304 results on '"Indian summer"'
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52. Richard Strauss (1864–1949): A Life Review In Music
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Hutcheon, Linda, author and Hutcheon, Michael, author
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- 2015
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53. What controls the atmospheric methane seasonal variability over India?
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Michel Ramonet, Amey Datye, Yogesh K. Tiwari, Xin Lin, Vinu Valsala, K. Ravi Kumar, Anoop S. Mahajan, Tania Guha, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Sarojini Devi Eye Hospital and Institute for Ophthalmology, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) more...
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Convection ,[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere ,Atmospheric Science ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Atmospheric methane ,010501 environmental sciences ,Jet stream ,Seasonality ,Monsoon ,medicine.disease ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Atmosphere ,Indian summer ,13. Climate action ,Peninsula ,[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics] ,Climatology ,medicine ,Environmental science ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Atmospheric CH4 observations from two ground-based stations within Indian subcontinent, namely, Sinhagad (SNG) and Cape Rama station (CRI) showed a strong seasonality with a minima (∼1800 ± 20 ppb) during southwest monsoon (SWM; i.e. June–September, JJAS) and a maxima (2000 ± 30 ppb) during northeast monsoon (NEM i.e. December–February, DJF) with a peak-to-peak seasonality close to 200 ppb. The Indian summer (winter) monsoon is characterized with strong southwesterly (northeasterly) winds of oceanic (land) origin at the surface level and strong easterly (westerly) jet streams aloft. The monsoon dynamics has pronounced impact on CH4 variability over India and is analyzed with winds, Lagrangian trajectories, and 3-dimentional distributions of CH4 simulated by a general circulation model. The model simulations suggest a consistent annual vertical structure (mean and sub-seasonal uncertainty) of CH4 over India with a stark contrast in concentration from summer to winter at surface levels (below 750 mb) in confirmation with what is identified by the ground-based observations. During SWM (NEM) the air with comparatively lower (higher) CH4 concentrations from southern (northern) hemisphere reduces the CH4 over India by 1814 ± 26 ppb (enhances by 1950 ± 51 ppb). The contribution of local fluxes to this seasonality appears to be albeit weak as the synthesized CH4 fluxes (from EDGAR dataset) of the Indian peninsula itself show a peak in summer and a dip in winter. Similar property of CH4 is also common to nearby oceanic region (i.e. over Arabian Sea, 1765 ± 10 ppb during summer) suggesting the role of monsoon dynamics as the controlling factor. Further the mixing and convection carries the CH4 to the upper atmosphere and advect inward or outward aloft according the seasonal monsoon dynamics. more...
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- 2018
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54. Setting the Scene: the Indian Summer of the Cotton Industry
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Jutta Schwarzkopf
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Indian summer ,Geography ,Agricultural economics - Published
- 2018
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55. Lake Level Reconstruction for 12.8–2.3 ka of the Ngangla Ring Tso Closed-Basin Lake System, Southwest Tibetan Plateau
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Jay Quade, John W. Olsen, Hai Cheng, Hucai Zhang, Tyler E. Huth, Guoliang Lei, Lawrence R. Edwards, and Adam M. Hudson
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010506 paleontology ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Northern Hemisphere ,Structural basin ,Monsoon ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,Indian summer ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Indian summer monsoon ,Tufa ,law ,Climatology ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Physical geography ,Radiocarbon dating ,Holocene ,Geology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Earth-Surface Processes - Abstract
We present a shoreline-based, millennial-scale record of lake-level changes spanning 12.8–2.3 ka for a large closed-basin lake system on the southwestern Tibetan Plateau. Fifty-three radiocarbon and eight U–Th series ages of tufa and beach cement provide age control on paleoshorelines ringing the basin, supplemented by nineteen ages from shell and aquatic plant material from natural exposures generally recording lake regressions. Our results show that paleo-Ngangla Ring Tso exceeded modern lake level (4727 m asl) continuously between ~ 12.8 and 2.3 ka. The lake was at its highstand 135 m (4862 m asl) above the modern lake from 10.3 ka to 8.6 ka. This is similar to other closed-basin lakes in western Tibet, and coincides with peak Northern Hemisphere summer insolation and peak Indian Summer Monsoon intensity. The lake experienced a series of millennial-scale oscillations centered on 11.5, 10.8, 8.3, 5.9 and 3.6 ka, consistent with weak monsoon events in proxy records of the Indian Summer Monsoon. It is unclear whether these events were forced by North Atlantic or Indian Ocean conditions, but based on the abrupt lake-level regressions recorded for Ngangla Ring Tso, they resulted in significant periodic reductions in rainfall over the western Tibetan Plateau throughout the Holocene. more...
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- 2015
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56. The link between Tibetan Plateau monsoon and Indian summer precipitation: a linear diagnostic perspective
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Xiefei Zhi, Fei Ge, Klaus Fraedrich, Ting Peng, Frank Sielmann, Xiuhua Zhu, and Lei Wang
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geography ,Atmospheric Science ,Plateau ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Atmospheric circulation ,Forcing (mathematics) ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,Monsoon ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Indian summer ,Anticyclone ,Meridional flow ,Climatology ,Precipitation ,Geology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
The thermal forcing of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is analyzed to investigate the formation and variability of Tibetan Plateau Summer Monsoon (TPSM), which affects the climates of the surrounding regions, in particular the Indian summer monsoon precipitation. Dynamic composites and statistical analyses indicate that the Indian summer monsoon precipitation is less/greater than normal during the strong/weak TPSM. Strong (weak) TPSM is associated with an anomalous near surface cyclone (anticyclone) over the western part of the Tibetan Plateau, enhancing (reducing) the westerly flow along its southern flank, suppressing (favoring) the meridional flow of warm and moist air from the Indian ocean and thus cutting (providing) moisture supply for the northern part of India and its monsoonal rainfall. These results are complemented by a dynamic and thermodynamic analysis: (i) A linear thermal vorticity forcing primarily describes the influence of the asymmetric heating of TP generating an anomalous stationary wave flux. Composite analysis of anomalous stationary wave flux activity (after Plumb in J Atmos Sci 42:217–229, 1985) strongly indicate that non-orographic effects (diabatic heating and/or interaction with transient eddies) of the Tibetan Plateau contribute to the generation of an anomalous cyclone (anti-cyclone) over the western TP. (ii) Anomalous TPSM generation shows that strong TPSM years are related to the positive surface sensible heating anomalies over the eastern TP favoring the strong diabatic heating in summer. While negative TPSM years are associated with the atmospheric circulation anomalies during the preceding spring, enhancing northerly dry-cold air intrusions into TP, which may weaken the condensational heat release in the middle and upper troposphere, leading to a weaker than normal summer monsoon over the TP in summer. more...
- Published
- 2017
57. Isotope fingerprinting of precipitation associated with western disturbances and Indian summer monsoons across the Himalayas
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Ghulam Jeelani and Rajendrakumar D. Deshpande
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010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Isotope ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,Monsoon ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,020801 environmental engineering ,Indian summer ,Indian summer monsoon ,Climatology ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Precipitation ,Rayleigh fractionation ,Geology ,Air mass ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Orographic lift - Abstract
Precipitation samples were collected across the Himalayas from Kashmir (western Himalaya) to Assam (eastern Himalaya) to understand the variation of the stable isotopic content ( $$\updelta ^{18}$$ O and $$\updelta $$ D) in precipitation associated with two dominant weather systems of the region: western disturbances (WDs) and Indian summer monsoon (ISM). Large spatial and temporal variations in isotopic values were noted with $$\updelta ^{18}$$ O and $$\updelta $$ D values ranging from $$-30.3$$ to and $$-228$$ to , respectively. The d-excess values also exhibit a large range of variation from $$-30$$ to . In general, heavier isotopic values are observed in most of the samples in Jammu, whereas lighter values are observed in majority of the samples in Uttarakhand. Precipitation at Jammu seems to have undergone intense evaporation while that from Uttarakhand suggest normal Rayleigh fractionation/distillation of the air mass as it moves from the source region to the precipitation site and/or orographic lifting. The d-excess of rainfall in Kashmir has a distinctly higher median value of compared to other precipitation sites with a median of . Using distinct isotopic signatures, the regions receiving precipitation from two different weather systems have been identified. more...
