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Although there is a wide variability in symptoms, disorders of colonic motility are the most prominent features in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Stool weight is within the normal range but many patients appear to have abnormal rectal sensations. Straining even with soft stool is common. Dietary fibre stimulates ileocolonic flow and may induce more symptoms in IBS than normal. There is evidence of increased responsiveness of the IBS colon, both to the effect of eating and to stress. Defaecatory disorders are common and may reflect both increased or decreased rectal sensitivity. The normal colon is quiescent during sleep, but in IBS coma sleep is often abnormal, with more periods of arousal and the colon consequently more active. There is evidence of increased responsiveness to corticotrophin releasing factor, which mediates much of the effect of stress on the gut. Many patients show a sympathetic/vagal imbalance with relative excess of sympathetic influence in keeping with increased levels of psychological stress and anxiety. There is undoubtably more than one cause of IBS and around 25% appear to develop symptoms after an infectious enteritis. This has effects on the entero-endocrine system which may take many years to subside.

Aeromonas hydrophila was identified by culture technique in diarrhoeal stools and ascites in a patient of 57 years of age who suffered from known alcoholic cirrhosis and additional acute gastroenteritis. No other pathogens that would produce acute diarrhoea were found. The isolated Aeromonas hydrophila strain was characterised by the pathogenic properties known to date as pertaining to this species (formation of haemolysin and enterotoxins). Hence it is evident that Aeromonas hydrophila occurs in Germany also as an autochthonous pathogen of acute infectious enteritis.

Avian health researchers are often faced with the need to evaluate large numbers of potential disease agents, but limited facilities and the desire to minimize animal usage and costs prohibit large, all-inclusive experiments. Plant breeders encounter a similar problem with variety screening experiments in which a large number of varieties must be evaluated, but the supply of seed may be limited. In that situation, the use of augmented experimental designs has proven effective for obtaining the replication needed for valid statistical analysis. Those designs rely on the use of multiple trials consisting of different sets of plant varieties; standard varieties are included as controls or checks in every trial to provide an estimate of experimental error. Although the comparisons among varieties are not all equally precise and the estimate of experimental error may be biased, use of augmented designs can reduce the time and number of experimental units needed to isolate the most promising new varieties for further in-depth study. Augmented designs can similarly be applied to screening experiments in poultry research. This paper describes the augmented randomized complete block design and its application in an avian health setting. Data collected in an exploratory study of infectious enteritis in chickens illustrate details of the statistical analysis. Suggestions for implementing this analysis using the SAS statistical analysis package are also given.

The approach to the child with acute infectious enteritis requires a clear diagnostic evaluation. The various common pathogens are reviewed. Treatment decisions are largely based on the clinical condition of the child. Oral rehydration therapy is addressed.

Parasitic infections of the GastroIntestinal tract and infectious enteritis are common clinical conditions. Most of them present with abdominal pain and hence sonography is requested. In this chapter sonographic features of these conditions are described.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal emergencies in premature infants and has been linked with viral antigens in as much as 40% of cases in single-center cohorts. We examined 28 tissue sections from surgically resected ileum from 27 preterm infants with NEC from 2 separate institutions for 15 common bacterial, viral, and parasitic gastrointestinal pathogens using multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction amplification and suspension array detection methods. We did not detect infectious enteritis pathogens in any of the NEC tissues and conclude that gastrointestinal pathogens are a rare cause of NEC.

A recent 3-year experience with 228 patients operated on for a gastric cancer was reviewed to determine factors causing postoperative MRSA infections. In this review incidence of postoperative infection, infected site, isolates, antibiotics used postoperatively, clinical staging of gastric cancer, operative procedure, extent of dissection, radicability, operation time, bleeding volume, preoperative blood and biochemical findings and underlying disease were examined.Postoperative infection occurred in 26 of the 228 (11.4%), and 13 (5.7%) were caused by MRSA. Of MRSA infections infectious enteritis was most frequent (2.6%; 6/228) followed by respiratory and drainage tube infections at the same rate of 0.9% (2/228). There occurred no MRSA infection in treated with the first generation cefem antibiotics in postoperative prophylactic use. There were no other significant factors but possible nosocomial infection.We think that the management of nosocomial infection and appropriate selection of antibiotics in postoperative prophylactic use are important to decrease postoperative MRSA infection.

