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To compare the difference between the routinely reported pathology records and the results of re-evaluation of the same radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) specimens.The RRP specimens of 114 patients initially reported by a general pathologist for routine purposes were re-examined and re-evaluated blindly with respect to the following parameters: organ confinement; capsular invasion; seminal vesicle invasion; lymph node metastasis; surgical margin positivity; Gleason grade and pathologic stage. Repeat and step sections were performed where necessary. Prostate mapping was done for each patient.A statistically significant discordance between the routine evaluation and the re-evaluation was observed with regard to capsular invasion, organ confinement, Gleason grade and pathologic stage. In addition to pathologic stage, Gleason grade and surgical margin positivity became significant prognostic factors after the re-evaluation.RRP specimens should be evaluated by an expert prostate pathologist by submitting whole prostate specimens and should include detailed prostate mapping.

The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), assess the impact of LUTS on quality of life (QOL) and compare the results with recent reports from other population-based studies.A total of 266 men participated in the study. The men were stratified into 10-year age groups between 40 and 79 years. All participants were asked to complete a questionnaire that included a Turkish translation of the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) with QOL questions, and void into a uroflowmeter to obtain voided urine volume, peak and mean flow rate.While 14.8% of men had no symptoms (IPSS = 0), 24.9% had moderate to severe symptoms (IPSS7). Severity of symptoms increased with age (P = 0.0018). There was a strong relationship between bother score and IPSS (rs = 0.79, P = 0.0001). Fifty-five percent of moderately symptomatic and 78% of severely symptomatic men reported poor QOL (QOL score/= 3). The results of the survey provide a general picture of the symptomatology and urinary flow profiles of elderly men living in Turkey.The prevalence of LUTS in the Turkish community is fairly high, it increases with age and has an impact on QOL that is not negligible.

Summary— Historically, megaureters have always been a surgical dilemma for paediatric urologists. However, the evolution of modern diagnostic and surgical methods such as tailoring, folding and plication have made it possible to ensure successful correction in most patients. We report 17 megaureters (11 refluxing and 6 obstructing) in 11 children who were treated with intravesical plication and the transtrigonal advancement technique between January 1986 and April 1991. Results were excellent in 11 ureters and satisfactory in 4. In one ureter additional surgery was needed because of obstruction at the implantation site and in another ureter reflux persisted. Intravesical plication and reimplantation is a good alternative procedure for grossly dilated ureters owing to its low morbidity and high success rate.

Introduction Renal transplantation in patients with lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) of various origins is a challenging issue in the field of pediatric transplantation. We report our single-center experience to evaluate patient and graft survivals as well as the risks of the surgery and immunosuppressive therapy. Patients and methods Among 70 pediatric transplant patients, 11 displayed severe LUTD. Videourodynamic tests were performed on all patients preoperatively as well as postoperatively if required. The cause of urologic disorders were neurogenic bladder (n = 5) and urethral valves (n = 6). Clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) was needed in six patients to empty the bladder. To achieve a low-pressure reservoir with adequate capacity pretransplantation augmentation ileocystoplasty was created in four patients and gastrocystoplasty in one patient. Three of the patients received kidneys from cadaveric and eight from living donors. All patients were treated with calcineurin-based immunosuppressive therapy. Results The mean age at transplantation was 15 ± 4.7 years. The median follow-up after transplantation was 36 months (6 to 62 months). At their last visit the median creatinine level was 0.95 mg/dL (0.8 to 2.4 mg/dL). Three patients had recurrent symptomatic urinary tract infections who had augmented bladder on CIC. One patient with ileocystoplasty who developed urinary leak and ureteral stricture in the early postoperative period was treated by an antegrade J stent. Conclusion Severe LUTD carried high risks for the grafted kidney. However, our data suggested that renal transplantation is a safe and effective treatment modality, if the underlying urologic diseases properly managed during the transplantation course. Since surgery and follow-up is more complicated, patient compliance and experience of transplantation team have significant impacts on outcomes.

