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The article deals with the problem issues of the classification of intangible assets for the accounting and analytical maintenance of operations with them. The emphasis is placed on the fact that as a result of expanding the range of users of accounting information of the financial and property status of the enterprise, as well as significantly increasing the interest of the participants in the economic process to the objective and reliable information of the movement of enterprises, their composition in order to implement effective management. Obtaining the full description of intangible assets and the consequences of carrying out transactions with them becomes of great importance, so it is necessary to form a well-founded classification, since there is no consistent one for each type of intangible assets with its system of accounting reflection, methods of evaluation, analysis, audit and management, due to the implementation of economic activities. Therefore, we have supplemented the classification features of intangible assets, their content is disclosed and, thus, their types are distinguished: by branches; for functional purpose; for a natural-material sign; in relation to the operation process; for terms of use; on the possibility of using the mechanism of depreciation; for normative regulation; the degree of alienation; the degree of influence on the financial results of the enterprise; at the stages of the product life cycle; according to the cycles of the movement of funds; in relation to the entity. Clarification of the classification of intangible assets on these grounds, may be one of the main aspects of the effective organization of their accounting, internal economic analysis and control.

Intangible assets proxied by Intellectual Capital play an important role as the key to success and the trigger for the creation of company’s value. The current trend is that companies have not yet focused on Intellectual Capital disclosure. With the implementation of Corporate Governance mechanism, it is expected to support the disclosure of IC, so as to add values to the company. This study aims to analyze corporate governance mechanism as a trigger of Intellectual Capital disclosure to companies in Indonesia. The population of this study was companies included in the ranking of CG implementation conducted by The Indonesian Institute for Corporate Governance (IICG) in 2011, 2012 and 2013. The sample was taken by purposive sampling method. This study used secondary data, i.e. company’s annual report where then the data were processed with simple linear regression. The result showed that corporate governance did not have any influence to intellectual capital disclosure.

There are companies that use the trade secret in order to achieve a competitive advantage in the market. This technique, in times of technology, acquires an immeasurable value and therefore requires a legal system that, in addition to sanctioning illicit behaviors, promotes healthy competition, innovation and the transfer of knowledge. The study addresses the state of the art of the trade secret in Venezuela. The methodology used was theoretical, explanatory and bibliography. The reality in universities, state entities and the business sector of the country show that even its main stakeholders who ignore its value and how to protect it do not know the trade secret. Furthermore, there is no legal system that develops it according to an international law. It is concluded that this reality can be reversed if the sectors involved converge in regulating the subject adequately. RESUMEN Hay empresas que utilizan el secreto empresarial con el fin de lograr una ventaja competitiva en el mercado. Esta técnica, en tiempos de tecnología, adquiere un inmensurable valor y por ello requiere de un régimen jurídico que además de sancionar las conductas ilícitas promueva la sana competencia, la innovación y la transferencia de conocimientos. El estudio aborda el estado de la técnica del secreto empresarial en Venezuela. La metodología utilizada fue teórica, explicativa y documental bibliográfica. La realidad en universidades, entes del Estado y el sector empresarial del país demuestran que el secreto empresarial no es conocido ni siquiera por sus principales interesados quienes ignoran su valor y forma de protegerlo. Además, no existe un sistema de normas que lo desarrolle de acuerdo con los estándares internacionales. Se concluye que esta realidad puede revertirse si los sectores involucrados convergen en normar adecuadamente la materia.

Purpose: To analyze the main types of intangible assets as sources of economic and social outcomes in large corporations. Design/methodology: We create a sample of large corporations with data from two secondary databases: Fortune Most Admired Companies and Interbrand. We study business’ legitimacy through their presence on Google.com. We perform quantitative analysis by testing the proposed hypotheses against a structural equation model built using the PLS method. Findings: We confirm the value of brands and legitimacy as sources of economic outcomes. We observe that perceived quality and brand equity influence social results. We conclude that perceived quality alone does not improve brand or market value. Research limitations/implications: The main limitation is related to the characteristics of the companies in the sample: large, highly institutionalized multinational corporations. Practical implications: The results offer several considerations for managers seeking to improve organizational outcomes. Intangible assets must be managed along with tangible assets in order for organizations to survive and thrive in the marketplace. Originality/value: The principal contribution of this study is to demonstrate the importance of managing intangible assets so that the organization can maintain or improve its legitimacy and its economic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across the globe, public administrations are employing communication to develop programs to respond to the challenges of bringing society to the core of policy making and of searching for innovative ways to generate growth. But how much do these programs achieve, and to what extent are their consequences positive? Building on theorizing about intangible assets in the public sector and based on economic indicators as well as on survey data from 17 countries, this paper explores whether specific intangible assets that are citizens' perceptions-based can operate as sources of growth. More specifically, the article looks at citizen engagement and trust, intangible resources that are built upon organizational behaviors as well as activated through communication. Results allow us to compare the relation of these resources with growth with the relation of tangible capital with growth in 17 countries. Based on findings, the article discusses implications for public sector communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brands are the most precious intangible companies' assets. Company managers need to know their brand value and the aspects determining it. As no transparent brands market exists, the main objective of this study was to model brand values that the world's main valuation consultants publish. The obtained results indicate that 80% of the value of these brands is accounted for by both the net results of the companies that own brands and their value on the Stock Exchange. These results allow brand values to be estimated using quantitative and objective information by simple methods, unlike those used by valuation consultants. Moreover, one temporal analysis and another for different industries confer these outcomes consistency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modern economy is called the economy of the effective human capital, which emphasizes its main role in the development of the economy and society as a productive factor. Human capital becomes the most important factor in the economic growth of the country, the basis of sustainable economic development. The relevance of scientific research is due to the fact that the effectiveness of the use and development of human capital is the main priority for most of the leading countries of the world. The article considers approaches to the definition of the concept and the theoretical content of the category of human capital, its importance for the development of areas of science and practice. It is shown that human capital is a necessary independent factor determining economic growth. The neces-sity of reflecting human capital in the accounting and reporting system of firms is substantiated. The main problems of recognition of this most important factor of production are identified, and directions for their further solution are defined. The scientific and practical necessity of introducing a new object of accounting and analysis of human capital has been substantiated. The possibility of adequate accounting and assessment, as well as a reliable reflection of the intellectual potential of the company in the financial statements is a necessary condition for the formation of its fair value. The article contains information and conclusions that have practical interest for firms.