Background Acute infectious enteritis is one of the more common childhood diseases worldwide, especially in the first three years of life. Every year, in Germany, one in six children under age 5 is taken to a physician at least once because of infectious diarrheal disease. 10% of the children presenting with rotavirus infection are admitted to hospital. The existing national and international recommendations for the treatment of acute infectious diarrheal disease are inadequately followed, despite the high level of evidence on which they are based.

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by a ubiquitous spirochete of the genus Leptospira and is endemic to the tropics. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are important in reducing the morbidity and mortality that can be associated with this illness. We report the case of a 30-year-old Israeli traveler who had returned from Thailand and developed fever, chills, vomiting and diarrhea. An unexpectedly high value of creatinine expanded the diagnostic possibilities beyond travelers' diarrhea. Leptospirosis was confirmed serologically and the traveler eventually recovered. Leptospirosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of travelers returning with fever and gastrointestinal complaints.

Objective. To verify the role of sonography in screening of acute appendicitis in patients admitted to an infectious disease unit for suspected acute infectious enteritis. Methods. One hundred eighty consecutive patients (102 male and 78 female; age range, 5-72 years; mean age, 31 years) admitted for suspected infectious enteritis or typhoid fever were prospectively studied with abdominal sonography within 48 hours after admission. None of the patients had peritoneal irritation. Forty-six patients (25%) had white blood cell counts of more than 10,000/mm 3 (range, 10,300-18,000/mm 3 ). The diagnosis of acute appendicitis was made when a detectable appendix with an anteroposterior diameter of greater than 7 mm could be seen on sonography. Results. Eleven (6%) of 180 patients had thickened appendixes (anteroposterior diameter range, 7-14 mm); 2 of them had periappendiceal abscesses. Four (36%) of 11 patients with acute appendicitis had high white blood cell counts. All sonographic diagnoses of acute appendicitis and periappendiceal abscesses were confirmed at surgery. Sonography ruled out acute appendicitis in 169 patients. In all of them, clinical and sonographic follow-up excluded the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Normal appendixes were shown on sonography in 38 (22%) of 169 cases and were not detectable in 131 (78%) of 169. Conclusions. Sonography of the appendix is a useful method for early assessment of acute appendicitis in patients thought to have enteritis or typhoid fever.

Correspondence to Jong Woon Cheon, M.D. Departments of Internal Medicine, Dongkang Medical Center, 239 Taehwa-ro, Jung-gu, Ulsan 681-711, Korea Tel: +82-52-241-1203, Fax: +82-52-241-1180, E-mail: oon76@naver.com *The abstract was published in Proceedings of abstracts of 2013 the 64th autumn congress of the Korean Association of Internal Medicine. Copyrightc 2014 The Korean Association of Internal Medicine This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 감염성 장염에 합병된 신정맥 혈전증 1예

Using 92 Salmonella strains isolated from patients suspected of having infectious diseases of the intestinal tract who visited 13 hospitals in Japan during the six years between 1991 and 1996, we investigated the drug susceptibility, prevalence of conjugative R plasmid, and the plasmid profiles. 1) Of the bacterial isolates tested, 52.2% showed drug-resistance. Regarding the drug-resistance patterns, 70.8% of the isolates were resistant to a single drug, while 29.2% were multi drug-resistant. 2) Dividing the resistance patterns by the serotypes, among Salmonella Enteritidis isolates, single-drug resistance to SM was the most frequent, being detected in 27 isolates. Single-drug resistance to NA and two-drug resistance to SM/TC were the second-most frequent, each being detected in isolates. Among Salmonella Hadar isolates, four isolates showed two-drug resistance to SM/TC, and one isolate showed single-drug resistance to TC. Among Salmonella Typhimurium isolates, one isolate each showed three-drug resistance to ABPC/CER/KM and KM/TC/CP. Among Salmonella Agona isolates, one isolate each showed two-drug resistance to SM/TC and single-drug resistance to SM. Among Salmonella Derby isolates, two isolates showed single-drug resistance to SM. 3) The prevalence of conjugative R plasmid was investigated in 48 drug-resistant isolates, and six isolates (12.5%) contained the plasmid. 4) The prevalence of the plasmid was investigated in 29 drug-resistant S. Enteritidis isolates, and 22 isolates (75.9%) contained the plasmid. These isolated were classified by the plasmid profiles into types H1 to H7. 5) Regarding the plasmid profiles of the S. Enteritidis isolates, a position corresponding to 60 Kbp was the most frequently detected in 90.5%.