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- 2017
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58. Indian Summer of the Old Order
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Frederick Lewis Allen and William O’Neill
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Indian summer ,Geography ,Order (business) ,Climatology - Published
- 2017
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59. Indian Summer of a Golden Age: Riggs, Kramer, Gonzales, and the Pro Tour
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E. Digby Baltzell
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History ,Indian summer ,Ancient history - Published
- 2017
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60. East is hot!: ‘Madonna’s Indian Summer’ and the poetics of appropriation
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Michael Angelo Tata
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Appropriation ,Indian summer ,Poetics ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Art ,Ancient history ,media_common - Published
- 2017
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61. Contrasting Eurasian spring and summer climate anomalies associated with western and eastern Eurasian spring snow cover changes
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Zhao Ping, Renguang Wu, and Ge Liu
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Atmospheric Science ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Atmospheric circulation ,Atmospheric wave ,Geophysics ,Indian summer ,Space and Planetary Science ,Climatology ,Spring (hydrology) ,Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Precipitation ,Geology ,Snow cover - Abstract
Spring snow cover variations over Eurasia consist of a same-sign component and a west-east dipole component. The same-sign component is dominant during late 1970s through 1980s, and the two components are equally important during 1990s and 2000s. Present study contrasted Eurasian spring and summer climate anomalies associated with western and eastern Eurasian spring snow cover variations and between 1975–1989 and 1993–2007 and found notable differences and obvious interdecadal changes in Eurasian climate anomalies. After 1990, spring surface temperature anomalies display an obvious west-east contrast pattern, consistent with a prominent atmospheric wave pattern over Eurasia. The temperature anomalies are larger corresponding to western than eastern Eurasian snow cover change. Snow-albedo effect plays a main role in temperature change during 1975–1989, whereas atmospheric processes also contribute largely to temperature change during 1993–2007. Large soil moisture anomalies occur corresponding to western Eurasian snow cover and during 1975–1989. The snow-hydrological effect on summer precipitation is mainly detected over the West Siberian Plain where soil moisture anomalies persist over 3 months. Over most of other Eurasian regions, atmospheric circulation pattern plays a dominant role in summer surface temperature and precipitation variations. The relationship of Indian summer rainfall to western Eurasian spring snow cover was weakened since the mid-1990s, and the correlation of Northeast China summer rainfall with local spring snow cover changed from positive to negative around 1990. more...
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- 2014
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62. Positive response of Indian summer rainfall to Middle East dust
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Qinjian Jin, Jiangfeng Wei, and Zong-Liang Yang
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Monsoon of South Asia ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Plateau ,Empirical orthogonal functions ,Mineral dust ,Atmospheric sciences ,Aerosol ,Atmosphere ,Geophysics ,Indian summer ,Peninsula ,Climatology ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Environmental science - Abstract
Using observational and reanalyses data, we investigated the impact of dust aerosols over the Middle East and the Arabian Sea (AS) on the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) rainfall. Satellite and aerosol reanalysis data show extremely heavy aerosol loading, mainly mineral dust, over the Middle East and AS during the ISM season. Multivariate empirical orthogonal function analyses suggest an aerosol-monsoon connection. This connection may be attributed to dust-induced atmospheric heating centered over the Iranian Plateau (IP), which enhances the meridional thermal contrast and strengthens the ISM circulation and rainfall. The enhanced circulation further transports more dust to the AS and IP, heating the atmosphere (positive feedback). The aerosols over the AS and the Arabian Peninsula have a significant correlation with rainfall over central and eastern India about 2 weeks later. This finding highlights the nonlocal radiative effect of dust on the ISM circulation and rainfall and may improve ISM rainfall forecasts. more...
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- 2014
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63. Hugo Pratt’s and Milo Manara’s Indian Summer: An Italian 'Source' for The Scarlet Letter
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Mariani, Giorgio
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Nathaniel Hawthorne ,Literary History ,Hugo Pratt ,The Scarlet Letter ,Indian Summer ,Milo Manara ,comparative Italian American Studies - Published
- 2017
64. The Indo-Australian monsoon and its relationship to ENSO and IOD in reanalysis data and the CMIP3/CMIP5 simulations
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Nicolas C. Jourdain, Karumuri Ashok, Alex Sen Gupta, Andréa S. Taschetto, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, and Aurel Moise
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Monsoon of South Asia ,Atmospheric Science ,Coupled model intercomparison project ,Seasonality ,Atmospheric sciences ,Monsoon ,medicine.disease ,El Niño Southern Oscillation ,Indian summer ,Climatology ,medicine ,Environmental science ,Indian Ocean Dipole ,Teleconnection - Abstract
A large spread exists in both Indian and Australian average monsoon rainfall and in their interannual variations diagnosed from various observational and reanalysis products. While the multi model mean monsoon rainfall from 59 models taking part in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3 and CMIP5) fall within the observational uncertainty, considerable model spread exists. Rainfall seasonality is consistent across observations and reanalyses, but most CMIP models produce either a too peaked or a too flat seasonal cycle, with CMIP5 models generally performing better than CMIP3. Considering all North-Australia rainfall, most models reproduce the observed Australian monsoon-El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnection, with the strength of the relationship dependent on the strength of the simulated ENSO. However, over the Maritime Continent, the simulated monsoon-ENSO connection is generally weaker than observed, depending on the ability of each model to realistically reproduce the ENSO signature in the Warm Pool region. A large part of this bias comes from the contribution of Papua, where moisture convergence seems to be particularly affected by this SST bias. The Indian summer monsoon-ENSO relationship is affected by overly persistent ENSO events in many CMIP models. Despite significant wind anomalies in the Indian Ocean related to Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events, the monsoon-IOD relationship remains relatively weak both in the observations and in the CMIP models. Based on model fidelity in reproducing realistic monsoon characteristics and ENSO teleconnections, we objectively select 12 “best” models to analyze projections in the rcp8.5 scenario. Eleven of these models are from the CMIP5 ensemble. In India and Australia, most of these models produce 5–20 % more monsoon rainfall over the second half of the twentieth century than during the late nineteenth century. By contrast, there is no clear model consensus over the Maritime Continent. more...
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- 2013
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65. Indian summer heat wave of 2015: a biometeorological analysis using half hourly automatic weather station data with special reference to Andhra Pradesh
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M. A. Sarath Chandran, Padmini Pani, Ch. Srinivasa Rao, V. U. M. Rao, V. Visha Kumari, A. V. M. Subba Rao, V. M. Sandeep, and V. P. Pramod
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Physiologically equivalent temperature ,Atmospheric Science ,Heat budget ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Ecology ,Automatic weather station ,Meteorology ,Summer heat ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Extreme Heat ,India ,010501 environmental sciences ,Heat wave ,01 natural sciences ,Extreme heat ,Indian summer ,Environmental science ,Humans ,Thermosensing ,Seasons ,Mortality ,Intensity (heat transfer) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Heat wave is a hazardous weather-related extreme event that affects living beings. The 2015 summer heat wave affected many regions in India and caused the death of 2248 people across the country. An attempt has been made to quantify the intensity and duration of heat wave that resulted in high mortality across the country. Half hourly Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET), based on a complete heat budget of human body, was estimated using automatic weather station (AWS) data of four locations in Andhra Pradesh state, where the maximum number of deaths was reported. The heat wave characterization using PET revealed that extreme heat load conditions (PET >41) existed in all the four locations throughout May during 2012-2015, with varying intensity. The intensity and duration of heat waves characterized by "area under the curve" method showed good results for Srikakulam and Undi locations. Variations in PET during each half an hour were estimated. Such studies will help in fixing thresholds for defining heat waves, designing early warning systems, etc. more...
