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In normative studies, which provide qualitative result to promote children's independent mobility (CIM), enough attention is not paid to the attitudes of children, parents, and experts. Positive research that investigates children's independent mobility using measuring instruments, the researcher understanding of the study context and perceptual characteristics of children and parents is limited. The present study aims at investigating the variables of children's independent mobility using exploration and confirmatory methods, respectively. Analysis of 1896 behavioral places made possible discovering 9 selected range of independent mobility and 4 principles related to the promotion of children's independent mobility . Expert attitudes were assessed by Delphi technique and the exploratory principles were ranked by Shannon’s entropy. Factor analysis was used to confirm the effect of 5 factors on improving children's independent mobility (N= 204). The housing type, number of floors, level of residency, street type, green-space, perceived safety and gender differences were variables related to children's independent mobility .

Introduction: Agriculture and horticulture have always been risky occupations, and the development of mechanization, despite reducing the difficulties of agricultural activities and increasing production, has caused numerous occupational injuries for farmers and gardeners. Therefore, this study aimed to prioritize and analyze the effective factors on gardenerschr('39') occupational health in Ilam, Iran. Materials & Methods: This applied research was conducted quantitatively based on a causal relationship method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all gardeners in Ilam province (n=6711). The sample size was determined at 405 people using the sampling table of Bartlett et al. and stratified random sampling method. Ethics code:IR.MEDILAM.REC.1399.274 Findings: According to the results of factor analysis, the components affecting the gardenerschr('39') occupational health included supportive, economic, environmental and occupational, personal, professional, and educational factors. Path analysis findings using AMOS vol.23 software also showed that supportive factors had the greatest impact on gardenerschr('39') occupational health, followed by economic, environmental and occupational, personal, professional, and educational factors. Discussions & Conclusions: Considering the findings of the present study and the effect of supportive factors on gardenerschr('39') occupational health as the most priority factor, it can be concluded that the occupational injuries of gardeners can be significantly reduced by increasing government support through providing financial incentives, subsidies, as well as long-term and low-interest facilities to develop and increase the health and safety of gardens and greenhouses.

In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of unmarried girls in a community with traditional backgrounds, such as the Ilam community. The main question of the research is that the reasons for not marrying girls in a society with a traditional context such as Ilam. In this research, qualitative method and typology technique have been used. In fact, the power of typological explanation depends on how much it can maximize the consistency and similarity of the members of each category as well as the maximum difference between categories and types. In the current study, snowball sampling was used. The sample size of this research is based on the theoretical principle of saturation in the qualitative method of 16 people. All stages of the process of data analysis are performed using the coding technique. In this research, the concepts of thinkers such as Giddens, Inglehart, Bourdieu and Goffman have been used.. The results show that among the unmarried girls of the Ilam community, eight types can be drawn: “Confused single girls”, “Deadlocked girls”, “Exchangeable single girls”, “Postponement of marriage until the goals are achieved”, “Single Girls of Independence”, “Stigmata”, “Girls caught in a closed window of attitude” And “Perfect Unmarried Girls”. In general, the decisive role of cultural change and the economic context of the society studied can be seen in meeting the requirements for the phenomenon of increasing the age of marriage of girls in the Elamite community.