Our aim was to investigate the semen variables and hormone profiles among transplant patients who received kidneys during adolescence. Seven postpubertal transplant patients who underwent successful renal transplantation during adolescence (13-19 years; 3 were preemptive) were enrolled in our clinical follow-up. Serum levels of prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone were checked together with the semen analysis. The ages of the patients ranged from 18 to 25 years (median, 22 years). The median age was 15 years (range, 12-18 years) at initial presentation. The median time between initial diagnosis and transplantation was 12 months (range, 2-60 months). The median follow-up after transplantation was 51 months (range, 23-134 months). Three of the seven patients had unilateral low testicular volume. The renal function tests were within normal limits, as well as serum levels of prolactin, FSH, LH, and testosterone. Sperm counts ranged from 0.2 to 55 million/mL (median, 1.7 million/mL). Only 1 patient (14.2%) had normal sperm parameters. Oligoteratozoospermia (low sperm count and defects in morphology) was observed in 1/7 (14.2%), asthenoteratozoospermia (low levels of motility and defects in morphology) in 1/7 (14.2%), and all parameters were abnormal in 4/7 (57.1%) cases. Our data suggest that in contrast to adult patients, semen variables are severely affected and spermatogenesis does not improve after renal transplantation when the patient was subjected to uremia before or during adolescence, the crucial period for spermatogenesis.

A case of bilateral pararenal lymphatic cysts associated with hypertension is described. The cysts surrounded the renal parenchyma and were located underneath the renal capsule. No vascular pathology explaining the cause of hypertension was diagnosed by radiological techniques. Hypertension improved following bilateral marsupialization.

Purpose Retrospective review of the medical therapy on pediatric patients with cystin stones as regards recurrence rates. Material and Methods 21 patients (12 boy, 9 girl) under follow-up with cystin stones were retrospectively evaluated. Median diagnosis age was 1 year old(range:1-16). Medical therapy was applied with 10 to 15 mg/kg a-mercaptopropionylglycine and 1 mEq./kg potassium citrate or Scholl solution following the initial treatment. Results Surgery was performed on 18 patients (percutaneous nephrolithotomy in 21 sessions on 13 patients, open on 8 patients); ESWL on 12 patients (in 2,7 sessions in the average). All patients received the same medical treatment stated above. Urinary pH levels increased (pretreatment/posttreatment urinary pH were from 6,0± 0.63 to 6.6± 0.59) and cystine levels decreased (from 885±1118 to 322±204mmol./mol. creatinine) after treatment. Being the control urinary pH over 6.5 was observed to be effective in the prevention of recurrences (p=0.02). Recurrence was seen in none of the patients with control urinary system levels under 150. Recurrence significantly lower in patients with control cystine levels under 150 when urinary pH was over 6.5 (p=0.044) (Table). In addition, while recurrence was seen in two patients out of six with high cystine levels and urinary pH over 7, recurrences were seen in six patients out of seven with lower pH values. Table. Effect of urinary pH>=6.5 when cystine levels are high (p=0.044) CYSTINE>150; URINARY pH CYSTINE>150; URINARY pH>=6,5 TOTAL NO RECURRENCE 0 5 5 RECCURENCE + 5 3 8 TOTAL 5 8 13 Conclusions Keeping the control urinary pH above 6.5 for the prevention of cystine stones appears to be effective even in patients with high cystine levels.

Four patients out of 23 girls and 7 boys who were treated by successful ureteroneocystostomies for unilateral reflux had postoperative contralateral reflux (13.33%). Three of these 4 refluxing ureters resolved with medical treatment. A second surgery was needed in only 1 case (3.33%) who did not respond to medical treatment. There was no correlation between the preoperative severity of ipsilateral reflux, intravenous urography findings and the onset of contralateral reflux after unilateral reimplantations. Data from this study and previous works indicated that bilateral reimplantations are not warranted for unilateral refluxing renal units unless there are position and shape anomalies at the ureterovesical angle and a very careful preoperative evaluation of the patients is mandatory in this regard.