- Published
- 2016
66. Asynchronous responses of East Asian and Indian summer monsoons to mountain uplift shown by regional climate modelling experiments
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Jussi T. Eronen, Mikael Fortelius, Arne Micheels, Bodo Ahrens, and Hui Tang
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Atmospheric Science ,geography ,Plateau ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Orography ,Diachronous ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,Monsoon ,01 natural sciences ,Tectonics ,Indian summer ,13. Climate action ,Climatology ,ddc:550 ,East Asian Monsoon ,Climate model ,Geology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
It has been demonstrated in climate models that both the Indian and East Asian summer monsoons (ISM and EASM) are strengthened by the uplift of the entire Asian orography or Tibetan Plateau (TP) (i.e. bulk mountain uplift). Such an effect is widely perceived as the major mechanism contributing to the evolution of Asian summer monsoons in the Neogene. However, geological evidence suggests more diachronous growth of the Asian orography (i.e. regional mountain uplift) than bulk mountain uplift. This demands a re-evaluation of the relation between mountain uplift and the Asian monsoon in the geological periods. In this study, sensitivity experiments considering the diachronous growth of different parts of the Asian orography are performed using the regional climate model COSMO-CLM to investigate their effects on the Asian summer monsoons. The results show that, different from the bulk mountain uplift, the regional mountain uplift can lead to an asynchronous development of the ISM and EASM. While the ISM is primarily intensified by the thermal insulation (mechanical blocking) effect of the southern TP (Zagros Mountains), the EASM is mainly enhanced by the surface sensible heating of the central, northern and eastern TP. Such elevated surface heating can induce a low-level cyclonic anomaly around the TP that reduces the ISM by suppressing the lower tropospheric monsoon vorticity, but promotes the EASM by strengthening the warm advection from the south of the TP that sustains the monsoon convection. Our findings provide new insights to the evolution of the Asian summer monsoons and their interaction with the tectonic changes in the Neogene. more...
- Published
- 2012
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67. Stochastic control of Indian megadroughts and megafloods
- Author
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B. G. Hunt
- Subjects
Stochastic control ,Monsoon of South Asia ,Atmospheric Science ,Series (stratigraphy) ,Indian summer ,Indian summer monsoon rainfall ,El Niño Southern Oscillation ,Indian summer monsoon ,Climatology ,Environmental science ,Atmospheric sciences ,Monsoon - Abstract
A multi-millennial run of the CSIRO Mark2 coupled climatic model has been used to investigate megadroughts and megafloods during the Indian summer monsoon (June–September). These extreme events were defined as having rainfall anomalies at least two standard deviations from normal. More than ten megafloods and more than twenty megadroughts, so-defined, were found to occur in a 5,000-year period of the simulation. The simulation replicated most of the major features of the observed summer monsoon, but a comparison of observed and simulated probability density functions suggests that the limited observed rainfall time series to date does not adequately sample the possible range of Indian monsoonal rainfall. An investigation of causal mechanisms of Indian rainfall variability reproduced the observed negative correlation with ENSO events, but it was found that neither extreme ENSO events or extremes of a range of other climatic phenomena coincided with the simulated, extreme megadroughts and megafloods. This disconnect between these events is succinctly illustrated with examples related to ENSO events in particular. Autoregressive and FFT analysis of observed and simulated Indian summer monsoon rainfall time series revealed them to consist of white noise. Since these time series therefore consist of random outcomes, it is apparent that these Indian megadroughts and megafloods are the consequence of stochastic influences. Thus, it is concluded that the interannual variability of Indian summer monsoonal rainfall cannot be predicted in general, nor can megadroughts and megafloods in particular. more...
- Published
- 2012
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68. FRUITS OF SORABJI'S INDIAN SUMMER: ‘IL TESSUTO D'ARABESCHI’ AND ‘FANTASIETTINA ATEMATICA’
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Brian Inglis
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Literature ,Style (visual arts) ,Indian summer ,business.industry ,Piano ,Flute ,Musical ,Sociology ,Scale (music) ,business ,Music ,Magnum opus ,Period (music) - Abstract
The Anglo-Indian composer Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji (1892–1988) is best known for his virtuosic, highly decorative and complex style of piano music and vast post-Romantic scale, as typified by his magnum opus, Opus Clavicembalisticum. In his last creative period (post-1973), however, he composed a number of more concise works which depart from the idiom of the piano. This article examines two of these works, Il tessuto d'arabeschi (1979) for flute and string quartet, and Fantasiettina Atematica (1981) for wind trio. It looks primarily at the place of these two works in Sorabji's oeuvre as a whole, but also the wider issues of Sorabji's compositional approach and musical attitudes in later life. more...
- Published
- 2010
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69. Did the Indo-Asian summer monsoon decrease during the Holocene following insolation?
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Manish Tiwari, Ravi Bhushan, Rengaswamy Ramesh, Madavalm S. Sheshshayee, A. J. Timothy Jull, B.L.K. Somayajulu, and George S. Burr
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Series (stratigraphy) ,biology ,Paleontology ,Globigerina bulloides ,Forcing (mathematics) ,biology.organism_classification ,Monsoon ,Foraminifera ,Indian summer ,Oceanography ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Productivity (ecology) ,Climatology ,Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Holocene ,Geology - Abstract
A few studies from the western Arabian Sea indicate that the Indian summer (or southwest) monsoon (ISM), after attaining its maximum intensity at ca. 9 ka, declined during the Holocene, as did insolation. In contrast, earlier and later observations from both the eastern and the western Arabian Sea do not support this inference. Analysis of multiple proxies of productivity in a new sediment core from the western Arabian Sea fails to confirm the earlier, single-proxy (e.g. abundance of Globigerina bulloides) based, inference of the Holocene weakening of ISM, following insolation. The reason for the observed decreasing trend in foraminiferal abundance – the basis for the earlier inference – could be the favouring of silicate rather than carbonate productivity by the increased ISM wind strength. Although ISM exhibits several multi-millennial scale fluctuations, there is no evidence from several multi-proxy data to conclude that it declined during the Holocene; this is consistent with the phase lag analysis of longer time series of monsoon proxies. Thus, on sub-Milankovitch timescales, ISM did not follow insolation, highlighting the importance of internal feedbacks. A comparison with East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) records suggests that both ISM and EASM varied in unison, implying common forcing factors on such longer timescales. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. more...
- Published
- 2010
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70. The crucial role of ocean–atmosphere coupling on the Indian monsoon anomalous response during dipole events
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P. Swapna, Milind Mujumdar, Vinay Kumar, Raghavan Krishnan, Suchithra Sundaram, and D. C. Ayantika
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Monsoon of South Asia ,Atmosphere ,Atmospheric Science ,Coupling (physics) ,Indian summer ,Climatology ,Environmental science ,Precipitation ,Indian Ocean Dipole ,Atmospheric model ,Monsoon - Abstract
This paper examines an issue concerning the simulation of anomalously wet Indian summer monsoons like 1994 which co-occurred with strong positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) conditions in the tropical Indian Ocean. Contrary to observations it has been noticed that standalone atmospheric general circulation models (AGCM) forced with observed SST boundary condition, consistently depicted a decrease of the summer monsoon rainfall during 1994 over the Indian region. Given the ocean–atmosphere coupling during IOD events, we have examined whether the failure of standalone AGCM simulations in capturing wet Indian monsoons like 1994 can be remedied by including a simple form of coupling that allows the monsoon circulation to dynamically interact with the IOD anomalies. With this view, we have performed a suite of simulations by coupling an AGCM to a slab-ocean model with spatially varying mixed-layer-depth (MLD) specified from observations for the 1994 IOD; as well as four other cases (1983, 1997, 2006, 2007). The specification of spatially varying MLD from observations allows us to constrain the model to observed IOD conditions. It is seen that the inclusion of coupling significantly improves the large-scale circulation response by strengthening the monsoon cross-equatorial flow; leading to precipitation enhancement over the subcontinent and rainfall decrease over south-eastern tropical Indian Ocean—in a manner broadly consistent with observations. A plausible physical mechanism is suggested to explain the monsoonal response in the coupled frame-work. These results warrant the need for improved monsoon simulations with fully coupled models to be able to better capture the observed monsoon interannual variability. more...
- Published
- 2010
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71. Influence of the Eurasian snow cover on the Indian summer monsoon variability in observed climatologies and CMIP3 simulations
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Yannick Peings and Hervé Douville
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Monsoon of South Asia ,Atmospheric Science ,Coupled model intercomparison project ,Indian summer ,Climatology ,Snow line ,Environmental science ,Precipitation ,Monsoon ,Atmospheric sciences ,Snow ,Teleconnection - Abstract
The present study is aimed at revisiting the possible influence of the winter/spring Eurasian snow cover on the subsequent Indian summer precipitation using several statistical tools including a maximum covariance analysis. The snow–monsoon relationship is explored using both satellite observations of snow cover and in situ measurements of snow depth, but also a subset of global coupled ocean–atmosphere simulations from the phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) database. In keeping with former studies, the observations suggest a link between an east–west snow dipole over Eurasia and the Indian summer monsoon precipitation. However, our results indicate that this relationship is neither statistically significant nor stationary over the last 40 years. Moreover, the strongest signal appears over eastern Eurasia and is not consistent with the Blanford hypothesis whereby more snow should lead to a weaker monsoon. The twentieth century CMIP3 simulations provide longer timeseries to look for robust snow–monsoon relationships. The maximum covariance analysis indicates that some models do show an apparent influence of the Eurasian snow cover on the Indian summer monsoon precipitation, but the patterns are not the same as in the observations. Moreover, the apparent snow–monsoon relationship generally denotes a too strong El Nino-Southern Oscillation teleconnection with both winter snow cover and summer monsoon rainfall rather than a direct influence of the Eurasian snow cover on the Indian monsoon. more...