Olsson, S.-O., S. Viring, U. Emanuelson and S.-O. Jacobsson: Calf diseases and mortality in Swedish dairy herds. Acta vet. Scand. 1993,34, 263-269.– A survey of the mortality and morbidity affecting calves during the first 3 months of life was carried out. Results are reported from 131 herds with altogether 5,050 calvings. These herds kept individual calf cards for all calves born. The incidences of abortions and stillborn calves were 0.6% and 3.6%, respectively. During the period 0-90 days the mortality and morbidity were 2.6% and 11.0%, respectively. The frequencies of enteritis and pneumonia in calves were 7.2% and 0.8%. Mortality and morbidity were influenced by breed, season, age of the dam and time of first colostrum. The frequencies of abortions, stillborn calves, mortality and morbidity varied considerably between herds. Herd factors influencing mortality and morbidity during different periods of time were: herd size, yield, zero-grazing, whether the calf was allowed to feed by suckling, the design of the calf pens, and previous incidence of infectious enteritis in the herd. On average, both mortality and morbidity in calves were low, though in certain herds, temporarily high frequencies were registered.

Animal models of allergic gastroenteropathy have defined both morphologic and physiologic changes that accompany the immune-mediated reaction to a dietary protein. In such models a broadening of the allergic response to other dietary proteins present in the gastrointestinal tract may occur during the localized anaphylactic reaction. The characteristic histologic intestinal findings of food protein-induced enteropathy may develop in selected infants with protracted diarrhea after infectious enteritis. Mechanisms underlying the induction of this response remain to be explained, but they may in part be similar to the broadening of the hypersensitivity response seen in experimental models of allergic enteropathy.

Enteric infections are a major cause of diarrhea in the United States. Pathogens can cause diarrhea by elaboration of toxins that affect the intestinal mucosa or by direct invasion of the intestinal wall. Clinical evaluation can provide important clues to aid in establishing a correct diagnosis in most patients with infectious enteritis. Appropriate cultures are necessary to confirm the diagnosis in most cases. Most types of infectious enteritis are self-limiting, but some pathogens can cause serious disease, requiring accurate diagnosis and suitable antibiotic therapy. Appropriate precautions are mandatory to prevent the spread of infectious diarrhea from occurring in the hospital environment. Dietary restrictions and appropriate hygiene should be observed during travel to foreign countries to reduce the chance of acquiring infectious enteritis.

The clinical efficacy, safety and usefulness of lomefloxacin (LFLX, NY-198), a new quinolone antimicrobial agent, were compared with those of pipemidic acid (PPA) in the treatment of infectious enteritis (bacillary dysentery, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli enteritis and Campylobacter enteritis) by a double blind method. Daily dosage of LFLX and PPA was 600 mg and 2000 mg, respectively administered orally divided into 4 doses. The duration of the treatment was 5 days. Of 290 cases studied, 100 cases were excluded and 21 cases were dropped from analysis of effectiveness and usefulness. The effectiveness and usefulness was evaluated in 169 cases (LFLX group: 83, PPA group: 86). There was no significance difference between the two groups in any background characteristics. The results obtained were as follows: 1. In 73 symptomatic patients (LFLX group: 35, PPA group: 38) on the day of the beginning of administration, the clinical effect was 91.4% in the LFLX group and 84.2% in the PPA group with no significant difference between the two groups. 2. In a total of 184 strains (LFLX group: 90, PPA group: 94), the bacteriological effects of LFLX (93.3%) was superior to that of PPA (80.9%) with significant difference (p = 0.0153). 3. In 169 evaluable patients, the global clinical effects of LFLX (92.8%) was superior to that of PPA (79.1%) with a significant difference (P = 0.0144). 4. Side effects were observed in 1 (0.7%) of the 141 patients in the LFLX group and none of the 143 patients in the PPA group. Abnormal laboratory test values were noted in 10 (7.6%) of the 132 patients treated with FLLX and 7 (5.1%) of the 136 patients treated with PPA, but they as no significant difference between the two groups. 5. In 169 evaluable patients, the clinical usefulness of LFLX (91.6%) was superior to that of PPA (76.7%) with a significant difference (P = 0.0111). From these results, LFLX is considered to be a clinically useful medicine in the treatment of infectious enteritis including bacillary dysentery.