Summary— Paediatric varicocele is a well known entity but its effect on adult infertility has not been adequately clarified. Since measurement of testicular volume is currently the best method of estimating the male reproductive potential, 945 boys aged between 13 and 18 years were examined with regard to testicular volume and the incidence of varicocele. The average volumes for right and left testes were 15.087 ±0.237 and 14.514 ± 0.347 ml respectively, and the incidence of varicocele was 16.7%. The incidence increased from 14.5 to 21.7% as the ages increased from 14 to 18. The differences in volume of the 2 testes in boys with varicocele were statistically significant when compared with the normal group, but this significance failed to become more pronounced when the slight varicocele group (grade I) was included with the normal group and compared with the severe varicocele group (grades II and III). There may be no significant differences between the volumes of the 2 testes in boys with varicocele when careful measurement and strict statistical analyses are applied. However, some boys in the varicocele group were found to have testicular volumes below the confidence interval (mean - SE) or under 1 SD, and the 2 testicular volumes differed in certain age groups. This group requires further follow-up. The results of this study have added further contradictory findings to the issue of paediatric varicocele in terms of testicular atrophy, estimation of potential fertility and the indications for immediate surgery. There is a need for further prospective controlled trials.

In this study, in 38 living donors (14 males, 24 females, mean age 36, with a range of 19-53 years) we tried to compare different parameters of renal function in the pre- and posttransplantation period, and to evaluate renal functions both clinically and scintigraphically. 99m Tc-labelled DTPA (diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid; 10 mg, i.v.) was used for static and dynamic renal scintillation images which were taken ty Toshiba 501 γ-camera for 40 min

In the blood samples obtained from a total of 68 patients with cancers of the urinary bladder, prostate, and cervix, who applied to the Departments of Urology, Obstetrics, and Gynecology of Hacettepe Medical Faculty, neutralizing antibodies were sought for against herpes simplex type 2 by neutralization test. The same test was applied to 35 control patients with no known malignancies. In contrast to the presence of the antibody in 62.86% of the control subjects, this ratio was 90.70% in patients with cancer of the urinary bladder, 87.50% in those with prostatic carcinoma, and 88.89% in those with cancer of the cervix.

Twenty-eight patients admitted with infravesical obstruction symptoms were studied. Fourteen of these patients were suffering from prostatic carcinoma defined as inoperable. The remaining 14 patients were diagnosed as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and transurethral resection (TUR) was performed to all of them. Specimens obtained by TUR were used to analyze tissue activities of total and tartarate labil acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase. Enzymatic levels in the tissue were estimated by using fluorimetric method (FU/mg). The estimated averages seemed to vary in favor of the malignant tissue, however this variation was not found to be statistically significant. Different inhibition levels were observed in benign and malignant tissue with the addition of L(+) tartarate. The average levels of the alkaline phosphatase were found to be lower than those of acid phosphatase, but the former showed no difference between the malignant and benign groups.

Thirty-six patients with prostatic carcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were studied. Transurethral resection (TUR) was performed in all, and serum and tissue ribonuclease (RNase) levels were determined with the spectrophotometric method using yeast RNA as the substrate. In patients with untreated prostatic carcinoma, statistically significant increased RNase levels were found in serum and tissue. Treatment with di-ethylstilbestrol diphosphate (DESDP) led to a decrease in RNase levels. In the same patients RNase serum levels after DESDP treatments also showed a parallel decrease with serum prostatic acid phosphatase (sPAP) levels. We have concluded that the serum RNase measurement may be useful for TNM classification and immunostaging.

Twenty-five patients with fracture of the penis were treated surgically between 1968 and 1984. Long-term follow-up was obtained in 17. In no case were there any early post-operative complications. All patients stated that they were achieving normal, painless erections; two patients developed a slight penile curvature but this did not affect their sexual activities. We strongly recommend early surgical intervention because of these encouraging results. Urethral injury associated with the fracture did not occur in this series.