- Published
- 2009
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72. Climate change over the past 2000 years in Western China
- Author
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Bao Yang, Edward R. Cook, and Jonathan A. Holmes
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geography ,Plateau ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Indian summer ,Ice core ,Climatology ,Climate change ,Westerlies ,Glacial period ,Monsoon ,Proxy (climate) ,Earth-Surface Processes - Abstract
Western China, defined here as the land falling within the geographical boundaries of the People's Republic of China in the west, south and north, and the approximate eastern extent of the Tibetan and Alaxa Plateaux to the east, occupies an important climatic region, influenced by the Asian and Indian summer monsoons, the mid-latitude westerlies and the dry, cold central Asian winter monsoon. The Tibetan Plateau itself is a prominent topographic feature that exerts major control on regional atmospheric circulation. Previous compilations of meteorological data and documentary sources suggest that western China, and the Tibetan Plateau in particular, is highly sensitive to anthropogenically induced climate change. Temperature increases appear to be greatest at higher altitudes: moreover, precipitation variations seem to have been marked, although spatially complex. The region contains a wealth of information about past climate derived from instrumental, documentary and proxy sources although meteorological time series are generally too short to capture the full range of recent climatic variability. Documentary and proxy sources are therefore important. We review studies of climate change in western China for the past two millennia. Documentary records are complemented by proxy data from ice cores, tree rings, lake sediments, groundwater profiles and glacial geomorphology. Although general patterns of change can be identified, proxy records of past climate are often semi-quantitative at best, open to alternative interpretations and sometimes poorly dated. Despite evidence for marked variations in climate over the past 2000 years, changes during the 20th century, especially in temperature, may have been unprecedented. The density of data points over western China is currently too low for spatial patterns to be identified, especially in precipitation variation. However, there does seem to have been an increase in warming with altitude over the most recent past. more...
- Published
- 2009
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73. Sensitivity of the Indian monsoon to human activities
- Author
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B. Knopf, Vladimir Petoukhov, M. Flechsig, and Kirsten Zickfeld
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Monsoon of South Asia ,Atmospheric Science ,Indian summer ,Greenhouse gas ,Climatology ,Global warming ,Tropical monsoon climate ,Environmental science ,Global change ,Precipitation ,Atmospheric sciences ,Monsoon - Abstract
In this paper the authors perform an extensive sensitivity analysis of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall to changes in parameters and boundary conditions which are influenced by human activities. For this study, the authors use a box model of the Indian monsoon which reproduces key features of the observed monsoon dynamics such as the annual course of precipitation and the transitions between winter and summer regimes. Because of its transparency and computational efficiency, this model is highly suitable for exploring the effects of anthropogenic perturbations such as emissions of greenhouse gases and sulfur dioxide, and land cover changes, on the Indian monsoon. Results of a systematic sensitivity analysis indicate that changes in those parameters which are related to emissions of greenhouse gases lead to an increase in Indian summer rainfall. In contrast, all parameters related to higher atmospheric aerosol concentrations lead to a decrease in Indian rainfall. Similarly, changes in parameters which can be related to forest conversion or desertification, act to decrease the summer precipitation. The results indicate that the sign of precipitation changes over India will be dependent on the direction and relative magnitude of different human perturbations. more...
- Published
- 2008
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74. RADAR STUDIES OF SONGBIRD MIGRATION IN COASTAL NEW ENGLAND*
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W. H. Drury and J. A. Keith
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education.field_of_study ,Ecology ,Population ,Storm ,Warm front ,Indian summer ,Overcast ,Oceanography ,Cold front ,Geography ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Tropical cyclone ,education ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Air mass - Abstract
SUMMARY This paper reviews qualitative results of study of 35 mm. moving pictures taken of PPI scopes of 23 cm. radar installations on the southeast coast of New England during spring and autumn migrations in 1959 and 1960. Gulls, waders and passerines are readily distinguished from each other; small, medium, and large movements are easily separated. New England weather is controlled by eastward flow of large air masses out of the continent of North America or the Gulf of Mexico. These take several days to cross New England, so that short-range weather forecasts are more reliable than in northwestern Europe. Winter is characterized by regular eastward passage of air masses. Wintering buntings increase their fat deposits in low temperatures and move their feeding grounds with storms. Unstable early spring weather marks the end of winter. Early spring migrants respond to 10° rise in temperature and usually move with overcast skies. The dispersal of flocks of wintering Tree Sparrows studied over five years and conspicuous first arrivals of spring migrants, including large flocks of day-migrating icterids, may be as early as 22 February or as late as 10 April and coincide with the first moderate movements on radar. Late spring is marked by orderly flow of maritime air up the east coast of North America, either with the movement of low-pressure systems or with circulation around the Bermuda high. Late spring migrants are more regular in their schedule of arrival and respond to clear skies, rising temperatures, and favourable winds. In mid- and late May, stalling of the warm air in a reentrant centred over coastal New England results in the grounding of large numbers of birds which winter in Central and South America. Week-long rain resulting from such stalled weather produces especially large movements when the skies clear. Passage of a sharp cold front stimulates reversed migration during spring months, more marked in March and April, but still evident in May. In early August, adults start to migrate and continue as a steady flow in small numbers, which increase with the passage of each cold front until early September. As the sun's declination falls, cold continental polar air masses cross New England, accompanied by increasingly evident cold fronts and falls of temperature during September and October. Warblers and thrushes move with each cold front in early September; buntings join them in late September and become predominant among night migrants in October. In September, tropical storms on the Atlantic coast bring southern stragglers with them. Wintering buntings appear and day-migrant icterids again are conspicuous in October and November, with continued cold fronts and stalled high-pressure systems of Indian Summer. The first freezing weather sends icterids, geese, White-throated and Fox Sparrows farther south in reversed order of spring arrivals. Unstable early spring weather marks the end of winter. Unstable stalled air masses and late autumn northeast storms forecast winter's arrival. Early spring migrations, especially of diurnal migrants, are reliably reported by ground observers. Large movements are similarly well reflected, especially by reports of a general exodus. Ground observer reports which indicate small movements every day are usually correct. Laboratory recordings of migratory unrest accurately show the span of the instinctive period and closely approximate the schedule of movements seen in the field; but recordings do not yet clearly show effects of weather stimuli. We suggest the hypothesis that specific changes of weather, for example in autumn, overcast and rain, followed by heavier rain and squalls, followed by clearing and cold weather, combine (including the proper sequence of changes) to make additive stimuli whereby a population reacts to fly in an air mass which will be most suitable for migration. Radar shows three regular offshore movements across eastern and coastal Massachusetts in autumn. Although adaptations exist which allow certain species to avoid the overwater crossing or to re-orient and regain land, most of the birds continue to cross the sea, presumably because they fly non-stop to their goal. The three offshore movements are as follows. Regular southeastward movements on radar are of waders, are not consistently weather-controlled, and are most frequent from mid-July to mid-October. Regular southwestward movements on radar are of passerines, primarily thrushes, wood warblers and buntings, and form the eastern limit of the general southwestward flow of these species. These movements follow cold fronts from early August through mid-November. The unexplained puzzle of heavy concentrations of immature songbirds on the coast is discussed. Regular southward movements on radar are of passerines, and follow cold fronts, occurring most frequently from early September to mid-October. We believe these movements to represent a previously unrecorded migration of wood warblers that winter in the Antilles and South America, whose track cuts directly across the western Atlantic from New England and the Maritime Provinces. Some estimates are made of the rate of energy consumption during these flights, based on the observed departure weights and the recognition that the flights are successful. Calculations based on weights of birds in New England and in Bermuda show that the birds possess abundant energy resources for this flight. more...
