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Since the implementation of the Lisbon Treaty, the European Parliament wields the power of consent over international (trade) agreements, enabling it to threaten a veto. Due to the extensive financial and reputational costs associated with a veto, the European Commission (hereinafter Commission) was expected to read these threats effectively. However, the Commission’s responses to such threats have varied greatly. Building on a fine-grained causal mechanism derived from information processing theory and an extensive process-tracing analysis of seven free trade agreements post-Lisbon, we explain why the Commission has responded differently to looming vetoes. Our analysis reveals that the variation in Commission responses derives from imperfections in its information-processing system, the ‘early-warning system,’ which had to be adapted to the new institutional equilibrium post-Lisbon. Because of this adaption process, factors exogenous to the parliamentary context (‘externalities’) as well as internal uncertainties (‘internalities’) add constant unpredictability to the Commission’s reading of the European Parliament.

A significant majority of the literature on natural environments and urban green spaces justifies the preferences that people have for natural environments using four predictors defined by Kaplan's preference matrix theory, namely coherence, legibility, complexity, and mystery. However, there are no studies implicitly focusing on the visual attributes assigned to each of these four predictors. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the influence of nine visual attributes derived from the four predictors of Kaplan's matrix on people's preferences in the context of urban parks. A discrete choice experiment was used to obtain responses from a sample of 396 students of Golestan University. Students randomly evaluated their preferences towards a set of potential scenarios with urban park images. The results of a random parameter logit analysis showed that all of the attributes of complexity (variety of elements, number of colors, and organization of elements) and one attribute each of coherence (uniformity), mystery (visual access), and legibility (distinctive elements) affect students' choices for urban parks, while one attribute each of mystery (physical access) and legibility (wayfinding) did not affect the choices. Furthermore, the results indicated a preference for heterogeneity of the attributes. The findings of this study can provide instructions for designing parks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ladas, V

The paper looked at Information Processing Theory's implications for the Library users' learning satisfaction. The study discussed the nature of information and asserted that the dissemination of information empowers learning since the world is increasingly becoming information-based. It looked at information processing as the standard for understanding and satisfactory learning against memorization, leading to poor academic performance as it does not allow what the learner has learned to be part of him. The study also discussed that the instructor, facilitator, teacher, lecturer, and users have a role to play in processing information that improves learning. What remains essential is the fact that users of information must be equipped with the skills, services the library renders to its users to ensure they are satisfied and methods that allow them to continually be relevant and viable in the face of changes that could be uncertain and enormous. For an enhancing success story to be recorded, issues that pertain to educational backwardness like strikes incidences that encourage ad-hoc teaching and learning should be addressed properly as this is a very significant militating factor on the scheduling of educational programs. The discussion concluded by presenting the human mind as having the capability to aid understanding, storage, and retrieval of learning materials, which are properly processed by the learners (library users'). Data were obtained by administration of 600 copies of questionnaire to final year students at the social Science library of the Readers Services while preparing for their Examination after resumption from COVID-19 pandemic crises/ASUU strike. Accordingly, 600 questionnaire copies were distributed to final year students of Accounting, Banking & Finance, Economics, Education, Geography, and Sociology. Only 467 usable copies were returned and analyzed for this descriptive survey study. The study revealed that out of the 467 respondents, 229 (49.03%) were males, and 238 (50.96%) were females. Results of the study revealed that respondents were aware of Information processing theory. From table 3 (objective 2), respondents have applied it to their studies without knowing the name as it exists; thus, the disagreement indicated that some students applied it differently from the ones listed in the study options. The study also revealed that they have benefited from it. The study concludes that users' who applied this theory to their learning were satisfied when compared with previous methods. It was recommended that more research be carried out in this regard to allow respondents to point out other ways in which they have applied this information processing theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan kesulitan siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal cerita matematika berdasarkan teori pemrosesan informasi ditinjau dari gaya kognitif siswa. Penelitian ini merupakan pendekatan kualitatif yang bersifat desktiptif. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan tes tertulis dan wawancara.Teknik analisis data yaitu pertama pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data, dan terakhir penarikan kesimpulan atau verifikasi. Instrument dalam penelitian ini adalah tes GEFT sebagai tes penentuan calon subjek penelitian, tes tertulis berupa soal cerita, dan pedoman wawancara. Subjek dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari 2 siswa yang memiliki gaya kognitif field independent (FI) dan 2 siswa yang memilki gaya kognitif field dependent (FD). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa informasi berupa soal cerita yang diterima siswa FI dan FD masuk ke sensory register melalui indra penglihatan. Siswa FI dan FD mampu memberi attention (perhatian) terhadap soal sehingga muncul perception (pendapat) tentang konsep/rumus dan mengaplikasikannya di short term memory. Saat retrieval (pemanggilan kembali) konsep yang dibutuhkan darilong term memorysiswa FD banyak mengalami kesulitan, sehingga terdapat siswa FD yang tidak mampu mengaplikasikan konsep yang dibutuhkan di short term memory. Faktor penyebab kesulitan siswa lebih banyak muncul dari dalam diri siswa dan lebih sedikit muncul dari luar diri siswa. The purpose of this study was to describe students' difficulties in solving math story problems based on information processing theory in terms of students' cognitive styles. This research is a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection techniques using written tests and interviews. The data analysis technique is the first data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and finally drawing conclusions or verification. The instruments in this study were the GEFT test as a test for determining prospective research subjects, a written test in the form of story questions, and interview guidelines. The subjects in this study consisted of 2 students who had a field independent cognitive style (FI) and 2 students who had a field dependent cognitive style (FD). The results showed that information in the form of story questions received by FI and FD students entered the sensory register through the sense of sight. FI and FD students are able to pay attention to the questions so that their perception about the concept/formula appears and apply it in short term memory. When retrieval (recall) the required concepts from long term memory FD students experience many difficulties, so there are FD students who are not able to apply the concepts needed in short term memory. Factors causing student difficulties arise more from within students and less from outside students.

