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As a first step for the use of probiotics in a formula for cattle, it is required to have available low-cost culture medium(s) and efficient production conditions for the growth of probiotic bacteria and high production of cell biomass. De Man–Rogosa–Sharpe medium, used frequently for lactic acid bacteria (LAB) contains adequate ingredients for their growth but is very expensive for industrial application. The nutrients required for LAB growth are strain-dependent. In this work, traditional culture media were evaluated omitting and/or modifying ingredients in their composition, as carbon or nitrogen source, on the basis of their low-cost industrial waste, to select those supporting the most efficient growth. The results showed that the formulation of culture media containing fructose (0.5%) and molasses (1.0%) was better for the growth and production of cell biomass for all the strains assayed, except Lactobacillus gasseri CRL1421 growing in 1.5% corn syrup. FM902 yeast extract at concentrations between 1.5% and 2.5% was the most adequate for most of the strains. The LAB grown in the designed media maintained the beneficial properties for which they selected. The use of the culture media designed to produce biomass decrease production costs, which is an important step for the feasible industrial production of probiotic pharmaceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bonding strength of waste recycled cement mortar in a low carbon brick masonry prism is influenced by this study. The disposal of marine and industrial trash has emerged as a serious environmental and ecological concern across the world against the climate action of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs) and COP27. The use of alternative waste materials in the cement industry minimizes the carbon footprint in the manufacture, construction and overall building lifespan and enhances low carbon technology. The bonding 1ehaveior of the 3R hybrid cement (oyster shell, ground granulated blast furnace slag and tyre waste powder) is evaluated in a brick masonry prism. The impact of hybrid mortar bond strength on triplet masonry prism specimens and cement mortar cubes is investigated in this study using first-class bricks and OPC 53 cement with 3R waste materials. In addition, the chemical characteristics, workability, compressive strength, shear, bond, thermal, durable and microstructure studies of traditional and hybrid cement composites were determined. These three waste material compositions in the cement matrix have an influence on the development of alternative waste recycling and reuse materials in industry. Using hybrid cement saves CO2 emissions, low carbon emissions and energy consumption and has economic and environmental implications. The testing findings show that the brick-and-mortar bond has an excellent lead with the maximum compressive strength of the brick masonry prism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incessant generation and mismanagement of industrial waste, resource scarcity, and environmental degradation have created non-sustainability in human life. Though industrial wastes are hazardous or non-hazardous in nature based on their source, open dumping disposal is commonly done for both types of waste. The adversity associated with waste enhances the environmental and health impacts. However, this waste has the potential to recycle and minimize resource scarcity. The circular economy works on the concept of reuse, recycling, and recovery to convert waste into a resource. Thus, industrial waste can benefit the environment and economic growth to build industrial ecology. However, the opportunities and challenges associated with industrial ecology for the reuse and recycling of waste have to be identified and preserved. Therefore, this study has identified challenges associated with waste, analyzed their impact, and industrial regulations, prioritized their criticality, and developed solution strategies to alleviate them. Two case studies on industrial byproducts, i.e., fly ash and red mud, based on different income groups are discussed in this study. It highlights the circular economy has minimized waste generation and enhanced the recovery of secondary resource materials. In addition, this study supports achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs) 11 and 12 to build a sustainable industrial ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reusing industrial wastes in textile production is essential to reduce the total environmental burden of textile products. This study proved that the wastes generated in the ring-spinning process of a lightweight cotton shirting-producing company could be turned into fabrics used in shirts, jackets, and trousers. A total of 21 different yarns in four different counts containing 5–100% waste were produced in OE-rotor and ring spinning lines. These yarns were used to produce 12 different fabrics. Some of the produced yarns and fabrics met the criteria required for the lightweight fabrics. Others, specifically yarns and fabrics produced from short fiber wastes, exhibited suitable properties for the medium and coarse yarn count segment. According to the gate-to-gate LCA analysis, virgin cotton yarn and 100% cotton waste-contained yarn had similar environmental impacts in terms of OE-rotor spinning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With recycling and reuse in mind, this study explores the possibility of the utilization of waste generated during the plasma cutting operations to produce aluminum products in a commercial friction material formulation for car braking applications. The as-received waste, analyzed in the form of a powder, was subjected to various characterization techniques to obtain its composition and phase constituents. The friction, wear, and emission analyses were organized in two ways: the first part focused on the selection of the most suitable waste content in the friction material formulation—10, 15, and 20 wt.%—tested in the form of pins, using a pin-on-disc tribometer. The second part evaluated the most suitable content in the formulation in the form of coupons on a subscale dynamometer to comprehend its friction and emission characteristics in a more complex scenario. Through the pin-on-disc analysis, it was seen that the 10 wt.% of waste in the formulation provided permissible friction and wear behavior, and similar emission magnitude and secondary plateau characteristics were seen, as compared to the reference composition. Similar results were recorded on the subscale dynamometer at mild braking conditions. At 'severe' testing conditions, a different trend was observed. Through this analysis, the possibility of the addition of this kind of waste in friction material composition has been evaluated deeply, paving a path for further analysis and possible implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of research on a composite mixture intended for use in road construction. The purpose of developing the mixture is to be able to use large amounts of industrial waste to produce building material. The waste used are coal slate from the mining industry, shredded rubber waste from used passenger car tires and fly ash from power plants. The mixture (SRFC) consists of unburnt coal-mining slate (S), shredded rubber waste (R), fly ash (F) and cement(C). A test under cyclic loading conditions was carried out on samples prepared from the SRFC mixture, in which the global deformations and local strains caused on the samples were measured. A measurement system using digital image correlation was used for the research. On the basis of the conducted research, it was found that the content of shredded rubber waste significantly influences the deformability of the tested mixtures and allows for the extension of the scope of elastic deformation in which the tested samples work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sigus River in Algeria underwent and continues to undergo significant de gradation due to both anarchistic discharge of industrial waste and the constantly increasing points of discharge of domestic worn water. The use of river water in irrigation poses a major problem of public health. The bad smells during dry periods, added to the irrevocable damage caused to the beauty of the site, are an attack on the environment and blatant disrespect of nature. À sampling design was established and river water was sampled to measure all its physicochemical indicators of pollution: nitrates, nitrogenized ammoniacals, sulphates, chlorides, T°, pH, electrical conductivity and salinity. This pollution is a consequence of the solid and liquid wild discharges that have a direct and significant impact on the quality of water throughout the river. A multivariate statistical study through PCA (principal component analysis) revealed that the levels of these parameters remain however low upstream the course of water (S1 and S2) compared to the downstream (S3.S4). Human anthropogenic actions (wastewater discharges, agricultural and industrial activities) without treatment in advance are the main cause of this generated pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the world, the construction industry produces significant amounts of by-products and hazardous waste materials. The steel-making industry generates welding waste and dusts that are toxic to the environment and pose many economic challenges. Water-based drilling fluids (WBDF) are able to remove the drill cuttings in a wellbore and maintain the stability of the wellbore to prevent formation damage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that reports the application of welding waste and its derived graphene oxide (GO) as a fluid-loss additive in drilling fluids. In this research, GO was successfully synthesized from welding waste through chemical exfoliation. The examination was confirmed using XRD, FTIR, FESEM and EDX analyses. The synthesized welding waste-derived GO in WBDF is competent in improving rheological properties by increasing plastic viscosity (PV), yield point (YP) and gel strength (GS), while reducing filtrate loss (FL) and mud cake thickness (MCT). This study shows the effect of additives such as welding waste, welding waste-derived GO and commercial GO, and their amount, on the rheological properties of WBDF. Concentrations of these additives were used at 0.01 ppb, 0.1 ppb and 0.5 ppb. Based on the experiment results, raw welding waste and welding waste-derived GO showed better performance compared with commercial GO. Among filtration properties, FL and MCT were reduced by 33.3% and 39.7% with the addition of 0.5 ppb of raw welding-waste additive, while for 0.5 ppb of welding waste-derived GO additive, FL and MCT were reduced by 26.7% and 20.9%, respectively. By recycling industrial welding waste, this research conveys state-of-the-art and low-cost drilling fluids that aid in waste management, and reduce the adverse environmental and commercial ramifications of toxic wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is focused on improving the technology for deep oil sludge processing by pyrolysis methods, considered to be the most promising technology for their environmentally friendly utilization, in which a significant yield of fuel products is expected. The technology developed by the authors of this study is a two-stage process. The first stage, pyrolysis of oil sludge, was investigated in previous papers. A significant yield of non-condensable gases was obtained. This paper presents a study of the second stage of complex deep processing technology—pyrolysis of non-condensable gases (purified propane) using a stirrer with the help of the developed experimental setup. The expected benefit of using the stirrer is improved heat transfer due to circumferential and radial-axial circulation of the gas flow. The effect of a stirrer on the yield of final target decomposition products—H2-containing mixtures and H2 generated during non-catalytic (medium-temperature) and catalytic pyrolysis of non-condensable gases obtained by pyrolysis of oil sludge are estimated. Ni catalyst was used for catalytic pyrolysis. The study shows that the application of the stirrer leads to increasing in H2-containing mixtures and H2 concentrations. In particular, during the whole reaction time (10 h), the average H2 concentration in pyrolysis gas during catalytic pyrolysis increased by ~5.3%. In this case, the optimum reaction time to produce H2 was 4 h. The peak H2 concentration in the pyrolysis gas at reaction temperature 590 ± 10 °C was: 66.5 vol. % with the stirrer versus 62 vol. % without the stirrer with an error of ±0.4 %. A further increase in reaction time is cost-effective in order to obtain H2-containing mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oily sludge is a hazardous material generated from the petroleum industry that has attracted increasing research interest. Although several review articles have dealt with specific subtopics focusing on the treatment of oily sludge based on selected references, no attempt has been made to demonstrate the research trend of oily sludge comprehensively and quantitatively. This study conducted a systematic review to analyze and evaluate all oily sludge-related journal articles retrieved from the Web of Science database. The results show that an increase in oily sludge-related research did not take place until recent years and the distribution of the researchers is geographically out of balance. Most oily sludge-related articles focused on treatment for harmfulness reduction or valorization with limited coverage of formation, characterization, and environmental impact assessment of oily sludge. Pyrolytic treatment has attracted increasing research attention in recent years. So far, the research findings have been largely based on laboratory-scale experiments with insufficient consideration of the cost-effectiveness of the proposed treatment methods. Although many methods have been proposed, few alone could satisfactorily achieve cost-effective treatment goals. To enable sustainable management of oily sludge on a global scale, efforts need to be made to fund more research projects, especially in the major oil-producing countries. Pilot-scale experiments using readily available and affordable materials should be encouraged for practical purposes. This will allow a sensible cost-benefit analysis of a proposed method/procedure for oily sludge treatment. To improve the treatment performance, combined methods are more desirable. To inform the smart selection of methods for the treatment of different oily sludge types, it is suggested to develop universally accepted evaluation systems for characterization and environmental risk of oily sludge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Aluminum alloy AA5083 is applicable in ship building, military, railway and industry because of its excellent properties like resistance to chemical and sea water attack. However, its performance is affected by weak wear resistance. Hence, this should be solved to improve the performance of AA5083 alloy in the aforementioned fields. The purpose of this research is to enhance the wear properties of AA5083 alloy. Design/methodology/approach: In this research, AA5083 alloy was reinforced with industrial wastes such as red mud and granite particles using stir casting method. Totally, four types of composites were fabricated, namely, AA5083/3 Wt.% red mud (C1), AA5083/3 Wt.% granite (C2), AA5083/1 Wt.% red mud-2Wt.% granite (C3) and AA5083/2 Wt.% red mud-1Wt.% granite (C4). Wear properties such as mass loss and coefficient of friction (COF) were analyzed for different wear parameters. Further, the mechanical properties like hardness and tensile strength were investigated. Findings: Results showed that the inclusion of reinforcement particles improved the wear and mechanical properties of AA5083 alloy (C0). The C2 sample displayed the maximum hardness of 87 HV and tensile strength of 317 MPa owing to the inclusion of 3 Wt.% granite particles. Furthermore, the wear study results showed that the C2 sample displayed the minimum mass loss and COF. It was concluded from this research that C2 sample could be a good candidate to be applicable in marine, military, railway and industrial applications with improved performance. Originality/value: This work is original as the industrial waste is used as reinforcements in the performance improvement of AA5083 aluminum alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural materials sustainability is gaining popularity across the globe at present. Reusing natural resources, building, demolition debris, and solid waste are the most apparent tools to make construction more environmentally friendly. Traditional concrete is believed to be less durable, stronger, environmentally friendly, and socially and commercially feasible than industrial waste concrete. The evolution of non-destructive testing (NDT) across time has not been investigated in depth by researchers. An experimental study was carried out to propose the use of non-destructive mechanisms that would enable us to assess concrete's compressive strength without causing destruction. Varying quantities of industrial waste (coal bottom ash (CBA) and waste glass sludge (WGS)) were incorporated to cast concrete prisms (150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm). The results obtained helped us to establish relationships between the compressive strength of concrete and the Schmidt hammer rebound value, as well as the ultrasonic pulse velocities. Microstructural analysis showed that incorporating 10% of CBA and WGS improved the porosity of concrete specimens, which shows the applicability of these industrial wastes as partial cement replacements. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed traces of calcium alumino-silicate hydrate (C-A-S-H), portlandite and C-S-H, which indicates the binder characteristics of CBA and WGS. The concept of the response surface approach (RSM) for optimizing cement and industrial waste substitution was validated by the polynomial work expectation. The model was statistically significant when the fluctuation of ANOVA was analyzed using a p value with a significance level of 0.05. The study results show that the usage of 15% CBA and 10% WGS as a cementitious additive and cement replacement has the potential to increase the strength of concrete significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The different parts of pomegranate fruit are considered a powerful mixture of bioactive compounds yet the peels and pulps of the fruits are usually discarded and considered as industrial waste. In this work, ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC‐QqQ‐MS) was utilized for metabolomics analysis of different parts (peel, pulp, seed and juice) of pomegranate fruit cultivars to verify possible variations among the fruits and their waste products as potential sources of functional constituents. RESULTS: Orthogonal projection to latent structure‐discriminant analysis (OPLS‐DA) coefficient‐plot showed enrichment of phenolic compounds such as punicalagin and ellagic acid derivatives in pulp samples while seeds class was enriched in phlorizin, catechin and quercetin, juice class showed abundance of naringenin and pelargonidin‐3‐pentoside while peels were enriched in anthocyanins and flavonoids including cyanidin diglycoside, quercetin and luteolin glycosides. Although the juice samples of almost all tested cultivars showed remarkable cytotoxic activity, the pulp samples, particularly the Manfalouti cultivar, exhibited the most potent [half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 2.367 ± 0.14 μg/mL in MCF‐7, IC50 = 3.854 ± 0.23 μg/mL in Hep‐G2 cell lines]. OPLS models were constructed for determination of cytotoxicity‐associated metabolites among where the coefficients plots revealed tannins; granatin A, ellagic acid derivatives, punicalagin α and β, in addition to anthocyanins and phenolic compounds; cyanidin diglycoside, quercetin, phlorizin, 3‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid, naringenin and liquiritin were more pertinent with cytotoxicity of the different parts of pomegranate fruit. CONCLUSION: The results obtained allow for the full utilization of the resources of pomegranate fruit and its industrial waste as sources of bioactive compounds. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the recent upsurge in the construction of new ballasted railway tracks and their maintenance, the high requirement of ballast and subballast materials has become an important challenge. The use of industrial by-products in the construction of railroads can be an approach for the sustainable development of railway. With an increase in steel production, the generation of steel slag is also expected to increase at an alarming rate in India. At present, the utilization of this by-product of the steel industry is marginal; however, it has an enormous potential to be used in railroad construction. Therefore an attempt has been made to use steel slag as the subballast material in the present work. The objective of this study is to assess the strength and stiffness, leaching behavior, and mineralogical characteristics of the cement-stabilized steel slag (CSS) as a subballast layer and its implications in the design methodology. A series of laboratory tests such as compressive strength, splitting tensile, flexural strength, and flexural modulus tests were carried out on the CSS with four different (1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%) cement contents. In addition, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were also employed to examine the mineralogical characteristics. The results suggest that cement stabilizations lead to strength and stiffness gain along with resistance to the leaching of the trace metals such as arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, and zinc. The results show the steel slag has the potential to be used as subballast material. A step-by-step design methodology suitable for cement-stabilized steel slag as a subballast layer has been proposed by modifying the existing Association of American Railroads (AAR) method along with a practical design example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current work, a novel combination of discharge plasma and industrial wastes has been proposed to explore the possibility of treating the oxides of nitrogen (NOX) in diesel exhaust through plasma-activation of abundant and freely available industrial wastes. Five industrial wastes have been selected for testing as potential catalysts, namely fly ash, foundry sand, bagasse, mulberry residue, and oyster shells. The diesel exhaust was treated using plasma catalysis, by allowing it to flow through a dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor packed with industrial waste pellets, at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. An increase in NOX removal during plasma catalysis, in comparison to plasma-only treatment, was observed through experiments conducted using the pellets. Maximum removal of NOX (70%) was obtained during plasma catalysis using oyster shell pellets. The results have been discussed in detail along with the possible reaction pathways and explanations for the NOX removal during plasma catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the synthesis of polymeric resins, it is of great importance to review the raw materials and the equipment to be used to avoid the presence of compounds that may affect the effectiveness of the polymerization and the characteristics of the plastic to be obtained. Iron oxide is a compound that can be present in reactors after maintenance due to the techniques used and the cleaning of this equipment, and it can affect the characteristics of the resins, reducing their quality. In this study, the presence of FeO in different concentrations was evaluated to determine its effects on the properties and pyrolysis of polypropylene resins by using X-ray refraction to determine the elements of the samples, evaluating thermal degradation by TGA, the variation in molecular weight by measuring the MFI, and the compounds obtained from pyrolysis by chromatography. The results showed that the thermal degradation decreased as the FeO concentration increased, while for the MFI, the relationship was directly proportional. The evaluation of the compounds obtained from pyrolysis showed an increase in the production of alcohols, alkynes, ketones, and acids, and a decrease in alkanes and alkenes, showing that FeO affects the properties of polypropylene and the compounds that are produced during pyrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a bio-based hybrid nanocomposite was prepared with Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as a synthetic matrix, thermoplastic starch as biometrics, and industrial waste rice husk ash (RHA) as nanofiller in the ratio of 2:1:1. The composites were prepared in a green method of melt mixing in presence of bio-based additives such as epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) performing a dual role as compatibilizer and plasticizer along with tannic acid—calcium oxide (TA-CaO) adduct as a heat stabilizer. Layered double hydroxide (LDH) was prepared from Mg (NO3)2·6H2O and Al (NO3)3·9H2O and further successfully modified with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). The addition of organically modified layered double hydroxide (OLDH) as nanomaterial enhanced the composite's thermal, mechanical and chemical properties along with water vapour and flame resistance properties. A significant improvement of 169% in tensile and 87% in flexural strength was observed for composites having 5 phr OLDH. Homogeneous dispersion of the LDH layers was evident from the TEM micrographs which suggested a better interaction among components. Composite with 5phr reinforced OLDH showed an overall improvement in properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High quality steels have a low sulfur content. Steel is purified from sulfur by treating it with highly basic slags. Scarce fluorspar is used to provide slags with the required fluidity, which decomposes during smelting with the liberation of toxic fluorine into a workshop atmosphere. Alumina is also a thinner for highly basic slags, which is present in sufficient concentrations in aluminothermic production slags that are sent to landfill and create pressure on the environment. Slag dumps are "technogenic deposits" that can be a raw material base. In particular, industrial ferroalloy slags with a high alumina content may be used to prepare a thinning slag-forming mixture that can be used in steelmaking instead of scarce fluorspar. Preparation of a slag-forming mixture from waste slag will reduce the environmental pressure on slag dumps and their use as a slag thinner during steel refining in the working area of a steelmaking workshop by eliminating toxic fluorine emissions released during fluorspar decomposition. Replacement of scarce fluorspar with a slag-forming mixture in