- Published
- 2008
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75. On the impacts of ENSO and Indian Ocean dipole events on sub-regional Indian summer monsoon rainfall
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N. H. Saji and Karumuri Ashok
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Indian summer ,El Niño Southern Oscillation ,Geography ,Indian summer monsoon rainfall ,Climatology ,Natural hazard ,Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Indian Ocean Dipole ,Spatial distribution ,Monsoon ,Monsoon trough ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
The relative impacts of the ENSO and Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) events on Indian summer (June–September) monsoon rainfall at sub-regional scales have been examined in this study. GISST datasets from 1958 to 1998, along with Willmott and Matsuura gridded rainfall data, all India summer monsoon rainfall data, and homogeneous and sub-regional Indian rainfall datasets were used. The spatial distribution of partial correlations between the IOD and summer rainfall over India indicates a significant impact on rainfall along the monsoon trough regions, parts of the southwest coastal regions of India, and also over Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran. ENSO events have a wider impact, although opposite in nature over the monsoon trough region to that of IOD events. The ENSO (IOD) index is negatively (positively) correlated (significant at the 95% confidence level from a two-tailed Student t-test) with summer monsoon rainfall over seven (four) of the eight homogeneous rainfall zones of India. During summer, ENSO events also cause drought over northern Sri Lanka, whereas the IOD events cause surplus rainfall in its south. On monthly scales, the ENSO and IOD events have significant impacts on many parts of India. In general, the magnitude of ENSO-related correlations is greater than those related to the IOD. The monthly-stratified IOD variability during each of the months from July to September has a significant impact on Indian summer monsoon rainfall variability over different parts of India, confirming that strong IOD events indeed affect the Indian summer monsoon. more...
- Published
- 2007
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76. Simulation of Indian summer monsoon: sensitivity to cumulus parameterization in a GCM
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H. C. Upadhyaya, J. Y. Grandpeix, S. K. Deb, and O. P. Sharma
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Sea surface temperature ,Indian summer ,Climatology ,Environmental science ,Hindcast ,Empirical orthogonal functions ,Precipitation ,Forcing (mathematics) ,Monsoon ,Spatial distribution - Abstract
Hindcasts for the Indian summer monsoons (ISMs) of 2002 and 2003 have been produced from a series of numerical simulations performed with a general circulation model using different cumulus parameterization schemes. Ten sets of ensemble simulations have been produced without using any vegetation scheme but by prescribing the monthly observed SST from the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts) analyses. For each ensemble, ten simulations have been realised with different initial conditions that are also prepared from the ECMWF data: five each from the April and May analyses of both the years. Stream function, velocity potential with divergent winds at 200 hPa, winds at 850 hPa and rainfall patterns with their anomalies have been analysed and interpreted. The large-scale upper and lower level circulation features are simulated satisfactorily. The spatial structure of predicted July monsoon rainfall over India shows a fair agreement with the GPCP (observed) pentad rainfall distribution. The variability associated with all-India June–July simulated rainfall time series matches reasonably well with the observations in 2003, but the model fails to simulate the observed variability in July 2002. Further evaluation of the model-produced precipitation in seasonal simulations is done with the help of empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of the GPCP rainfall over India. Since the first four EOFs explain a significant part of the total variance of the observed rainfall, the simulated precipitation is projected on to these modes. Thus, the differences in simulated and observed rainfall fields manifest in the time series of their expansion coefficients, which are utilised for inter-comparison/evaluation of model simulations. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society more...
- Published
- 2007
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77. CHAPTER SIX. Indian Summer of the Literary West
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Edwin S. Fussell
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Indian summer ,Geography ,Ancient history ,Classics - Published
- 2015
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78. IV. Stifter: Indian Summer (1857)
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Martin Swales
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Geography ,Indian summer ,Ancient history - Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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79. Indian Summer, 1914–1931
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Philip L. Cottrell and Youssef Cassis
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Oceanography ,Indian summer ,Geography - Published
- 2015
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80. INDIAN SUMMER, ROMANIAN WINTER
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Rosie Thomas and Adina Bradeanu
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Cultural Studies ,Procession ,History ,Indian summer ,Visual Arts and Performing Arts ,Post communist ,Romanian ,language ,Ancient history ,Archaeology ,language.human_language - Published
- 2006
- Full Text
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81. Simulation of Indian summer monsoon: experiments with SSTs
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S. K. Deb, O. P. Sharma, Arindam Chakraborty, and H. C. Upadhyaya
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Atmospheric Science ,Indian summer ,Indian summer monsoon ,Climatology ,Principal component analysis ,Weather forecasting ,Environmental science ,Initial value problem ,Empirical orthogonal functions ,Vegetation ,Monsoon ,computer.software_genre ,computer - Abstract
Hindcasts for the Indian summer monsoons (ISMs) of 2002 and 2003 have been produced from an ensemble of numerical simulations performed with a global model by changing SST. Two sets of ensemble simulations have been produced without vegetation: (i) by prescribing the weekly observed SST from ECMWF (European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting) analyses, and (ii) by adding weekly SST anomalies (SSTA) of April to the climatological SST during the simulation period from May to August. For each ensemble, 10 simulations have been realized with different initial conditions that are prepared from ECMWF data with five each from April and May analyses of both the years. The predicted June–July monsoon rainfall over the Indian region shows good agreement with the GPCP (observed) pentad rainfall distribution when 5 member ensemble is taken from May initial conditions. The All-India June–July simulated rainfall time series matches favourably with the observed time series in both the years for the five member ensemble from May initial condition but drifts away from observation with April initial conditions. This underscores the role of initial conditions in the seasonal forecasting. But the model has failed to capture the strong intra-seasonal oscillation in July 2002. Heating over equatorial Indian Ocean for June 2002 in a particular experiment using 29th May 12 GMT as initial conditions shows some intra-seasonal oscillation in July 2002 rainfall, as in observation. Further evaluation of the seasonal simulations from this model is done by calculating the empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of the GPCP rainfall over India. The first four EOFs explain more than 80% of the total variance of the observed rainfall. The time series of expansion coefficients (principal components), obtained by projecting on the observed EOFs, provide a better framework for inter-comparing model simulations and their evaluation with observed data. The main finding of this study is that the All-India rainfall from various experiments with prescribed SST is better predicted on seasonal scale as compares to prescribed SST anomalies. This is indicative of a possible useful seasonal forecasts from a GCM at least for the case when monsoon is going to be good. The model responses do not differ much for 2002 and 2003 since the evolution of SST during these years was very similar, hence July rainfall seems to be largely modulated by the other feedbacks on the overall circulation. more...
- Published
- 2006
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82. Interdecadal variation of the relationship between Indian rainfall and SSTA modes in the Indian Ocean
- Author
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Xin Wang, Chongyin Li, and Wen Zhou
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Sea surface temperature ,Indian ocean ,Oceanography ,El Niño Southern Oscillation ,Geography ,Indian summer ,Subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole ,Climatology ,Period (geology) ,Indian Ocean Dipole ,Monsoon - Abstract
This paper examines the relationships between Indian rainfall and the sea-surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) in different areas, including the Arabian Sea, the equatorial Indian Ocean, the southern Indian Ocean and the equatorial eastern Pacific. Their relationships have clear temporal and spatial variabilities. Before the 1980s, the correlation between Indian summer rainfall and ENSO was much stronger than the correlation between Indian summer rainfall and other SSTA. Thus, Indian summer rainfall was mainly affected by ENSO during that period. But in recent decades, ENSO has become less decisive and the Indian rain is influenced by combinations of SSTA in all the regions. The influences of the Arabian Sea on the Indian summer rainfall are affected by ENSO and are much weaker than those of the equatorial Indian Ocean and the southern Indian Ocean. SSTA in the equatorial Indian Ocean could affect rainfall over India independently. When the amplitude of SSTA in the southern Indian Ocean is large enough, SSTA in the southern Indian Ocean can play an important role in controlling rainfall, which is evident in the late 1980s. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society. more...