An intestinal immunisation procedure involving systemic priming and oral boosting was investigated in lambs with a view to providing vaccination control of enteritis in young animals. The procedure stimulated the appearance of antibody-containing cells of IgA specificity in the intestine and lambs immunised in this way with a bacterial vaccine were protected against subsequent challenge with live enteropathogenic bacteria. This immunisation regime therefore provides a useful method for the stimulation of IgA immunity in the intestine of ruminants and it is anticipated that it will have general application to a variety of enteric diseases.

Twenty Danish and 3 foreign strains of the porcine subtype of Cl. perfringens type G have been studied with regard to biochemical activity and toxin formation. The strains examined showed no deviation from the biochemical features characteristic of Gl. perfringens. Two of the strains showed delayed fermentation of saccharose, 1 of them also of salicin. Only 3 of the strains gave a positive nitrite reaction. The rest of the strains (20) presumably reduced nitrate to NH(3) within 3 days. All of the strains examined produced the major antigens α and β, none of them ε and ι. Of the minor antigens, θ and v were produced by all the strains, x by 2 of the foreign strains and 5 of the Danish strains. None of the strains gave reaction for the δ, λ and μ antigens. Some of the Danish strains were hemolytic in the presence of α, δ, and θ antitoxins, others not, while a few varied. The foreign strains were non-αδθ hemolytic.

does not appear. First page follows. Introduction The earliest authentic descriptions of fowl typhoid are those of Klein(1) in 1889, in England, and of Moore(2) in 1895-96, in the United States. Klein designated the disease as infectious enteritis and the causative organism, Bacillus gallinarum. Moore called the disease infectious leukemia of fowls and the causative organism Bacterium sanguinarium.§ It has since been determined that these investigators studied the same disease, which is now known as fowl typhoid and has become recognized as an important cause of mortality of adult fowls throughout the world.

Necrotizing infectious enteritis provoked by CI. perfringens type C has been diagnosed with increasing frequency among piglets in Danish herds since 1963. On a clinical basis the disease is difficult to differentiate from other enteric diseases (Hogh 1967). In the small intestine, the infection gives rise to postmortem findings which, under Danish conditions, have not been observed in any other disease affecting baby pigs. The aim of the present study is to describe the patho-anatomical and histo-pathological changes which occur in spontaneously infected pigs.

Necrotizing enteritis in piglets caused by Clostridium perfringens type C has been diagnosed in 32 Danish herds of swine (status as at March 1, 1967), the geographical location of which (Fig. 1) shows the enzootic character of the disease. The disease occurs both in small and large herds, and is characterized by a high mortality during the first week of life (Fig. 5). The mortality does not seem to be influenced either by the size of litter (Fig. 4) or by the state of health of the sows (Table 1). After an incubation period varying from a few hours to a few days, the piglets develop symptoms of enteritis or gastro-enteritis with general malaise and anorexia. The disease, the course of which varies from about 12 hrs. to a few days, ends in coma and death. The body temperature usually remains normal, but may be subnormal or subfebrile. The disease is accompained by hypoglycaemia and increased blood urea (Fig. 7). In peracute cases there is leukopenia, with some shift to the left of the heterophilic granulocytes. There is also leukopenia in subacute cases, but as regards the heterophils this is partly offset by a marked increase in the number of juvenile heterophils. Eosinopenia is another characteristic haematological finding (Table 3). In the differential diagnosis; special attention should, under Danish conditions, be paid to E. coli infections in new-born piglets.