steelmaking will reduce steel cost by lowering aluminum consumption for slag deoxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the valorisation of oil-rich residues of coconut oil mill effluent (COME) as a potential growth medium for the microbial production of extracellular lipase. The bacterial species isolated from oil mill effluent, Acinetobacter sp. KSPE71 was tested for its efficiency to grow and produce lipase in undiluted COME and 0.2 % yeast extract and 0.2 % NH4Cl supplemented COME. In this connection, the process parameters such as pH, temperature, agitation speed, and inoculum size were optimized to maximize the production using a central composite design in the Response surface methodology. At the optimized state of pH 7.5, 35 °C, 150 rpm with 0.6 % inoculum size, a maximum of 3.95 U mL-1 activity was obtained, four-fold higher than the basal condition. At this stage, 73 % of the lipid content was degraded. The present work results imply that the oil mill effluent can be used as a cheaper production medium for lipase and the new isolate Acinetobacter sp. KSPE71 as a potential lipase producer. The degradation of oil waste along with the production of the valuable product has multiple advantages of cost reduction of lipase and environmental concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we report the synthesis of a biobased hydrogel comprised of collagen, chitosan, and polyurethane for the removal of textile dyes. The adsorption capacity of this hydrogel was improved by adding a magnesium metal–organic framework to the semi‐interpenetrating polymer matrix yielding a composite hydrogel. Removal of Bismarck Brown and Congo red was studied, and the experimental results fit Freundlich's model. Both hydrogel formulations were tested for the removal of textiles dyes from wastewaters. The magnesium–metal organic framework improved the efficiency of the biobased hydrogel for the removal of direct and mordant dyes reaching up to 89 ± 2%. The composite hydrogel was tested for the removal of Congo Red in a fixed bed column observing the breakthrough point after 168 min. Also, a flocculant material was prepared from collagen and chitosan and was tested for the removal of direct red dye from wastewater removing up to 80 ± 1%. The pretreated wastewater by coagulation–flocculation was treated by adsorption yielding a global removal efficiency of 99%. Finally, the studied hydrogels are potentially biodegradable being completely degraded by the proteolytic action after 22 days. Practitioner points: Composite hydrogels of collagen, chitosan, and MgMOF74 removed efficiently textile dyes from wastewater in batch systems and fixed bed columns.A biobased flocculant of collagen and chitosan significantly improved water quality after coagulation flocculation.Hydrogels were reusable for four cycles, and they can be proteolytically degraded after 22 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mining industry produces a large amount of stone waste and tailings, which poses a threat to the environment. Dumping is the most common means of disposing of this industrial waste, contributing to soil degradation and water pollution with the acquisition of valuable land. Fortunately, it can be recycled in a variety of technologies, including the promising geopolymerization technology, which turns waste into value. This review paper presents recent advances in the production of mine tailings-based geopolymer composites from industrial waste as a potential sustainable building material. This article also provides in-depth studies on the behaviors and characteristics of mine tailings composites utilized in geopolymer production, such as physical properties, mechanical properties, durability properties, microstructural properties, thermal properties, leaching behavior, and potential applications. Besides, study developments are moving towards a comprehensive understanding of the environmental footprints and economic benefits of mine tailings-based geopolymer composites for building applications utilizing mine tailings as suitable concrete material. This review paper also highlights knowledge gaps that must be overcome to progress mine tailings composites for geopolymers, as well as future study opportunities based on prior research and existing challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The sludge fields of SPA PRMiTS of Almalyk MMC JSC are a kind of technogenic deposit of rare metals, including rhenium. Another type of technogenic Re-containing raw materials is waste solutions of the plant. Purpose: development of a complex technology for the processing of technogenic rheniumcontaining raw materials, in addition to rhenium, other rare or non-ferrous metals. Methodology. Hydrogen peroxide was used as oxidants, objects were sulfidized with sodium sulfide solutions, ion-exchange and extraction schemes were used, elemental analysis was performed on AAS Perkin-Elmer 3030B and Agilent 7500 IСP. Originality. Based on the analysis of samples of technogenic rhenium-containing wastes of the plant, new schemes for complex technologies for its processing are proposed. New approaches to the selective isolation of rhenium from industrial technological solutions based on the precipitation of poorly soluble rhenium compounds are proposed. Findings. Existing and prospective ion-exchange and extraction methods for the separation of rhenium and molybdenum were tested. Data on the precipitation of Re(VII) from nitrate Mo-containing solutions are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Derivatives from plant processing are generally classified as industrial waste. Despite their biological properties, they are mostly recycled or used in the production of animal feed. Given the rapid growth of the world's population and the increased interest of consumers in plant foods, it is advisable to use plant by-products as nutritional supplements with certain functional properties. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the possibility of using sesame flour and rice bran as fillers in the production of fermented milk drinks. Formulas were developed for fermented milk drinks enriched with sesame flour in the amount of 2 % and rice bran - 1 %. The amount of additives was determined taking into account the optimal organoleptic indicators. The study showed that the addition of additives increased the content of dietary fiber in a product enriched with rice bran, up to 0.3 %, and up to 0.7 % in a fermented milk drink with sesame flour. The antioxidant properties of a fermented milk drink enriched with sesame flour were studied. Antioxidant properties were determined by the level of DPPH radical scavenging activity. The results of the study showed that the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (1.82 mg/ml) was observed in the enriched sample on day 7 of storage. On the 14th day of storage in the control sample, the activity decreased to 1.55 mg/ml, while in the sample with sesame flour its value was at the level of 1.75 mg/ml. Thus, it can be argued that the investigated plant by-products can be used as additives to increase the content of dietary fiber and increase the shelf life of products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents results for comprehensive estimation of the characteristics of combustion of coal sludge based fuels with the addition of (5% wt.) waste turbine oil and wood biomass using the multiple-criteria analysis method. The results of experimental studies of fuel ignition and combustion, data on the calorific value, ash content, cost, composition of flue gases are used. The mixtures are burned in the form of pellets, beds, and droplets of an aqueous suspension. It is revealed that the use of additives positively affects the energy, environmental, and complex efficiency indexes of coal sludge combustion. The group of fuels burned in the form of pellets is characterized by minimum energy, environmental, and complex efficiency indexes. The greatest environmental potential is determined was found in fuels burned in the form of droplets of aqueous suspensions. The results of the study confirm the prospects for energy utilization of a wide range of wastes of coal, oil, and vegetable origin as part of mixed fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cement is an essential construction material and its production and demand are becoming challenge for environmental (carbon dioxide emission) and sustainability (natural resources consumption) related issues. The sustainable alternative is a key requirement to fulfill the increasing demand for natural resources and reduction in carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. For sustainable development, ash generated from the thermal treatment of sewage sludge (SSA) and carbide lime sludge (CLS) has been used for the production of green cement. For the feasibility study, the influence of using SSA and CLS are compared in terms of the properties of fresh paste and hardened mortar with Portland Pozzolana cement (PPC) containing FA. The outcome