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
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83. Past 100 ky surface salinity-gradient response in the Eastern Arabian Sea to the summer monsoon variation recorded by δ18O of G. sacculifer
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V. K. Banakar, Anjali R. Chodankar, and Tadamichi Oba
- Subjects
Salinity ,Global and Planetary Change ,Sea surface temperature ,Indian summer ,Oceanography ,δ18O ,Last Glacial Maximum ,Monsoon ,Bay ,Geology ,Sea level - Abstract
Northward flowing coastal currents along the western margin of India during winter–spring advect low-salinity Bay of Bengal water in to the Eastern Arabian Sea producing a distinct low-salinity tongue, the strength of which is largely governed by the freshwater flux to the bay during summer monsoons. Utilizing the sedimentary records of δ 18 O G. sacculifer , we reconstructed the past salinity-gradient within that low-salinity tongue, which serves as a proxy for the variation in freshwater flux to the Bay of Bengal and hence summer monsoon intensity. The north–south contrast in the sea level corrected (residual)-δ 18 O G. sacculifer can be interpreted as a measure of surface salinity-contrast between those two locations because the modern sea surface temperature and its past variation in the study region is nearly uniform. The core-top residual-δ 18 O G. sacculifer contrast of 0.45‰ between the two cores is assumed to reflect the modern surface salinity difference of 1 psu and serves as a calibration for past variations. The residual-δ 18 O G. sacculifer contrast varies between ∼0.2‰ at ∼75 ky B.P. (i.e., late-Marine Isotope Stage 5) and ∼0.7‰ at ∼20 ky B.P. (i.e., Last Glacial Maximum), suggesting that the overall salinity difference between the northern- and southern-end of the low-salinity tongue has varied between ∼0.6 and ∼1.6 psu. Considerably reduced difference during the former period than the modern suggests substantially intensified and northward-extended low-salinity tongue due to intense summer monsoons than today. On the other hand, larger difference (∼1.6 psu) during the latter period indicates that the low-salinity tongue was significantly weakened or withdrawn due to weaker summer monsoons. Thus, the salinity-gradient in the eastern Arabian Sea low-salinity tongue can be used to understand the past variations in the Indian summer monsoons. more...
- Published
- 2005
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84. Inverse phase oscillations between the East Asian and Indian Ocean summer monsoons during the last 12000 years and paleo-El Niño
- Author
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X.T. Leng, Q.H. Lin, Hailong Wang, Masashi Hirota, Yasuyuki Shibata, Yetang Wang, Yetang Hong, Liang Yi, Bing Hong, and Y.X. Zhu
- Subjects
Drift ice ,Peat ,Monsoon ,Latitude ,Geophysics ,Oceanography ,Indian summer ,Space and Planetary Science ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,Climatology ,Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) ,East Asian Monsoon ,Thermohaline circulation ,Geology ,Holocene - Abstract
The inverse phase variations between the East Asian and Indian Ocean summer monsoons on the interannual timescale result from the El Nino-Southern Oscillation activity in the tropical Pacific, which potentially provides a new way for studying paleo-ENSO. Here we reconstruct a 12 000-yr proxy record for the East Asian summer monsoon from δ 13 C time series of the plant cellulose of the Hani peat bog in the northeastern China. The comparison of it with the peat proxy record of the Indian Ocean summer monsoon suggests that the El Nino conditions are coincident with strong East Asian summer monsoons, weak Indian summer monsoons, and drift ice events in the North Atlantic at both orbital and millennial time scales. The orbital-scale inverse phase relationships between the monsoons indicate the occurrence of a long-term ENSO-like pattern, confirming the sensitivity of the monsoon systems associated with ENSO to insolation forcing. The nine inverse phase variations on the millennial time scales may suggest the nine El Nino-like patterns superimposing the long-term ENSO-like pattern. The inverse phase variations between the monsoons also show close correspondence to the drift ice events at high northern latitudes. In every case when the abrupt ice-rafted debris events occurred in the North Atlantic, the inverse phase relationship established, and the El Nino-like pattern occurred in the tropical Pacific correspondingly. The discussions on the influence of ocean thermohaline circulation on these global linkages have been made. more...
- Published
- 2005
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85. Our Indian Summer in the Far West: An Autumn Tour of Fifteen Thousand Miles in Kansas, Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, and the Indian Territory by Samuel Nugent
- Author
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Frank H. Goodyear
- Subjects
Indian summer ,Geography ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Ancient history ,General Environmental Science - Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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86. Impacts of the Indian Ocean on the Indian Summer Monsoon–ENSO Relationship
- Author
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Ben P. Kirtman and Renguang Wu
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Sea surface temperature ,Ocean surface topography ,Indian summer ,Subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole ,Climatology ,Thermohaline circulation ,Forcing (mathematics) ,Monsoon ,Geology ,Teleconnection - Abstract
This study investigates the impacts of the Indian Ocean on the relationship between the Indian summer monsoon and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) through numerical simulations with a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model and atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) experiments with specified sea surface temperature (SST) and surface heat flux (SHF) forcing. Previous studies have shown that this particular coupled model captures many aspects of the observed Indian summer monsoon-ENSO relationship. However, it is found that, when the Indian Ocean is decoupled from the atmosphere, the Indian monsoon-ENSO relationship reverses. This change is linked to the relationships between surface evaporation, surface wind, and SST in the north Indian Ocean. In the coupled case, surface evaporation anomalies are positively correlated with surface wind anomalies during April-June and are of the same sign as SST anomalies during July-September. In the decoupled Indian Ocean case, surface evaporation anomalies are of the same sign as surface wind anomalies during the entire April-September period. Numerical experiments with an AGCM were performed with SST or SHF anomalies specified in the tropical Indian-Pacific Ocean, tropical Pacific Ocean only, and tropical Indian Ocean only. These experiments confirm the importance of local coupled air-sea feedback in the Indian Ocean for a proper simulation of the Indian monsoon-ENSO relationship. more...
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
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87. Individual and Combined Influences of ENSO and the Indian Ocean Dipole on the Indian Summer Monsoon
- Author
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Karumuri Ashok, Toshio Yamagata, N. H. Saji, and Zhaoyong Guan
- Subjects
Monsoon of South Asia ,Atmospheric Science ,Indian summer ,Oceanography ,Atmospheric circulation ,Climatology ,Walker circulation ,Indian Ocean Dipole ,Monsoon ,Convergence zone ,Monsoon trough ,Geology - Abstract
The relative influences of the ENSO and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events on the Indian summer rainfall were studied using observational data and an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). The composite analysis of rainfall anomalies demonstrates that the IOD, while significantly influencing the Indian summer monsoon rainfall, also significantly reduces the impact of ENSO on the Indian summer rainfall whenever these events with the same phase co-occur. The AGCM experiments have shown that during an El Nino event, the Walker circulation over the tropical Indo-Pacific region is modulated; a low-level anomalous divergence center over the western Pacific and an anomalous convergence zone over the equatorial Indian Ocean are induced. Furthermore, an anomalous zone of convergence over the Myanmar and south China regions is induced during an El Nino event. These zones of anomalous convergence are complemented by anomalous divergence over the Indian region, causing anomalous subsidence and weakened rainfall. When a strong positive IOD event simultaneously occurs with El Nino, the latter's influence on the Indian monsoon is reduced by both poles of the IOD through the following mechanism: an anomalous divergence center, as compared to the summers when an El Nino alone occurs, is introduced in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean. From this center, the anomalous divergent flow crosses the equator, and this air, while weakening the El Nino-induced divergence over the western Pacific, also leads to convergence over the Indian monsoon region. This results in the reduction of the ENSO-induced subsidence and the related rainfall deficit over the eastern flank of the Indian monsoon trough region and adjoining regions to the east. On the other hand, over the western part of the tropical Indian Ocean sector, part of the anomalous ascending motion from the warm pole of the positive IOD event subsides just to the north of the equator, moves northward, ascends, and causes surplus rainfall. This reduces the ENSO-induced rainfall deficit over western India, the western part of the monsoon trough, and parts of Pakistan. The AGCM experiments also demonstrate that positive IOD events amplify the ENSO-induced dryness over the Indonesian region. more...
- Published
- 2004
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88. Impact of Caspian Sea Drying on Indian Monsoon Precipitation and Temperature as Simulated by Regcm4 Model
- Author
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Abhishek Lodh
- Subjects
Monsoon of South Asia ,Indian summer ,Baseline (sea) ,Climatology ,Central asia ,Environmental science ,Climate model ,Precipitation ,Vegetation ,Winter season - Abstract
This study using a regional climate model, ICTP-RegCM4.0 simulations examines the impact of drying and shrinking of Caspian Sea on Indian summer and winter monsoon, particularly on precipitation over northern plains of India due to Western disturbances. Shrinking of Caspian Sea is a man-made catastrophe with serious environmental implications. To perform the sensitivity experiment the original landuse map in the model is altered where the âCaspian Seaâ in Central Asia is changed to âsemi-desertâ in place of âinland waterâ type of vegetation. The model is forced with NNRP2 boundary conditions for year 2009, 2010. Analysis of sensitivity experiment output w.r.t baseline experiment says that rainfall over Northern India decreases (significant at 5% level), during the months of winter season (months of October to March) primarily from Western disturbances originating from Central Asia and Caspian Sea region. Also, it is found that minimum (maximum) temperature decreases (increases) particularly over Indian region during October to March and June to September. During June to September (for year 2009, 2010) from model simulations results it is found that over Central Asia (India) air temperature extending upto 700hPa increases (decreases). more...