Under the background of economic globalization and industrial revolution, team entrepreneurship has drawn increased attention. Team entrepreneurship is considered to be advantageous in its capability of integrating more abundant resources and of sharing knowledge, information, and complementary skills among members of the entrepreneurial team, enabling entrepreneurial enterprises to successfully adapt to the highly uncertain entrepreneurial environment. In recent years, the relationship between the heterogeneity of the entrepreneurial team and its decision-making quality has attracted much attention in the management research field. However, the research results on such topic are quite inconsistent. Based on the information processing theory, the greater the market uncertainty the entrepreneurial team faces, the stronger information integration ability a team will be required to possess. This study investigates the mechanism and boundary conditions of the impact of expertise heterogeneity of the entrepreneurial team on entrepreneurial decision-making. It points out that team knowledge integration and team reflexivity have significant impacts on the relationship between entrepreneurial team expertise heterogeneity and entrepreneurial decision-making. This study adopts the multi-source design approach and collects data from 419 academic entrepreneurial teams in the University Science and Technology Park in Zhejiang Province. Hierarchical regression and bootstrapping methods are also employed for data analysis. The results show that team knowledge integration mediates the relationship between entrepreneurial team expertise heterogeneity and entrepreneurial decision-making, whereas team reflexivity moderates the relationship between entrepreneurial team expertise heterogeneity and team knowledge integration. In the final part, the practical implications for entrepreneurial team are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the background of economic globalization and industrial revolution, team entrepreneurship has drawn increased attention. Team entrepreneurship is considered to be advantageous in its capability of integrating more abundant resources and of sharing knowledge, information, and complementary skills among members of the entrepreneurial team, enabling entrepreneurial enterprises to successfully adapt to the highly uncertain entrepreneurial environment. In recent years, the relationship between the heterogeneity of the entrepreneurial team and its decision-making quality has attracted much attention in the management research field. However, the research results on such topic are quite inconsistent. Based on the information processing theory, the greater the market uncertainty the entrepreneurial team faces, the stronger information integration ability a team will be required to possess. This study investigates the mechanism and boundary conditions of the impact of expertise heterogeneity of the entrepreneurial team on entrepreneurial decision-making. It points out that team knowledge integration and team reflexivity have significant impacts on the relationship between entrepreneurial team expertise heterogeneity and entrepreneurial decision-making. This study adopts the multi-source design approach and collects data from 419 academic entrepreneurial teams in the University Science and Technology Park in Zhejiang Province. Hierarchical regression and bootstrapping methods are also employed for data analysis. The results show that team knowledge integration mediates the relationship between entrepreneurial team expertise heterogeneity and entrepreneurial decision-making, whereas team reflexivity moderates the relationship between entrepreneurial team expertise heterogeneity and team knowledge integration. In the final part, the practical implications for entrepreneurial team are discussed.