Johne’s disease is a specific infectious enteritis of cattle, sheep, and goats. It is characterized by progressive emaciation, chronic diarrhea, and a thickened and corrugated wall of the intestines. Johne’s disease is caused by the organism Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. It is strongly acid fast and also gram positive. Synonyms for the condition are bovine paratuberculosis or chronic bacterial enteritis., The Bovine Practitioner, No. 23 (1988 November)

In a previous paper 1 I discussed the various theories which have been proposed to explain the great prevalence of gastro-enteric diseases in infants during the summer. The general conclusion in that study was that the heat theory is inadequate to explain the occurrence of diarrhea during the hot weather, although it may act as a predisposing cause. Excessively hot weather also increases the mortality of infants suffering from digestive disorders. Three years ago the study was taken up again. The cases were studied from the practitioner's standpoint. Each case was studied carefully in regard to its history and clinical characters. The question at issue was, what kind of cases make up the class which bring about the great mortality of the summer? First, there is the infant who has been suffering for a long period from digestive disorders, has lingered at the threshold of death, and the sudden appearance

The reports of Marshall, et al.,1, 2 on the use of sulfaguanidine in the treatment of enteric infections suggested a trial with this drug on infectious enteritis in swine. This disease, frequently referred to under such terms as necrotic enteritis or “necro”, diphtheritic enteritis, infectious diarrhea, bloody scours, and Salmonellosis, is a widespread and important disease of swine. Salmonella types of organisms are usually considered as the principal causative agent.Table I, Group 1, summarizes controlled experiments in 12 lots of pigs containing from 2 to 14 animals manifesting various forms of the disease (acute to chronic). The drug was administered in capsules and the daily dose divided between morning and evening. Group 2 represents several lots of animals treated under field conditions in which it was not possible to leave some as controls. Daily observations were made of them, however. The drug was administered in capsules or mixed with small amounts of feed.In addition to the above experiments a...

SUMMARY Studies on infectious enteritis (bluecomb) of turkeys indicated that the weight difference between infected and control poults was a satisfactory criterion for detecting bluecomb infection in experimental poults. The causative agent of bluecomb was filtrable through Millipore 0.3-/ or 0.22-p filters. Two isolates of the causative agent were studied. Both isolates were sensitive to chloroform but resisted Genetron. The Iowa isolate was inactivated after 15 min whereas the Minnesota isolate resisted 50 C for 40 and 60 min. Both isolates were stable at pH 7 and 5, but not at pH 3. The agent remained in the supernatant fluid after centrifugation for 1 hr at 73000 X G. Neomycin and aureomycin appeared to have a slight effect on the severity of infection. The Iowa and Minnesota isolates are immunologically similar. Inoculation by the subcutaneous route failed to induce infection. A vibrio isolated from infective material did not induce bluecomb infection when given as a pure culture.

The intestinal microflora of turkeys challenged with an infectious enteritis agent was compared with that of uninoculated control turkeys. The birds were 1 day to 8 weeks old. Control turkeys and turkeys inoculated with the infectious enteritis agent differed significantly in intestinal microflora. The changes were characterized by: 1) a rise in total microbial count of the entire intestines; 2) a significant increase in number of putrefactive and potentially pathogenic organisms; 3) a decrease in lactobacilli with severe infectious enteritis; and 4) an increase in lactobacilli with mild cases.

SUMMARY Two reovirus strains isolated from an epornitic of infectious enteritis in turkeys from Georgia were compared as to physical, chemical, and serological characteristics. No differences were noted between the two reoviruses regarding: 1) hemagglutination; 2) kinetics of neutralization; 3) stability at pH 3 and 7; 4) growth-curve studies; and 5) lethality in embryos. The two viruses differed in heat stability at 45 C and plaque potentiation with pancreatin.

8. Padgett, Frank, K. L. Baxter-Gabbard, Anita Raitano Fenton, and Alvin S. Levine. III. Ultrastructure studies. Avian Diseases 15:863-873. 1971. 9. Peterson, David A., and Alvin S. Levine. Avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (strain T). IV. Infectivity and transmissibility in day-old cockerels. Avian Diseases 15:874-883. 1971. 10. Peterson, David A., K. L. Baxter-Gabbard and Alvin S. Levine. Avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (strain T). V. DNA polymerase. Virology 47:251254. 1972. 11. Taylor, H. W., and L. D. Olson. Spectrum of infectivity and transmission of the T-virus. Avian Diseases 16:330-335. 1972. 12. Twiehaus, M. J., and F. R. Robinson. 1958. Unpublished results. 13. Witter, R. L., H. G. Purchase, and G. H. Burgoyne. Peripheral nerve lesions similar to those of Marek's disease in chickens inoculated with reticuloendotheliosis virus. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 45:567-577. 1970.