of the study shows that up to 45% of ordinary Portland cement can be replaced by using SSA with CLS blends, which enhance the compressive strength, save the natural resources and reduce CO2 emission up to 52% when compared with FA substitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal gasification ash (CGA) is a solid waste produced by coal gasification. It can be used to produce autoclaved building materials because tobermorite, the main hydration product in such materials, can be formed from CGA and calcium oxide (CaO). In this study, tobermorite was prepared through the hydrothermal treatment of CGA. Given that residual carbon is usually present to some degree in CGA, its effects on the formation of tobermorite were specifically studied using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nitrogen adsorption–desorption tests. The results showed that tobermorite can be prepared from a CGA/calcium oxide mixture at 160°C without additional alkaline material. However, residual carbon can retard the transformation of calcium silicate hydrate into tobermorite and thus increase the required formation temperature while prolonging the formation time. With an increase in the residual carbon content, the morphology of the resulting tobermorite changes from needle-like and plate-like to irregular, which may also have a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymers are effective products widely used in the solid-liquid separation of industrial wastes. Making solid-liquid separation in the wastes ensures that the wastes can be stored more regularly and efficiently, while removing the high water content from the landfill makes the accumulated wastes not a threat to the environment and reduces the waste volume by a significant amount, thus reducing the storage costs. Polymer performance is measured by turbidity tests. Many factors affect the effectiveness of the polymers used in solid-liquid separation, such as mixing speed, mixing time, settling time of slurry, temperature, and storage time which is the time elapsed between the use of the solid polymer after it has been prepared as a liquid solution. In this experimental study, the waste obtained from the tailings dam of the Kütahya Espey boron enrichment (concentrator) plant in its natural form, representing an industrial waste, was first dried, and then a waste ground suspension was prepared by taking the water/soil ratio in the tailings dam into account. The factors affecting the polymer performance in solid-liquid separation were determined by mixing four anionic polymers with different molecular weights into the prepared soil suspension. According to the findings, the ideal mixing speed has been determined to be 200-250 rpm, the mixing time as 1-3 minutes, and the settling time of the suspension between 2-4 minutes. Also, the suspension temperature was found to be a factor that could affect the turbidity and flocculation according to the polymer type. Moreover, the polymer solution can be used for 7 days without a decrease in its effectiveness, 24 hours after it is prepared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellophane film production generates cellulosic residues from scraps, edges, and low-quality films. In this work, cellophane was used as a raw material to produce cellulose acetate (CA). CA was produced through the homogeneous route for 6 to 24 hours producing materials with a degree of substitution (DS) between 2.6 and 2.9. The CA materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and viscosity-average molecular weight. DS values (DS > 2.6) indicate the preferential formation of cellulose triacetate, and the reaction time leads to materials with different molecular weight from 32,000 to 121,000 g mol - 1 The TGA and DSC curves allowed obtaining information that, together with other techniques, confirm the formation of cellulose triacetate and the production of a material with a heterogeneous structure. The CA membrane was prepared with CA produced with 14 hours of the reaction intended to control the release rates of acetaminophen (ACP). A dense, seemingly pore-free membrane has been produced, as seen by SEM images, which allows the release of small amounts of ACP. The results were promising in the development of CA membranes for the controlled release of drugs from the chemical modification of cellophane residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The post‐depositional afterlife of an archaeological site is often viewed as the least important aspect of its history and outside of traditional archaeological interest. In the case of industrial sites, this elision ignores one of the most important aspects of industrial history, namely the long‐term effects of toxic waste. In an era where industrial pollution and anthropogenic climate change are rapidly changing the future of life on this planet, the stakes of understanding the effects of industrial waste are vital. This article outlines a reflexive, ecologically focused archaeology that interrogates the afterlives of industrial waste, not as a method to get back to the history of production, but as a means for taking seriously these afterlives as a defining characteristic of life in the Anthropocene. Using the concept of the ecological lives of industrial waste to explore the (post)industrial history of Mill Creek Ravine—a historically important industrial area in Edmonton, Alberta— this article argues that the decomposition of industrial waste serves as both a medium for long‐term harms, as well as the locus for emergent relations and critical investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural waste and trash are a universal issue which requires extensive working to reduce the impact. Improper management of agricultural waste can lead to serious environmental problems such as soil contamination, water pollution and air pollution. Lipases (protein-based catalyst) were produced with industrial and agriculture by products through solid-state fermentation. Among indigenously isolated strains, procured from Mycology and biotechnology research laboratory, Aspergillus niger (MBL-14) exhibited the highest lipase production, i.e., 7.5 ± 0.63a U/ mL. Various cultural conditions were optimized for maximum production of extracellular lipases. Among various basal substrates, rice bran supported the highest yield of 8.67 ± 0.29a U/mL, ammonium nitrate 6.1 ± 0.95a U/ mL, with the use of sodium chloride 6.1 ± 0.95a U/mL, sucrose 8.0 ± 0.87aU/ mL, the beef extract 9.1 ± 0.84a U/ mL. Maximum extracellular lipases production (9.3 ± 0.55a U/ mL) was achieved through fermentation optimization over a 48-h period, and an increased lipases output (9.6 ± 0.34aU/mL) was obtained at a moistening agent’s pH level of 8. Incorporation of oil additives revealed that coconut oil yielded the maximum production (11.0 ± 0.91aU/ mL). Finally, the enzyme was subjected to characterization, at pH 9 after a 1-h incubation period, the enzyme activity was highest, and enzyme was stable. After 40 °C (10.6 ± 0.88aU/mL), the enzyme activity starts decreasing and reaches its lowest at 70 °C. When exposed to the cadmium chloride, the crude enzyme exhibited the highest lipase production (10.1 ± 0.76a U/mL and 10.72 ± 0.85a U/mL) before and after a 1 h of incubation, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) requires a huge amount of cement. However, the production of cement raises environmental concerns related to non-renewable resources, carbon dioxide emissions, and global warming. To overcome these issues, it was necessary to expand the production of eco-friendly, sustainable ultra-high-performance concrete (SUHPC) by applying procedures to minimize cement use. This research was able to produce SUHPC with compressive strengths ranging from 168 to 233 MPa at 91 d under standard curing by employing industrial wastes such as granite dust, ceramic powder, and glass powder as a partial replacement of cement by about 26% of its weight, in addition to using crushed granite, ceramic, and glass as a 50% and 100% by volume substitute for sand within the concrete mixture. The influence of these industrial wastes on the mechanical and physical characteristics of SUHPC was investigated. Additionally, the temperature studies on the SUHPC containing industrial wastes and the analysis of the microstructure were presented. The study revealed that replacing some of the cement with granite powder and all of the sand with crushed granite in the SUHPC mixture led to the highest compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity. Specifically, the mixture achieved 196.7 MPa compressive strength, 21.9 MPa splitting tensile strength, 30.3 MPa flexural strength, and 61,010 MPa modulus of elasticity after 28 d. Furthermore, the replacement significantly improved the SUHPC's physical properties. For instance, it reduced water permeability by 18.83%. However, adding glass to the SUHPC mixture negatively impacted both its mechanical and physical characteristics. • The effect of utilizing waste such as granite dust, ceramic