- Published
- 2015
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89. A mid-latitude Asian circulation anomaly pattern in boreal summer and its connection with the Indian and East Asian summer monsoons
- Author
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Renguang Wu
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Indian summer ,Oceanography ,Geography ,Anticyclone ,Atmospheric circulation ,Climatology ,Middle latitudes ,East Asia ,Monsoon ,China ,Teleconnection - Abstract
Using the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis for 1948–98, this study identifies a dominant pattern for the interannual variation of upper-level winds over mid-latitude Asia in boreal summer. This pattern, called the mid-latitude Asian summer (MAS) pattern, features two anomalous anticyclones: one centred at 37.5° N, 65° E and the other at 42.5° N, 130° E. The MAS pattern significantly influences East Asian summer monsoon variability. In the positive phase of the MAS pattern, contrasting meridional wind anomalies between eastern China and Japan lead to above- and below-normal summer rainfall in north China and south Japan respectively. The year-to-year change of the MAS pattern is related to that of the Indian summer rainfall, especially in central and northern India. Thus, the MAS pattern plays a role in connecting anomalous Indian heating with the East Asian summer monsoon variability. The East Asian anomalous anticyclone displays a southeastward shift after the late 1970s. This results in a similar change of anomalous summer rainfall regions in East Asia. The West Asian anomalous anticyclone moves northeastward after the late 1970s. The relation of the MAS pattern with the Indian summer rainfall experienced an obvious weakening in the late 1970s. As a result, the statistical relation between the Indian and north China summer rainfall becomes weak after the late 1970s. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society more...
- Published
- 2002
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90. Event report: esss 2011—Scientometric education in Indian summer at the University of Vienna
- Author
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Sybille Hinze, Koenrad Debackere, Wolfgang Glänzel, Juan Gorraiz, Stefan Hornbostel, and Christian Gumpenberger
- Subjects
University campus ,Indian summer ,Political science ,Media studies ,Research information ,General Social Sciences ,Library science ,Library and Information Sciences ,Bibliometrics ,Scientometrics ,Computer Science Applications - Abstract
According to the annual rotation idea the second esss (European Summer School for Scientometrics) was hosted by the University of Vienna from 11 to 16 September 2011. It was again jointly organized by the University of Vienna (Austria), the Humboldt University (Germany), the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Belgium) and the iFQ (Institute for Research Information and Quality Assurance, Germany). While last year’s debut programme in Berlin (Gorraiz et al. 2010a, b) comprised of only 3 days, this year’s event was expanded to 6 days including a free pre-programme, a conference, seminars, hands-on sessions and a workshop. The pre-programme as well as the conference took place at the appealing reading room of Teinfaltstrasse Library, which is part of the Vienna University Library. esss seminars, hands-on sessions and the workshop were then all held at the IT Seminar Rooms of the Vienna University Campus. esss 2011 started unofficially with a free pre-programme on 11 September, which was a bibliometric crash course for esss participants short on experience in the field. The attendees were familiarized with the main terms and concepts of bibliometrics by a panel of experts composed of Wolfgang Glanzel (KU Leuven, Belgium), Sybille Hinze (iFQ, Germany), Juan Gorraiz and Christian Gumpenberger (both University of Vienna, Austria). The official opening of esss 2011 took place on 12 September by the newly appointed Vice Rector Susanne Weigelin-Schwiedrzik from the University of Vienna, who emphasized the importance of bibliometrics and gave a warm welcome to the 120 attendees of the 2 days esss conference. more...
- Published
- 2011
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91. Dynamical Seasonal Prediction of Indian Summer Monsoon using AGCM: Weighted Ensemble Mean Approach
- Author
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Sujata K. Mandke, M Shinde, and A. K. Sahai
- Subjects
Geography ,Indian summer ,Meteorology ,Climatology ,Anomaly (natural sciences) ,Ensemble average ,Outlier ,Unified Model ,Precipitation ,Monsoon ,Weighting - Abstract
This study examines the fidelity of portable unified model's Atmospheric General Circulation Model in ensemble seasonal prediction of Indian Summer Monsoons of 1999-2004, driven by May SST anomaly persistent boundary conditions. Simple Ensemble-mean (EM) is inappropriate due to the presence of large deviation among the ensemble members in simulation of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR). Thus 'Weighted Ensemble Mean' (WEM) method is used in the present study. In WEM method, weights are determined for all ensemble members at each model grid point using daily precipitation anomaly to distinguish the most reliable members and outliers among the ensemble members. Ensemble-mean then obtained by weighted combinations of all ensemble members is referred as 'Weighted Ensemble Mean'. The WEM prediction of ISMR better matches with observations than EM in majority of the monsoons. Further, WEM estimated using monthly and seasonal mean weights are assessed with respect to WEM from daily mean weights. WEM with monthly/seasonal weighting is found to be similar to EM in most of the monsoons and hence daily weighting is more suited approach than monthly/seasonal weighting. more...
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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92. Indian Ocean SST and Indian Summer Rainfall: Predictive Relationships and Their Decadal Variability
- Author
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Christina Oelfke Clark, Julia E. Cole, and Peter J. Webster
- Subjects
Monsoon of South Asia ,Atmospheric Science ,Indian ocean ,Sea surface temperature ,Oceanography ,El Niño Southern Oscillation ,Indian summer ,Boreal ,Subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole ,Climatology ,Environmental science ,Monsoon - Abstract
The authors examine relationships between Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) variability and the variability of the Indian monsoon, including analysis of potential long-lead predictions of Indian rainfall by regional SST and the influence of ENSO and decadal variability on the stability of the relationships. Using monthly gridded (4° × 4°) SST data from the Global Sea-Ice and Sea Surface Temperature (GISST) dataset that spans 1945–94, the correlation fields between the All-India Rainfall Index (AIRI) and SST fields over the tropical Indian Ocean are calculated. In the boreal fall and winter preceding the summer Indian monsoon, SST throughout the tropical Indian Ocean correlates positively with subsequent monsoon rainfall. Negative correlation occurs between SST and the AIRI in the subsequent autumn in the northern Indian Ocean only. A strong correlation (0.53) is found between the summer AIRI and the preceding December–February Arabian Sea SST. The correlation between the AIRI and the SST... more...
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
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93. Remotely and Regionally Forced Pre‐Monsoon Signals Over Northern India and Neighbourhood
- Author
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Raghavan Krishnan and Milind Mujumdar
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Sea surface temperature ,Indian summer ,Advection ,Atmospheric wave ,Climatology ,Rossby wave ,Forcing (mathematics) ,Vorticity ,Monsoon ,Geology - Abstract
A detailed diagnostic examination of the National Centre for Environmental PredictiodNational Centre for Atmospheric Research Reanalysis data supplemented by a theoretical study is undertaken with the goal of investigating the dynamics of pre-monsoon stationary wave anomalies occurring over northern India and adjoining region prior to weak Indian summer monsoons. It is seen from the analysis that the rotational wind anomalies preceding weak monsoon years are primarily forced by tropical divergent wind anomalies located over the tropical central-eastern Pacific ocean, south Indian ocean and locally over north-west India. the divergent wind anomalies over the central-eastern Pacific ocean can be linked to anomalous changes in the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature arising due to El Nion/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). the upper level divergent wind forcing overlying the south Indian ocean seems to be locally connected to the warm sea surface temperature anomalies over that region. Results of simple experiments using a forced divergent barotropic vorticity model establish that the maintenance of rotational wind anomalies over north India prior to weak monsoons is attributable to the existence of anomalous divergent wind forcing over the aforementioned regions in the tropics. A normal mode experiment shows that the climatological basic flow alone is not sufficient to support these pre-monsoon vorticity perturbations. Furthermore, calculation of vorticity generation terms suggests that the divergent wind advection and Rossby source terms make significant contributions to the production of rotational anomalies over north India during the pre-monsoon months. Based on the above results, it is conjectured that energy injection into the subtropics via Rossby wave dispersion could be a foremost dynamical mechanism which efficiently sustains rotational wind perturbations over north India and neighbourhood. an assessment of the relative importance of the ENSO and non-ENS0 divergent forcings, shows that the latter tend to exert a larger influence on the pre-monsoon signals over north-west India. The implications of using the pre-monsoon signals for long range forecasting of Indian summer monsoon activity are determined by two factors viz., (i) the robustness and intensity of the pre-monsoon signals and (ii) the persistence of the signals during the following months. the first factor in turn depends on the manner in which the different forcing anomalies co-ordinate. the amplitude of the pre-monsoon signals can be large (small) depending on whether the ENSO and non-ENSO boundary forcings act in a mutually co-operative (competitive) manner. the second factor, which is related to the maintenance of anomalous quasi-stationary patterns during the following months, depends crucially on how the different boundary forcings evolve during the summer monsoon season. more...