The controversial issues that arise in connection with the transition of domestic enterprises to international standards are singled out, and analyzed. The comparison of the definition of « an intangible asset» (hereinafter IA) used in the legal documents during 25 years is conducted and the development of this concept in the retrospective is established. The author proposes six levels of normative accounting regulation of IA and on the basis of them the article groups the external and internal normative documents, which today regulate the accounting of IA. The issue of recognition of internally generated IA according to international standards is researched. The existence of differences in international and domestic practices regarding the use of the terms «trademarks», «service marks», «a brand name» and «marks for goods and services» is emphasized. The existence of discrepancies in the approach to understanding the accounting policies of NAS 1 and IAS 8 is established. The problem sides of the revaluation of the IA model are substantiated. The issues of valuation and amortization of IA in the enterprise’s accounting policy are covered.

Goal. Given the modern aspects of building a strong brand, the strategic assets of companies are their trademarks, which, with good governance, act as revenue generators. Recently, the problems of implementing an investment project with minimal risks and high efficiency become more acute, as in the current market there are many limiting factors that negatively affect the successful development of the domestic brand. The purpose of the study in this article is to identify internal and external factors that limit development and reduce the competitiveness of domestic brands in the Russian market in modern conditions.Methods. In the study, using qualitative analysis of available statistics and examples, the main barriers to the presence of domestic brands are considered. The main methodology for building the development strategy of the company is proposed by the well-known economiststrategist, professor V. Kvint and has been tested in practice for 45 years.Results. As a result of this research, a comparative competitive analysis of brands in the world and in Russia was conducted, statistical data of a large analytical source on intellectual property of WIPO were analyzed, five main negative factors influencing the development of the national branding industry in Russia were identified.

Purpose: The aim of this research paper is to examine the relationships between intangible assets, employee's performance, and job satisfaction (JS) with structural model. The research explores both the practical and theoretical basis of these paradigms on organisation performance. This research also aims to identify whether a relation can be established between these aspects in the context of non-profit organisation performance in Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach: Reviewing the literature explores a theoretical existence of related context preceding the organisational performance. The authors used structural equation modelling to check the research prototype with a sample of 121 respondents. The respondents were heads of departments and general employees. In addition, SPSS was used to measure demographic, non-response bias, and generate descriptive statistics. Findings: Overall, the results demonstrate that organisation with a higher level of intellectual capital (IC), employee performance (EP), and job performance (JP) are important predictors of organisational performance in this sample. Similarly, JS and IC predicted EP. It is acknowledged that emotional intelligence such as satisfaction and dissatisfaction are important incentives to necessitate action tendencies. Research limitations/implications: This research is focused on organisations. Further research may extend the focus to different types of organisations and countries. Practical implications: The findings of this study may help institutions and HR departments to initiate new strategies such as integrating the traditional company performance measurement systems based on various indicators of this study. These factors succeed in providing an effective representation of a set of intangible assets that are developed by the company and that contribute to the improvement of company's performance. Additionally, to maximise IC assets, the company can implement knowledge sharing practices among employees and experts as well. Original value/knowledge contribution: This research is useful for organisations and academics as a reference of the comparative and intersecting explanation of enhancing organisational performance. Moreover, various main concepts/theories are combined, namely, IC, JS, and employee's performance to solve the obstacles of organisation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Emission of the greenhouse gases has a significant impact on the environment of the whole planet. Innumerable international plenary sessions have agreed only on partial solutions. The signatory countries came up with the instrument which should improve the air quality- the emission allowances. The politicians and environmentalists involved in the Kyoto Protocol and subsequent Paris Agreement have negotiated emission reductions. Achievement of this goal is established for years 2005 - 2030. 43 % of current greenhouse gas emissions should be reduced. Each allowance represents the right to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide (CO2) or the equivalent amount of two more powerful greenhouse gases, nitrous oxide (N2O) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs). Allowances are distributed among individual countries, which allocate them free of charge to plants, factories and other fixed installations. These emission allowances can be the subject of trade between these operators. All these facts result in questions related to the accounting methods. How many allowances are needed? Should they be recognised as an asset? Is their price regulation necessary? Can emission allowances reduce greenhouse gases or are government subsidies and compensations - alternatively carbon taxes - more suitable for this purpose? Is the business environment more or less destroyed? The goal of this article is to contribute by critical discussion to easier, fair and true recognition of emission allowances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]