powder, and glass powder as partial substitutes for cement to produce SUHPC was investigated. • The effect of the utilization of crushed industrial waste such as granite, ceramic, and glass as partial substitutes for sand in the production of SUHPC was investigated. • Industrial waste replaced 26% of the weight of cement and 50% of the weight of sand. • The mechanical and transport properties, high-temperature resistance, and microstructure of SUHPC were comprehensively analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the efficacious utilization of sludge as a subgrade filler through in-situ shallow stabilization, employing cementitious industrial waste materials including steel slag (SS), fly ash (FA), and calcium carbide residue (CCR) as binding agents. The primary emphasis lies in the evaluation of the macro unconfined compression strength of stabilized sludge over a seven-day curing period, facilitated by a quadratic polynomial response surface model to determine the optimal composite stabilizer (WZ01) proportions. Furthermore, an array of meticulous microstructural analyses encompassing X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy were undertaken to elucidate the development of internal cementitious products and the intrinsic mechanisms underpinning sludge stabilization in tandem with WZ01. The findings ascertain that the optimum WZ01 composition stands at SS: FA: CCR = 32:28:40. Prominent mineralogical constituents within the stabilized sludge encompass amorphous calcium silicate hydrate, calcium aluminate hydrate, and crystalline ettringite. The amelioration in stabilized sludge properties stems from intricate processes involving ion exchange, hydration reactions, and pozzolanic activities. Significantly, the WZ01 curing agent demonstrates heightened cost-effectiveness and environmental merits compared to conventional Portland cement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the recycling opportunities for industrial byproducts and their contribution to innovative concrete manufacturing processes. The attention was mainly focused on municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI-FA) and its employment, after a washing pre-treatment, as the main component in artificially manufactured aggregates containing cement and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) in different percentages. The produced aggregates were used to produce lightweight concrete (LWC) containing both artificial aggregates only and artificial aggregates mixed with a relatively small percentage of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in the sand form. Thereby, the possibility of producing concrete with good mechanical properties and enhanced thermal properties was investigated through effective PET reuse with beneficial impacts on the thermal insulation of structures. Based on the obtained results, the samples containing artificial aggregates had lower compressive strength (up to 30%) but better thermal performance (up to 25%) with respect to the reference sample made from natural aggregates. Moreover, substituting 10% of recycled aggregates with PET led to a greater reduction in resistance while improving the thermal conductivity. This type of concrete could improve the economic and environmental aspects by incorporating industrial wastes—mainly fly ash—thereby lowering the use of cement, which would lead to a reduction in CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological and economic development have influenced the amount of post-production waste. Post-industrial waste, generated in the most considerable amount, includes, among others, waste related to the mining, metallurgical, and energy industries. Various non-hazardous or hazardous wastes can be used to produce new construction materials after the "solidification/stabilization" processes. They can be used as admixtures or raw materials. However, the production of construction materials from various non-hazardous or hazardous waste materials is still very limited. In our opinion, special attention should be paid to waste containing fluoride, and the reuse of solid waste containing fluoride is a high priority today. Fluoride is one of the few trace elements that has received much attention due to its harmful effects on the environment and human and animal health. In addition to natural sources, industry, which discharges wastewater containing F− ions into surface waters, also increases fluoride concentration in waters and pollutes the environment. Therefore, developing effective and robust technologies to remove fluoride excess from the aquatic environment is becoming extremely important. This review aims to cover a wide variety of procedures that have been used to remove fluoride from drinking water and industrial wastewater. In addition, the ability to absorb fluoride, among others, by industrial by-products, agricultural waste, and biomass materials were reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacturing inorganic thermal insulation materials with superior properties such as low thermal conductivity (k < 0.1 W/mK) and high mechanical properties in terms of adhesion strength is critical for energy efficiency in energy-intense industries. Geopolymer-based composites composing of hollow glass microspheres (HGMs), waste fly ash (FA), and metakaolin (MK) were successfully applied on hot (T∼300 °C) metal surfaces via spray deposition technique. The effect of Si/Al and Na/Al mole ratios and HGM loading on geopolymer composites' physical, microstructural, thermal, and adhesion strength properties were explored. The best composite composition was obtained when Si/Al mole ratio, Na/Al mole ratio, and HGM loading were 2.5, 1.0, and 10 wt %, respectively. This composition achieved an HGM/geopolymer composite material with low thermal conductivity (k ∼ 0.05 W/mK), high adhesion strength (∼5.0 MPa), and high stability under immersion in water and vibration environments (particularly exposed to water). The results showed that HGM/geopolymer composites could be used as a thermal insulation material in energy-intense industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large volume of slag is generated as a by-product during steel manufacturing. In order to ensure environmental and economic sustainability, it is imperative to find innovative solutions for the efficient recycling of slag. This review broadly and critically explores the available information concerning the effective recycling of slag in agriculture and its potentials in crop yield, soil conditioning, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, soil carbon sequestration, and heavy metal stabilization in contaminated soils. An agronomic assessment of GHG emissions and environmental concerns related to potential contamination of heavy metals in the food chain have also been evaluated. Existing literatures documents a range of impacts that slag fertilization can be effective in increasing crop yield, mitigating GHG emissions, and decreasing yield-scaled global warming potential. Heavy metal accumulation in soil and their uptake by the plant are not consistent with the application of slag, mostly accumulated in roots, and very low translocation level in grains/fruits. In order to secure the reliability of recycling slag in agriculture, regulatory compliance related to environmental problems, novel technological solutions to improve the quality of slag, and strategic planning to expand its market value need great attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction industry contributes enormously to the high levels of carbon dioxide on the planet. For this reason, the sector has been investing in the development of new products that reduce the environmental impact. This study developed a fibrous polymeric composite using industrial residues of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers for application in civil construction as a cladding element. The thermal and morphological characterization of the fiber was performed using Thermogravimetry (TG) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Composites with 1, 3, and 5% PET fibers were obtained. Mechanical, morphological properties, chemical resistance, the effect of ultraviolet radiation and water absorption of the composites were evaluated. The results were compared to parameters established by the Brazilian standard NBR 15.575-3. Fibers had a smooth surface but with small surface defects, diameter between 20 and 30 µm and thermal stability up to 325.44 °C. The addition of 5% PET fibers resulted in an increase of more than 300% in the impact resistance of the composites, but with a reduction in the flexural strength. The mechanical and chemical resistance results met the parameters established by the standard used in the study. The degradation chamber test indicated that PET fibers suffered more from exposure to ultraviolet radiation than the polymeric matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this research study is to assess possible applications, as a construction material