How do we match technology transfer sources to recipients? In this paper, we approach this question by addressing gaps in two distinct streams of the literature. In the technology-transfer literature, the integrated pretransfer matching framework is in need of empirical validation, which calls for an empirical approach that can cope with its configurational, equifinal, causally asymmetric, and multinomial features. In the qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) literature, the emerging variant multivalue QCA (mvQCA), one of the few techniques to tackle the above four features is in need of multivalue theory applications. Thus, these two seemingly unrelated literature hold the key to fill each other's gap. To address the gaps, we leveraged the unique public research institute (PRI) to small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) transfer context in Singapore. We collected 188 responses from three stakeholders [i.e., research scientists and engineers, public research institutes (PRIs), and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)] who are involved in technology transfer. Our analysis suggested one necessary and six sufficient PRI-SME configurations that enhance the commercialization potential of the transferred technology. Furthermore, we identified three sufficient PRI-SME configurations that hinder the commercialization of technology transfer activities. Not only does our paper establishes the validity of pretransfer matching framework, but also introduces the mvQCA method to management scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to understand the processes behind how and why individuals emerge as leaders, so that the best and most capable individuals may occupy leadership positions. So far, most literature in this area has focused on individual characteristics, such as personality or cognitive ability. While interactions between individuals and context do get research attention, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of how the social context at work may help individuals to emerge as leaders. Such knowledge could make an important contribution toward getting the most capable, rather than the most dominant or narcissistic individuals, into leadership positions. In the present work, we contribute toward closing this gap by testing a mediation chain linking a leader's leader self-awareness to a follower's leadership emergence with two time-lagged studies (nstudy1 = 449, nstudy2 = 355). We found that the leader's leader self-awareness was positively related to (a) the follower's leadership emergence and (b) the follower's nomination for promotion and that both relationships were serially mediated by the follower's self-leadership and the follower's leader self-efficacy. We critically discuss our findings and provide ideas for future research.

It is important to understand the processes behind how and why individuals emerge as leaders, so that the best and most capable individuals may occupy leadership positions. So far, most literature in this area has focused on individual characteristics, such as personality or cognitive ability. While interactions between individuals and context do get research attention, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of how the social context at work may help individuals to emerge as leaders. Such knowledge could make an important contribution toward getting the most capable, rather than the most dominant or narcissistic individuals, into leadership positions. In the present work, we contribute toward closing this gap by testing a mediation chain linking a leader's leader self-awareness to a follower's leadership emergence with two time-lagged studies (n study1 = 449, n study2 = 355). We found that the leader's leader self-awareness was positively related to (a) the follower's leadership emergence and (b) the follower's nomination for promotion and that both relationships were serially mediated by the follower's self-leadership and the follower's leader self-efficacy. We critically discuss our findings and provide ideas for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study uses a descriptive exploratory approach because it aims to describe the thought processes of students in solving word problems based on information processing theory and involving high school students in grade XI. Research instruments in the form of interview guidelines and question instruments. Students are asked to complete the given word problem then interviewed to confirm their thought processes based on information processing theories, namely attention, perception, rehearsal, retrieval and encoding. Subjects were chosen based on the completeness of aspects of the thought process and suggestions from the teacher. The results showed that all subjects carried out all processes but in different ways. Abstrak: Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif eksploratif karena bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan proses berpikir siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal cerita berdasarkan teori pemrosesan informasi dan melibatkan siswa kelas XI SMA. Instrumen penelitian berupa pedoman wawancara dan instrumen soal. Siswa diminta untuk menyelesaikan soal cerita yang diberikan kemudian diwawancarai untuk mengonfirmasi proses berpikirnya berdasarkan teori pemrosesan informasi, yaitu attention, perception, rehearsal, retrieval dan encoding. Subjek dipilih berdasarkan aspek kelengkapan, aspek proses berpikir, dan saran dari guru. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua subjek melakukan semua proses, namun dengan cara yang berbeda-beda.

