvements are provided by encryption and key exchange, and to analyze the behavior of Bluetooth signals in environments in which different types of interference are generated.

Ovaj rad se bavi istraživanjem o primjeni multimedijske tehnologije u Internet stvarima. Objašnjeno je što su to točno Internet stvari i kako one funkcioniraju i poboljšavaju upotrebu pametnih uređaja. Primjena multimedijske tehnologije, komponenti, podataka uvelike poboljšava i povećava korisnost Internet stvari. Kako bi se omogućila primjena i rad multimedije u Internet stvarima istražit će se ključne tehnološke komponente koje to omogućuju, kao što su: multimedijski senzori, računarstvo u oblaku, magli i na rubu, višeagentni sustavi, protokoli za multimedijske podatke i mnoge druge. Proučit će se gdje se sve mogu primjenjivati i na koji način multimedijske Internet stvari pomažu u poboljšanju i razvoju velikog broja raznolikih sustava od industrijske proizvodnje, poljoprivrede, pametnog zdravstva do zabavne industrije i mnogih drugih, te brojne pogodnosti koje pružaju za krajnjeg korisnika. The main research of this work is application of multimedia technologies in Internet of Things. It explains what are the Internet of Things and how they work and improve the use of smart devices. The application of multimedia technologies, components and multimedia data greatly improves and increases the usefulness of the Internet of Things. This work also explains key technological components that enable application and operation of multimedia in the Internet of Things such as multimedia sensors, cloud computing, fog and edge computing, multi-agent systems, multimedia data protocols, and many others. I will research where multimedia Internet things can be applied and how they improve and develop a large number of diverse systems from industrial production, agriculture, smart health to entertainment industries and many others. Here will be also shown many benefits which multimedia Internet of things provide for the end user.

Federalnog učenje je kolaborativna, distribuirana metoda za učenje globalnog dijeljenog modela. Koristi računalne mogućnosti krajnjih uređaja (pametni telefoni, uređaji u ugradbenim sustavima, internetu stvari, računarstvu na rubu itd.) za obavljanje procesa strojnog učenja, pri čemu se za treniranje koriste lokalni podaci. Svaki krajnji uređaj (klijentski čvor) trenira lokalni model nad svojim podacima, a centralni čvor kreira globalni model na temelju lokalnih modela. Lokalni podaci svakog klijenta, koji su često privatni, nikada se ne dijele s nekom trećom stranom i na taj način je sačuvana privatnost klijenta. Kako bi se olakšalo istraživanje federalnog učenja razvijeni su programski okviri za federalno učenje, a jedan od njih je Flower. U ovom radu proučeno je područje federalnog učenja, te programski okvir Flower i njegove karakteristike i prednosti u odnosu na slične programske okvire. Implementiran je sustav za stvaranje zajedničkog modela temeljen na programskom okviru Flower, te su ispitane performanse sustava s obzirom na dostignuti kvalitetu zajedničkog globalnog modela i modela dobivenog metodom klasičnog centralnog strojnog učenja. Federated learning (FL) is collaborative, distributed method of machine learning used to create a shared global model. It uses computing capabilities of end devices (smartphones, devices in embedded systems, IoT, edge computing etc.) for machine learning on their local data. Every end device (client node) trains a local model on its local data, while central node creates global shared model based on information from local models. Local data of each client, which is often private, is never shared with other party and privacy of clients is preserved. To make exploration and development of federated learning easier, several frameworks for federated learning have been developed, one of which is Flower. In this work the field of federated learning is described and Flower framework for federated learning is explored. Using Flower framework, system for creating a shared global model is developed and its performance is evaluated based on achieved quality of shared global model and model created using classic centralized method of machine learning.

U ovom radu je prikazana tehnologija interneta stvari i njena primjena sa naglaskom na kontrolu pristupa prostorijama unutar sustava sa hijerarhijskom strukturom korisničkih uloga. Pojašnjene su važne stvari za odabir adekvatnog mikrokontrolera i zašto je ESP32 dobar izbor. Izložen je detaljan pregled korištenog sklopovlja. Obrađen je koncept Docker-a u kojem je rađen poslužitelj te njegovih prednosti nad virtualnim strojevima. Iznešen je koncept Laravel web aplikacije te njegova sinergija sa Docker-om uz primjer izmjena koda. Na kraju su navedene modifikacije koje su bile zadane za napraviti unutar sustava Houseleek. This thesis presents the technology of the Internet of Things and its application with an emphasis on access control to premises within a system with a hierarchical structure of user roles. The important things for choosing an adequate microcontroller and why ESP32 is a good choice are explained. A detailed overview of the hardware used is presented. The concept of Docker in which the server works and its advantages over virtual machines is discussed. The concept of the Laravel web application and its synergy with Docker with the example of code changes are presented. Finally, the modifications that were set to be made within the Houseleek system are listed.