- Published
- 1999
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94. Contrast of 87/88 Indian summer monsoon observed by split window measurements
- Author
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Toshiro Inoue
- Subjects
Convection ,Atmospheric Science ,Aerospace Engineering ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Monsoon ,On board ,Sea surface temperature ,Geophysics ,Oceanography ,Indian summer ,Indian summer monsoon ,Space and Planetary Science ,Climatology ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Environmental science ,Split window ,Water vapor - Abstract
The split window (11μm and 12μm in combination) on board NOAA-9 was used to see the contrast of convective activity, sea surface temperature (SST) and water vapor amount associated with the 1987 and 1988 Indian summer monsoons. Convective activity estimated by the split window over southern India was depressed in 1987, especially during July. SST over the Arabian Sea was a little colder in 1988 than in 1987. On the other hand, water vapor amount over the Arabian Sea was higher in 1988 than in 1987. The enhancement (suppression) of convection over India during July corresponded to larger (smaller) water vapor amount and to colder (warmer) SST over the Arabian Sea. Water vapor amount over the Arabian Sea tends to increase about 30% in comparison to east of Somalia in both years. SST to east of Somalia decrease (increase) with the increase (decrease) of low-level Somali jet. However, the magnitude of SST decrease over the area does not directly correspond to the magnitude of low-level Somali jet. more...
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- 1997
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95. 150 'Indian Summer'
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Oscar Wilde
- Subjects
Oceanography ,Indian summer ,Geography - Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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96. Links between tropical rainfall and North Atlantic climate during the last glacial period
- Author
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Axel Timmermann, Ursula Röhl, Andreas Lückge, Yvonne Hamann, Carlo Laj, Mark A. Cane, Larry C. Peterson, Gaudenz Deplazes, Konrad A Hughen, Gerald H. Haug, Daniel M. Sigman, Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables], International Pacific Research Center (IPRC), School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM)-University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry (WHOI), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Center for Marine Environmental Sciences [Bremen] (MARUM), Universität Bremen, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Climat et Magnétisme (CLIMAG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Department of Geosciences [Princeton], Princeton University, DFG-Leibniz Center for Earth Surface Processes and Climate Studies, Universität Potsdam, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and University of Potsdam = Universität Potsdam more...
- Subjects
Monsoon of South Asia ,[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Intertropical Convergence Zone ,Northern Hemisphere ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Indian summer ,Oceanography ,Atlantic Equatorial mode ,13. Climate action ,Paleoclimatology ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Stadial ,Glacial period ,Institut für Geowissenschaften ,[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment ,Geology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
The last glacial period was marked by dramatic climate fluctuations. Sediment records from the Cariaco Basin and the Arabian Sea suggest that cooling in the North Atlantic region was tightly coupled with a southward displacement of the intertropical convergence zone and a weakening of the Indian summer monsoon. During the last glacial period, the North Atlantic regionexperienced pronounced, millennial-scale alternations between cold, stadial conditions and milder interstadial conditions—commonly referred to as Dansgaard–Oeschger oscillations—as well as periods of massive iceberg discharge known as Heinrich events1. Changes in Northern Hemisphere temperature, as recorded in Greenland2,3,4, are thought to have affected the location of the Atlantic intertropical convergence zone5,6 and the strength of the Indian summer monsoon7,8. Here we use high-resolution records of sediment colour—a measure of terrigenous versus biogenic content—from the Cariaco Basin off the coast of Venezuela and the Arabian Sea to assess teleconnections with the North Atlantic climate system during the last glacial period. The Cariaco record indicates that the intertropical convergence zone migrated seasonally over the site during mild stadial conditions, but was permanently displaced south of the basin during peak stadials and Heinrich events. In the Arabian Sea, we find evidence of a weak Indian summer monsoon during the stadial events. The tropical records show a more variable response to North Atlantic cooling than the Greenland temperature records. We therefore suggest that Greenland climate is especially sensitive to variations in the North Atlantic system—in particular sea-ice extent—whereas the intertropical convergence zone and Indian monsoon system respond primarily to variations in mean Northern Hemisphere temperature. more...
- Published
- 2013
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97. « Les Circassiens avaient brûlé les registres »
- Author
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Nicolas Michel
- Subjects
Indian summer ,Geography ,Pasha ,Mamluk ,Ancient history ,Civil servants - Abstract
This chapter talks about the Circassiens who had burned registers. Next, it focuses on Ottoman practices, and this is followed by a discussion on the officials and records before 1517. The chapter focuses on the Indian Summer civil servants between 1517-1521. It concludes with a discussion on Ali Pasha and late Mamluk. Keywords: Circassiens; Indian Summer civil servants; Ali Pasha; Mamluk more...
- Published
- 2013
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- View/download PDF
98. Conclusion: Towards the Seventeenth Century
- Author
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Guido Alfani
- Subjects
Competition (economics) ,International market ,Indian summer ,Political science ,Guild ,Economic history - Abstract
The second half of the sixteenth century was the ‘Indian summer’ of the Italian economy. In that Indian summer, however, were sown the seeds of future difficulties. Reconstruction there was, but it was restoration of old structures, and recovery took place along traditional lines. The guild organization was strengthened, but all the guilds achieved was to prevent competition and innovation. Italy became progressively less competitive in international markets — at a moment when Italy could ill afford the luxury of becoming less competitive. more...
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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99. Relationships between regional indian summer monsoon rainfall and eurasian snow cover
- Author
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B. Parthasarathy and Song Yang
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Indian summer ,Geography ,Indian summer monsoon rainfall ,Homogeneous ,Climatology ,Correlation analysis ,Period (geology) ,Monsoon ,Earth rainfall climatology ,Snow cover - Abstract
In this work, correlation analysis is applied to study the interannual relationships between Indian summer mon-soon rainfall of different homogeneous regions and Eurasian Snow Cover (ESC) during winter and spring seasons for the time period from 1973 to 1992. The monsoon rainfall of the western and central regions of India, as well as the all-India monsoon rainfall, is significantly negatively correlated with the ESC averaged for the months December-March and with, especially, the ESC of February. This study may provide some useful information for the long-range prediction of the regional Indian monsoon rainfall. more...
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
100. All-India Summer Monsoon Rainfall and Sea Surface Temperatures around Northern Australia and Indonesia
- Author
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Neville Nicholls
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Sea surface temperature ,Summer monsoon rainfall ,Indian summer ,Oceanography ,Climatology ,Northern australia ,Environmental science ,East Asian Monsoon ,Monsoon ,Independent data ,Earth rainfall climatology - Abstract
The relationship between Indian summer (June–September) monsoon rainfall and sea surface temperatures around northern Australia–Indonesia has been explored using data from 1949 to 1991. Warm sea surface temperatures are generally associated with a good monsoon; a poor monsoon is usually accompanied and preceded by low sea surface temperatures. This finding confirms, on independent data, a suggestion made a decade ago. This study also confirms a relationship between changes in Darwin pressure and Indian monsoon rainfall. Thew two relationships appear to provide a method for predicting Indian summer monsoon rainfall a month or two before the onset of the monsoon season. Two predictors (April sea surface temperatures and the change in Darwin pressure from January to April) together account for about 50% of the variance in Indian monsoon rainfall if the data are adjusted to remove possible artificial trends in the ocean temperatures. The northern Australia–Indonesia region is clearly an important com... more...
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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