Growing dependence on suppliers for production and innovation, together with increasing consumer demands, has prompted recent discussions of the importance of purchasing–marketing functional integration. However, empirical studies are needed to understand how to manage this interface within a new product development (NPD) context. This study, grounded in information processing theory, proposes a new model to classify integrating mechanisms as either information-sharing forums or optimizers. This model further postulates the greater capacity of optimizer mechanisms for improving NPD commercial and financial performance, as well as speed. The empirical results, obtained from a sample of 141 firms, show that forums only improve NPD speed, whereas optimizer mechanisms evoke better commercial and financial performance. This study therefore highlights the potential of different integrating mechanisms and contributes to the on-going debate about the very concept of functional integration itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Personal trust tendency is an individual characteristic that can affect one's evaluation of others, behavior and its related outcomes. It may significantly affect one's health information seeking behavior and compliance. Therefore, this article aims at figuring out how personal trust tendency influences patient compliance through the internet health information seeking and patient satisfaction with it. Methods: Data were collected from 336 valid participants through an online survey in China. There are two independent variables: (1) cognition-based trust tendency and (2) affect-based trust tendency, three intervening variables (emerging internet health information seeking, conservative internet health information seeking, and satisfaction with internet health information), one dependent variable (patient compliance), and control variables. We performed confirmative factor analysis and structural equation modeling to test the hypotheses. Results: The cognition- and affect-based trust tendency positively affects patient compliance through the mediation of emerging and conservative internet health information seeking and satisfaction with internet health information. Surprisingly, strong positive relationships between affect-based trust tendency and emerging and conservative internet health information seeking were found, which are contrary to our initial hypothesis. Conclusions: Health information is considerably important when regarding health-related issues for individuals with cognition- and affect-based trust tendency. Physicians should encourage patients to seek health information on the internet and guide them to use internet health information that suits them. Information exchange and correlations should be involved in doctor–patient interactions. By following the suggestions just cited, better patient compliance can likely be obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by the limited research on technology transfer from public research institutions (PRIs) to small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and the scant literature on assessing the fit between technology transfer source and recipient, we aim to answer: How do we bridge the knowledge gap between PRIs and SMEs to facilitate the pretransfer matching process? Taking each technology transfer project as the unit of analysis and adopting information processing theory, we equate information processing requirements with technology readiness levels of the technologies intended to be transferred from PRIs, and information processing capacities with demand readiness levels of the capabilities possessed by SMEs, and present an integrated framework that advocates transfer source–recipient matchings to facilitate PRI–SME technology transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As sustainability gains increased importance among investors and regulators, firms are resorting to digitalization as a means to facilitate innovations and significantly improve their sustainability performances. Drawing on innovation ambidexterity and information processing theory, a framework was curated to assess the effect of digital transformation factors on sustainability innovation ambidexterity as well as sustainability performance. A survey questionnaire was administered to 187 maritime professionals who held relevant roles in innovation, performance management, sustainability, or digitalization. The data collected was then assessed using structural equation modelling, which revealed that the factors influencing sustainability performance, in decreasing order of importance, were digital capabilities, digital technology and business strategy alignment, sustainability exploration innovation, sustainability exploitation innovation, and digital flexibility. These findings contribute to the existing literature by employing the concepts of the identified theories to examine the triadic relationship between digital transformation factors, sustainability innovation ambidexterity, and sustainability performance. This provides a deeper understanding of the interactions between variables that lead to sustainability performance. In addition, it offers directions for managers to enhance sustainability performance through resource optimization in prioritizing training for employees, portfolio management, scheduling regular meetings between information technology and business management teams, and adopting forward-looking approaches to implement digital architecture. • Explore digital factors influencing innovation and sustainable performance (SP) • Use innovation ambidexterity and information processing theory • Digital capabilities have the largest influence on SP. • Implicates resource allocation on fostering innovation and enhancing SP [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses Galbraith's information processing theory to examine the fit between information processing needs and information processing capability in an interorganizational supply chain context and to examine its effect on performance. Information processing needs are assessed based on various characteristics of the product and procurement environment and information processing capabilities are assessed by the level of information technology support for various activities in the procurement life cycle. A taxonomy of information processing needs and information processing capabilities is developed. The effect of the fit between information processing needs and capabilities on procurement performance is examined. The study collected data on 142 products through personal interviews and surveys, used cluster analytic techniques to develop taxonomies, and analysis of" variance (ANOVA) to test the fit between needs and capability, modeled as an interaction effect. The results reveal two clusters for information processing needs and three clusters for information processing capability. ANOVA results show that the interactive effect of information needs and capability has a significant effect on performance. supporting our fit theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to propose a framework based on empirical work for understanding the consumer decision processes involved in the selection of a restaurant for leisure meals. Design/Methodology/Approach – An interpretive approach is taken in order to understand the intricacies of the process and the various stages in the process. Six focus group interviews with consumers of various ages and occupations in the South East of the United Kingdom were conducted. Findings and implications – The stylized EKB model of the consumer decision process (Tuan-Pham & Higgins, 2005) was used as a framework for developing different stages of the process. Two distinct parts of the process were identified. Occasion was found to be critical to the stage of problem recognition. In terms of evaluation of alternatives and, in particular, sensitivity to evaluative content, the research indicates that the regulatory focus theory of Tuan-Pham and Higgins (2005) applies to the decision of selecting a restaurant. Limitations – It is acknowledged that this exploratory study is based on a small sample in a single geographical area. Originality – The paper is the first application of the stylized EKB model, which takes into account the motivational dimensions of consumer decision making, missing in other models. It concludes that it may have broader applications to other research contexts.