Çalışmanın amacı, siyasi partilerin ve adaylarının siyasal kampanyalarını, siyasal kampanya yöntemlerini ve iletişimlerinin hangi aşamalardan oluştuğunun incelenmesidir. Isparta belediye başkan adaylarının seçim sürecinde Twitter hesapları üzerinden yaptıkları siyasal iletişim kampanyaları, sonucu aldıkları beğeni ve etkileşimlerin seçim sonuçlarına da yansıdığı bu çalışmanın varsayımlarıdır. Varsayımlar doğrultusunda sayısal veriler ortaya konulmuştur. Bu varsayımların test edilebilmesine yönelik olarak 2019 yerel seçim sürecinde Isparta belediye başkanlığına aday olan üç adayın resmi Twitter hesapları seçilmiştir. Bu tercihte etkili olan temel faktör yeni medya araçlarının siyasal iletişim faaliyetleri üzerinde giderek büyük etkiye sahip olabilmesidir. Bilindiği üzere yeni medya araçları siyasal iletişim sürecinde hızlı, ulaşılabilir, etkili, ekonomik vb. gibi birçok olumlu faktöre sahip olması sebebiyle siyasal iletişim faaliyetlerinin yürütülmesinde birçok aktör tarafından tercih edilmektedir. Çalışmada içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Belediye başkan adaylarının Twitter hesaplarında, seçim süresince 3 aylık yaptıkları paylaşımları teker teker incelenerek konu başlıkları altında tablolaştırılmıştır. Çalışmada ilk olarak siyaset, siyasal davranış ve siyasal katılım gibi kavramlar ele alınmıştır. Devamında seçmen davranışı, iletişim, iletişim kuramları, siyasal iletişim ve aktörlerine değinilmiştir. Çalışmanın İkinci bölümünde internet, sosyal medya ve geleneksel medya kavramına değinilerek sosyal medya ve geleneksel medya arasındaki farklar ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Devamında sosyal medya araçları, sosyal ağlar ve sosyal medya ile siyasal iletişim ilişkisi ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde, belediye başkan adaylarının siyasal pazarlamaya yönelik Twitter paylaşımlarının içerik analizleri ve bu analizlerin sonuçları yer almaktadır. Çalışmada elde edilen bulgulara göre, yerel seçimlere katılan belediye başkan adaylarının Twitler genellikle aday propagandası yapmak ve bilgi paylaşmak amacıyla kullandıkları görülmüştür. Yine aynı şekilde elde edilen bulgulara göre, belediye başkan adaylarının Twitter'da görünür olma gayretlerinin yanı sıra, bu platformları duyuru amaçlı kullandıkları saptanmış, Twitterin çift yönlü iletişimini, farklı seçmen kitlerine hitap etme faktörlerini kullanmada başarılı olmadıkları gözlemlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Siyaset, Seçmen, İletişim, Medya, Sosyal Medya, Sosyal Ağ, Siyasi Aktör., The aim of the study is to examine the political campaigns, political campaign methods and communication stages of political parties and candidates. It is the assumptions of this study that Isparta mayor candidates actively conduct their political communication campaigns through their Twitter accounts during the election process and that the likes and interactions they receive as a result of their posts are also reflected in the election results. Numerical data have been presented in line with the assumptions. In order to test these assumptions, the official Twitter accounts of the three candidates who were candidates for the mayor of Isparta during the 2019 local election process were selected. The main factor influencing this choice is the increasing influence of new media tools on political communication activities. As is known, new media tools in the process of political communication is preferred by many actors in the execution of political communication activities due to its many positive factors such as fast, accessible, effective, economic, etc. Content analysis method was used in the study. In the Twitter accounts of the mayor candidates, their 3-month posts during the election were examined one by one and tabulated under the subject headings. In the study, concepts such as politics, political behavior and political participation were first discussed. Subsequently, voter behavior, communication, communication theories, political communication and their actors are mentioned. In the second part of the study, the concept of internet, social media and traditional media is addressed and the differences between social media and traditional media are tried to be revealed. In the third part of the study, content analysis of the mayor candidates' Twitter shares for political marketing and the results of these analyzes are included. According to the findings of the study, it was seen that the mayor candidates participating in the local elections generally used the tweets to make propaganda and share information. According to the findings obtained in the same way, it was determined that the mayor candidates, in addition to their efforts to be visible on Twitter, used these platforms for announcements, and they were not successful in using the two-way communication of Twitter and the factors of addressing different voter groups. Keywords: Politics, Voter, Communication, Media, Social Media, Social Network, Political Actor, Tez (Yüksek Lisans)- Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı, 2021., Kaynakça var.