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Objective: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents a great challenge to public health and economy globally. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have been used as a first-line prevention against SARS-CoV-2 transmission. The objective of the study was to review the evidence on the effectiveness of NPIs in reducing COVID-19 incidence and mortality, and SARS-CoV-2 transmission.Data sources: Electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Biosis, Joanna Briggs, Global Health and WHO COVID-19 database (preprints) were searched; and review of search results, data extraction, meta-analysis, and risk of bias assessment were performed. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: Observational and interventional studies assessing the effectiveness of NPIs in reducing COVID-19 incidence and mortality, and SARS-CoV-2 transmission were included. Main outcome measures: The main outcome measure was incidence of COVID-19. Secondary outcomes included transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and mortality. Data synthesis: DerSimonian Laird random-effects meta-analyses were performed to investigate the effect of face masks, hand hygiene and physical distance measures on COVID-19 incidence. Pooled effect estimates with their 95% confidence interval (CI) were computed and heterogeneity among studies was detected using Cochran’s Q test and the I2 metrics with all p values being two-tailed.Results: Overall, 72 studies met the inclusion criteria, out of which 35 evaluated individual NPIs, and 37 assessed multiple NPIs as a “package of interventions” and were included as supplementary material. Eight out of 35 studies were included in the meta-analyses, which indicated an association with reduction in the incidence of COVID-19; handwashing (relative risks (RR)= 0.47, 95%CI: 0.19 to 1.12, I2=12%), face masks (RR= 0.47, 95%CI: 0.29 to 0.75, I2=84%) and physical distance (RR= 0.75, 95%CI: 0.59 to 0.95, I2=87%). Due to heterogeneity of studies, meta-analyses were not possible for outcomes measuring quarantine/isolation, universal lockdowns and border, school and workplace closures. The effects of these interventions were synthesised descriptively.Conclusions: This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that several NPIs, including use of handwashing, face masks, and physical distancing, were associated with reductions in COVID-19 incidence. Public health efforts to implement NPIs should consider community health and socio-cultural needs and future research is needed to better understand NPI effectiveness in the context of COVID-19 vaccination.

OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence on the effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Biosis, Joanna Briggs, Global Health, and World Health Organization COVID-19 database (preprints). ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR STUDY SELECTION: Observational and interventional studies that assessed the effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and covid-19 mortality. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measure was incidence of covid-19. Secondary outcomes included SARS-CoV-2 transmission and covid-19 mortality. DATA SYNTHESIS: DerSimonian Laird random effects meta-analysis was performed to investigate the effect of mask wearing, handwashing, and physical distancing measures on incidence of covid-19. Pooled effect estimates with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were computed, and heterogeneity among studies was assessed using Cochran’s Q test and the I2 metrics, with two tailed P values. RESULTS: 72 studies met the inclusion criteria, of which 35 evaluated individual public health measures and 37 assessed multiple public health measures as a “package of interventions.” Eight of 35 studies were included in the meta-analysis, which indicated a reduction in incidence of covid-19 associated with handwashing (relative risk 0.47, 95% confidence interval 0.19 to 1.12, I2=12%), mask wearing (0.47, 0.29 to 0.75, I2=84%), and physical distancing (0.75, 0.59 to 0.95, I2=87%). Owing to heterogeneity of the studies, meta-analysis was not possible for the outcomes of quarantine and isolation, universal lockdowns, and closures of borders, schools, and workplaces. The effects of these interventions were synthesised descriptively. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that several personal protective and social measures, including handwashing, mask wearing, and physical distancing are associated with reductions in the incidence covid-19. Public health efforts to implement public health measures should consider community health and sociocultural needs, and future research is needed to better understand the effectiveness of public health measures in the context of covid-19 vaccination. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42020178692.

Nowadays, firms have to face challenging economical cirses, like the one caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, where volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity are manifested. Strategic management is seen as one of the key approaches that firms can choose to implement sustainable smart working (on the support of Internet of Things and smart technologies) and to face global competition. In this article, as a response to the current crisis, we study the influence of Smart Working on Eco-innovation within EU 28 countries. Specifically, we evaluate the relationship between Eco-innovation index for EU 28 countries and Smart Working, by using a clustering analysis. The results show that the increased labor productivity and employees' eco-innovation are associated, to a higher extent, with the companies agreeing to a flexible and comfortable environment. These companies agree with the introduction of special programs such as working from home. We also prove that Smart Working is implemented by innovative leaders gaining economic sustainability. This study also provides several theoretical and practical contributions. We provide (i) an overview of sustainable management, including the diverse theoretical and methodological perspectives; and (ii) the recommendation of an innovation model through the bilateral collaboration for the constructs of performant sustainable strategies. V posledních letech musely firmy čelit několika ekonomickým krizím, jako je například krize způsobená pandemií COVID-19, doprovázená volatilitou, nejistotou, složitostí a nejednoznačností. Strategické řízení je považováno za jeden z klíčových přístupů, který si firmy mohou zvolit, aby mohly zavádět principy udržitelné chytré práce (s podporou internetu věcí a chytrých technologií) a čelit globální konkurenci. V tomto článku, jako reakci na současnou krizi, analyzujeme vliv chytré práce na ekologické inovace v zemích EU 28. Konkrétně hodnotíme vztah mezi indexem ekologických inovací pro země EU 28 a chytrou prací pomocí shlukové analýzy. Výsledky ukazují, že zvýšená produktivita práce a ekologické inovace zaměstnanců jsou ve vyšší míře spojeny s tím, že firmy souhlasí s vytvořením flexibilního a pohodlného pracovního prostředí. Tyto společnosti souhlasí se zavedením speciálních programů, jako je práce z domova. Dokazujeme také, že chytrá práce (smart working) je implementován inovativními lídry, kteří přispívají k budování ekonomické udržitelnosti. Tato studie také přináší několik teoretických a praktických příspěvků. Poskytujeme (i) přehled udržitelného řízení, včetně různých teoretických a metodologických pohledů; (ii) doporučení inovačního modelu prostřednictvím bilaterální spolupráce pro konstrukty výkonných udržitelných strategií.