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The objective of this study is to describe the thinking process of junior high school students with field dependence cognitive style in solving problems rectangles and triangles based on the theory of information processing. This study used a qualitative approach. This research was conducted in one of SMP city of Malang. Subjects of this study consisted of two students with field dependence cognitive style. To achieve the purpose of the study, researcher gave tests of mathematics and conducted interviews to the subjects of the research. The result of the study showed that field dependence students have not a good memory about the concept which is needed. In other words, not all mathematical concepts are stored in long term memory field dependence students. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan proses berpikir siswa SMP dengan gaya kognitif filed independent dalam menyelesaikan masalah segiempat dan segitiga berdasarkan teori pemrosesan informasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Penelitian ini dilakukan di salah satu SMP kota Malang. Subjek penelitian ini terdiri atas dua siswa dengan gaya kognitif field dependent. Untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian, peneliti memberikan tes matematika dan melakukan wawancara kepada subjek penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siswa field dependent tidak memiliki ingatan mengenai konsep yang dibutuhkan dengan baik. Dengan kata lain, tidak semua konsep matematika tersimpan di long term memory siswa field dependent.

Contemporary project risk management literature introduces uncertainty, i.e., the lack of information, as a fundamental basis of project risks. In this study the authors assert that equivocality, i.e., the existence of multiple and conflicting interpretations, can also serve as a basis of risks. With an in-depth empirical investigation of a large complex engineering project the authors identified risk sources having their bases in the situations where uncertainty or equivocality was the predominant attribute. The information processing theory proposes different managerial practices for risk management based on the sources of risks in uncertainty or equivocality.

Abstract: PISA is one of international meassurement for student competence. PISA 2015 result show that Indonesia in the low position. This research aims to know the thinking procees of student in order to solve Spacial Geometry PISA problems. Thinking proses shows in cognitive maps using information process theory. This research using 3 students with high, middle, and low cognitive ability as subjects and given 6 problems according to PISA levels. This research shows that student with high cognitive ability having complete thinking proses, student with middle and low cognitive ability having a lost concept on the middle and high-level problems. Abstrak: PISA merupakan salah satu alat pengukuran kemampuan siswa. Dari hasil PISA 2015 Indonesia menduduki posisi rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses berpikir siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal geometri spasial PISA. Proses berpikir ditunjukkan dalam pemetaan kognitif berdasarkan teori pemrosesan informasi. Penelitian menggunakan tiga orang siswa dengan kemampuan kognitif tinggi, rendah, sedang, rendah dengan mengerjakan enam soal mirip PISA yang merepresentasikan setiap level. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa siswa berkemampuan tinggi mengalami proses berpikir yang sempurna, siswa berkempampuan sedang dan rendah mengalami hilang konsep pada soal level sedang dan atas.