or component, for sugarcane’s (Saccharum officinarum) bagasse by examining its physicochemical properties. Sugarcane’s bagasse is the fibrous residue obtained after grinding and squeezing sugarcane’s stem. Industrial (BCI) and hand-crafted (BCA) sugarcane bagasse samples were obtained from the Piura Region, Peru. Analyzes of the samples showed that BCA’s sugar content triples that of BCI. The results show that BCI contains 42.91% cellulose, 27.91% hemicellulose, and 9.74% lignin. On the other hand, BCA contains 29.80% cellulose, 20.61 % hemicellulose, and 5.70% lignin. Humidity is higher in fresh BCI samples (43.94 to 44.42%) than in stored BCI samples (37.82 a 39.09%). It is concluded that industrial and hand-crafted processing of sugarcane bagasse considerably alters its properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric Arc Furnace Dust (EAFD) is a waste material produced during the steelmaking process. It contains a large amount of valuable metal oxides that can be used as a filling additive to improve the polymer properties. In this study, EAFD is used as a filler to the unsaturated polyester (UP) resin in different weight percentages. Neat UP and UP/EAFD compounds were studied mechanically by testing their tensile, impact, flexural, and hardness properties. The samples were investigated physically by density and water absorption, in addition to flammability analysis was performed by testing the Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI). Finally, the thermal properties were determined using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The result showed that the incorporation of the EAFD particles into the UP matrix has significantly affected the mechanical properties by increasing tensile strength up to 42%. The hardness of the UP/EAFD composites increases up to 8.5% and reaches a maximum value at 10 wt% of EAFD. Flexural strength and impact strength showed an optimal value at 5 wt% of EAFD. The flammability of the composites decreased by 34% at 30 wt% of EAFD. The thermal stability of the composites showed a remarkable increasing trend. Therefore, utilizing EAFD in UP matrix would help improve the environmental pollution control of the steel industry. Finding useful applications of this dust as a filler for the composite industry might convert this hazardous waste into a byproduct that should reduce the expenses and increase their profit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrometallurgical approaches have been successfully employed for metal separation and recovery from various types of waste materials. Therefore, hydrometallurgy is a promising technology for metal recovery and the removal of potentially toxic heavy metals found in industrial sludge. However, a comprehensive review that focuses on the heavy metal recovery from industrial sludge using hydrometallurgical approaches has not been conducted in the recent past. The present review discusses the capacity of hydrometallurgical techniques in recovering heavy metals sourced from different types of industrial sludges, highlighting recent scientific findings. Hydrometallurgical approaches primarily consist of three process stages: metal dissolution, concentration and purification, and metal recovery. The chemical characteristics of industrial sludge, including the type, concentration and speciation of heavy metals, directly impact selection of the best recovery method. Solvent extraction, ion-exchange, and adsorption are the major techniques employed in concentration and purification, whereas electrodeposition and precipitation are the main methods used in metals recovery. Future research should focus on the development of more efficient and environmentally-friendly methods for metal dissolution from industrial sludges contaminated with multiple metals, while increasing selectivity and energy use efficiency in the concentration and purification, and recovery steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato, a widely consumed vegetable crop, offers a real potential to combat human nutritional deficiencies. Tomatoes are rich in micronutrients and other bioactive compounds (including vitamins, carotenoids, and minerals) that are known to be essential or beneficial for human health. This review highlights the current state of the art in the molecular understanding of the nutritional aspects, conventional and molecular breeding efforts, and biofortification studies undertaken to improve the nutritional content and quality of tomato. Transcriptomics and metabolomics studies, which offer a deeper understanding of the molecular regulation of the tomato's nutrients, are discussed. The potential uses of the wastes from the tomato processing industry (i.e., the peels and seed extracts) that are particularly rich in oils and proteins are also discussed. Recent advancements with CRISPR/Cas mediated gene-editing technology provide enormous opportunities to enhance the nutritional content of agricultural produces, including tomatoes. In this regard, genome editing efforts with respect to biofortification in the tomato plant are also discussed. The recent technological advancements and knowledge gaps described herein aim to help explore the unexplored nutritional potential of the tomato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric Arc Furnace Dust (EAFD) is a waste material produced during the steelmaking process. It contains a large amount of valuable metal oxides that can be used as a filling additive to improve the polymer properties. In this study, EAFD is used as a filler to the unsaturated polyester (UP) resin in different weight percentages. Neat UP and UP/EAFD compounds were studied mechanically by testing their tensile, impact, flexural, and hardness properties. The samples were investigated physically by density and water absorption, in addition to flammability analysis was performed by testing the Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI). Finally, the thermal properties were determined using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The result showed that the incorporation of the EAFD particles into the UP matrix has significantly affected the mechanical properties by increasing tensile strength up to 42%. The hardness of the UP/EAFD composites increases up to 8.5% and reaches a maximum value at 10 wt% of EAFD. Flexural strength and impact strength showed an optimal value at 5 wt% of EAFD. The flammability of the composites decreased by 34% at 30 wt% of EAFD. The thermal stability of the composites showed a remarkable increasing trend. Therefore, utilizing EAFD in UP matrix would help improve the environmental pollution control of the steel industry. Finding useful applications of this dust as a filler for the composite industry might convert this hazardous waste into a byproduct that should reduce the expenses and increase their profit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing burden of waste disposal coupled with natural resource scarcity has renewed interest in the remediation, valorization, and/or repurposing of waste. Traditional approaches such as composting, anaerobic digestion, use in fertilizers or animal feed, or incineration for energy production extract very little value out of these waste streams. In contrast, waste valorization into fuels and other biochemicals via microbial fermentation is an area of growing interest. In this review, we discuss microbial valorization of nonconventional, aqueous waste streams such as food processing effluents, wastewater streams, and other industrial wastes. We categorize these waste streams as carbohydrate-rich food wastes, lipid-rich wastes, and other industrial wastes. Recent advances in microbial valorization of these nonconventional waste streams are highlighted, along with a discussion of the specific challenges and opportunities associated with impurities, nitrogen content, toxicity, and low productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management of sewage sludge, a residual product from the treatment of industrial wastewater, has remained challenging for decades. Attributed to the high content of heavy metal, organic compounds or micro-organisms and limited available landfill capacity, disposal of sludge through landfilling severely creates environmental pollution. This study, hence, aimed at examining potential utilization of industrial sludge in fabrication of lightweight concrete blocks. While Ordinary Portland Cement and sand were used as main constituents, industrial wastewater sludge and rice husk ash were used as fillers in the concrete block production. Chemical composition of dried sludge and rice husk ash were examined through x-ray fluorescence (XRF). The XRF results revealed high content of silica in rice husk ash, whereas hazardous elements, specifically Pb, Hg, Cd and As, were not detected in the sludge. To assess properties of the concrete blocks for practical use, compressive strength and density were evaluated. The concrete blocks containing wastewater sludge lower than 20 wt% could exhibit compressive strength exceeding 5 MPa, while maintaining density lower than 1.6 g/cm3. It was evident that the concrete blocks demonstrated compressive strengths and density values within the acceptable range defined by the Thai Industrial Standards Institute (TISI 2601-2556) Type C16. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactobacillus salivarius (L. salivarius) is a probiotic bacterial species having a multiple range of therapeutic uses including antibacterial, antifungal and detoxifier. The present study was carried out to explore alternative and more effective medium for its growth. For this purpose, milk products (Skimmed Milk Powder: SMP and Fermented Whey Powder: FWP) supplemented with industrial waste (Corn Steep Liquor: CSL and Yeast Sludge: YS) were studied as alternative media for bacterial growth. Along with media components, physical conditions (Time, Temperature, pH, Agitation, etc.) were also optimized. Among both the milk products, FWP (2%) had shown the highest bacterial growth (11.7 + 0.17 log10 CFU/mL). Bacterial growth was improved by adding 0.3% CSL in both (FWP: 13.8 + 0.7 log10 CFU/mL and SMP: 12.8 + 0.03 log10 CFU/mL) media. FWP medium was comparatively better for growth of L. salivarius when 1 % YS was added (13.4 + 0.1 log10 CFU/mL). Optimum bacterial growth was achieved in both the media after 24 hours of incubation at 30 °C temperature, 6.5 pH and 200 rpm agitation. It was concluded that 2% FWP medium supplemented with 0.3% CSL, 1 % YS, 1% Glucose had proven to be better for growth of L. salivarius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to increase productivity of Komagataeibacter xylinus C3 strain on nutrient media using industrial wastes as carbon source. By-product of sugar production, molasses, was selected for the cultivation of bacterial cellulose (BC) producer. It has been shown that the significant accumulation of BC (11.9 g/L) occurs on molasses medium with 7 days of cultivation in static conditions, which is 1.6 times higher than on modified Hestrin and Schramm (MHS) medium. BC synthesized on molasses medium is of high mechanical properties (tensile strength – 38.34 MPa and relative elongation at break – 3.34%). The replacement of carbon source for molasses in MHS medium for BC production did not alter the polymer structure and its microfibrillar nature was not affected by the composition of the medium. The introduction of molasses as nutrient source promoted a significant cost decrease of culture media by almost 2.8 times relating to MHS medium cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Pecan nut shell is a source of bioactive compounds with benefits for the human health. • Placket-Burman design and response surface methodology were conducted. • Activities were associated to flavonoid, tannins, and other phenolic compounds. • Adding value to industrial waste is possible through a low-cost extraction method. The pecan nutshell [ Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh) C. Koch] (PNS) is a source of bioactives with important beneficial properties for the human health. PNS represents between 40–50 % of total mass of the nut, resulting as waste without any added value for the food industry. Even though a variety of methods were already developed for bioactive extraction from this waste, unconventional methodologies, or those which apart from green chemistry principles, were discarded considering the cost of production, the sustainable development goals of United Nations and the feasibility of real inclusion of the technology in the food chain. Then, to add-value to this waste, a low-cost, green and easy-scalable extraction methodology was developed based on the determination of seven relevant factors by means of a factorial design and a Response Surface Methodology, allowing the extraction of bioactives with antioxidant capacity. The pecan nutshell extract had a high concentration of phenolic compounds (166 mg gallic acid equivalents-GAE/g dry weight-dw), flavonoids (90 mg catechin equivalent-CE/g dw) and condensed tannins (189 mg CE/g dw) −related also to the polymeric color (74.6 %)-, with high antioxidant capacities of ABTS+. radical inhibition (3665 µmol Trolox Equivalent-TE/g dw) and of iron reduction (1305 µmol TE/g dw). Several compounds associated with these determinations were identified by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS, such as [ Epi ]catechin-[ Epi ]catechin-[ Epi ]gallocatechin, myricetin, dihydroquercetins, dimers A and B of protoanthocyanidins, ellagitannins and ellagic acid derivatives. Hence, through the methodology developed here, we obtained a phenolic rich extract with possible benefits for human health, and of high industrial scalability for this co-product transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The substantial development of the dyeing and printing industry has resulted in an increased discharge of dye wastewater containing a large amount of recalcitrant organic pollutants. Furthermore, the landfill disposal of red mud has led to significant environmental pollution such as soil erosion and groundwater contamination. Therefore, this study aimed to promote the resource utilization of red mud by preparing advanced oxidation catalyst, resulting in effective treatment of dye wastewater, and the primary reaction mechanism was revealed. In this study, biochar-loading red mud (RBC) was applied to activate persulfate (PDS) for the degradation of acid orange 7 (AO7) with the initial concentration of 50 mg L−1. The maximum removal rate of 2.45 mg L·min−1 was achieved in 20 min and corresponding with the removal ratio of 98.0% under the PDS concentration of 20 mM (4.76 g L−1). Eventually, the removal ratio of 99.2% was attained within 60 min. The high catalytic efficiency was probably ascribed to the singlet oxygen (1O 2) dominant non-radical pathway and RBC-mediated electron transfer mechanism. It was found that Fe(II), specific surface areas and functional groups on the catalyst were highly related to its catalytic efficiency and passivation. RBC had better reusability due to the loading of biochar and the reduction of zero-valent iron. The non-radical pathway mechanism and electron transfer mechanism were proposed for the activation of PDS, and non-radical pathway played a dominant role. Besides, the degradation pathways and toxicity assessment were analyzed. This research proposed a new electron transfer mechanism for activation process of PDS , which can provide a theoretical support for further studies. Overall, this study demonstrated that catalysts synthesized from red mud and biomass exhibit highly efficient activation in degrading the model pollutant AO7 through PDS activation. The catalyst displayed promising reusability and practical applicability, offering potential advancements in both the resource utilization and reduction of red mud. • Resource utilization of red mud and efficient degradation of AO7 were promoted. • Fe° has been identified by the HNO 3 preparation of catalyst. • The non-radical pathway combining 1O 2 and electron transfer has been revealed. • The electron transfer characteristics of the catalyst have been investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manufacturing of mullite porous ceramics with high strength and low thermal conductivity was achieved through foam gel-casting processes using fly ash coated with alumina sol layers. This research aimed to investigate the effect of alumina sol concentration on foaming slurry rheology, as well as the influence of alumina sol coating layers on the microstructure, phase compositions and properties of the resulting mullite porous ceramics. Increasing the alumina sol concentration from 5 to 20 wt% improved both the viscosity and thixotropy of the foaming slurries while enhanced the shear thinning behavior. Porous ceramics prepared with fly ash coated with alumina sol exhibited smaller pore size compared to the untreated fly ash porous ceramics. Moreover, the distribution of pores gradually became more homogenous in the porous ceramics with treated fly ash. Meanwhile, the weight-reduction, compressive strength and thermal insulation properties of the porous ceramics were improved significantly. The use of fly ash coated with alumina sol (with a concentration of 20 wt%) in the preparation of porous ceramics resulted in the formation of mullite whiskers within the pore walls. This created micron-size gaps between the whiskers, greatly enhancing the thermal insulation of the porous ceramics. Finally, the porous ceramics that were prepared using fly ash coated with alumina sol (with a concentration of 20 wt%) and sintered at a temperature of 1400 °C had a bulk density of 0.45 g/cm3, a compressive strength of 8 MPa, and a thermal conductivity of 0.15 W/m·k. • Fly ash coated with alumina sol for optimizes the rheology of foaming slurry. • Pore distribution became more homogenous in porous ceramics with treated fly ash. • Alumina sol layer can improve strength and thermal insulation of porous ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]