Zagros forests have the greatest impact on soil and water protection in western Iran. Despite this, a significant part of these forests, especially in Ilam province, have suffered a lot due to the phenomenon of oak decline. The first and most fundamental thing a person must know when combating this issue is the distribution of these areas in forests. Therefore, using the parameters affecting the decline in the forests of Ilam province and based on fuzzy logic, a map of susceptible to oak decline areas was prepared. In this study, the parameters of temperature and precipitation, slope, aspect, altitude, distance from farmlands, roads and forest density were selected as effective parameters and fuzzy gamma overlap method was used. The results showed that more than 77% of the oak forests in the province are highly and extremely susceptible to the decline. This confirms the need for rapid action to plan and protect these forests. In addition, the fuzzy method is proposed, which is considered as a fast and efficient method in preparing such maps for other areas.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is the last global threat which WHO confirmed it as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. In the Middle East, Iran was the first country where the SARS-Cov-2 was detected. The epidemiological and economic challenges of Iran make this country a particularly relevant subject of study. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical, radiological and laboratory findings in hospitalized COVID-19 confirmed cases in Ilam province, western of Iran. METHODS: Overall, 2204 hospitalized RT-PCR confirmed patients with COVID-19 were considered in this study. Electronic medical records, including clinical symptoms, radiological images, laboratory findings, and the comorbidities of patients with COVID-19 were collected and analyzed. In addition, the medication regimens used in these patients were evaluated. The patients were classified in discharged and died groups according to their outcomes. Then, clinical, radiological and laboratory findings as well as treatment regimens and underlying diseases were compared in these two groups. RESULTS: Among the patients, 1209 (54.85%) were male and 995 (45.14%) were female. Pneumonia, dyspnea and cough, were the most common clinical data in both discharged and died groups. Among the comorbidities, COPD, and cancer were significantly more common in the dead patients than in the living. The results of laboratory tests showed that blood creatinine, BUN, ESR, Na+, WBC, and neutrophil count have increased in deceased group compared to the survivors. However, the lymphocyte count decreased in deceased patients. The evaluation of radiographs demonstrated that there were significant correlations between bilateral pneumonia, ground glass opacity, bilateral patchy shadowing, and pleural effusion with death. CONCLUSION: The current investigation indicated the special profile of COVID-19 in west of Iran. Discharged and dead patients with COVID-19 had distinct clinical, radiological and laboratory features, which were separated by principal component analysis. Identifying these characteristics of the disease would translate into the implementation of practical measures to improve results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The art of music and architecture are one of the most visible manifestations of culture and ethnicity in every historical period, and music has historically played a valuable role in softening human perception and spirits; thus, can play a decisive role in health life for a long time. Methods: Non-pharmacological therapies, have the potential to supplement medical treatment alternatives to aid recovery and well-being in health care. Music therapy is a relatively new discipline of musicology that has lately been able to assist individuals in the treatment of ailments that are inextricably linked to architecture. Is it possible for music and architecture, which have an unbreakable link with the past, to retain this bond and build a relationship of abuse and violation with the science of psychology and counselling? Results: This essay was written in a combined-analytical (comparative, descriptive, and analytical) style, using data collected via documentary, library, and field research approaches. The findings of this study reveal that music and architecture may have a similar effect on the human psyche, and the science of music therapy has been able to capitalize on these similarities in medicine. Conclusion: The current article first introduces the commonalities of music and architecture and expresses the importance of these two arts' commonalities, after which it will be addressed how these commonalities in an ancient ritual called Chamri, which is held in Ilam province.

Introduction: The process of demographic transition has led to a change in the age of populations. Almost all countries around the globe have passed or are passing through the reproductive phase, which naturally contributes to the rising elderly populations. The present study was conducted to predict future trends of the elderly population in Ilam city. Materials and Methods: The secondary analysis method, population forecasting model, and scenario producing approach were used to assess demographic changes. Data analysis and the prediction of population features were performed using Spectrum and Mortpak software. Results: Among the important findings of this study was that the elderly population is rising in Ilam. Currently, the elderly population comprises 5% of the total population of Ilam, which will increase to more than 20% in 2050. Conclusion: Policy makers and managers should consider implementing social welfare and health care services for the elderly in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Linguatula Serrata is a zoonotic parasite. Several cases of human infection have been reported from Iran and other countries. Sheep and Canids, as the intermediate and definitive hosts, respectively, play an important role in the persistence of infection in humans. The present study aimed to evaluate the lymph node infection in the sheep with respect to host factors (age and gender), lymph nodes (color and consistency), and their role in the infection of various hosts. Material & Methods: This cross-sectional study included the randomly selected samples of mesenteric lymph nodes from slaughtered sheep (n=619) of different areas of Ilam province, Iran, from April to November 2015. The positive samples were determined by collecting Linguatula Serrata nymphs. Following that, the obtained data were analyzed using statistical tests. Findings: Out of 619 sheep samples, 99 (16%) samples were infected with Linguatula Serrata nymphs. The highest prevalence rates were observed in the southern areas, including Abdanan, Darreh Shahr, and Dehloran (19%). On the other hand, the lowest prevalence rates were in the eastern regions, including Shirvan, Sirvan, and Chardavol (11.7%). The infection prevalence rate in females was 25.6% (n=52 of 203) that was more than that in males (11.3%; n=47 of 416). There was a significant relationship among gender, age, and the prevalence rate of the infection (P<0.05). The highest and lowest infection rates were observed in the age groups of ≥3 (23.4%) and <1 (11.3%), respectively. Furthermore, the maximum infection rates were noted in the dark and soft lymph nodes, (54.3% and 38.7%, respectively), compared to normal ones (11.5%, and 10.4%, respectively). The color and consistency of the lymph nodes showed a significant relationship with the infection rate (P<0.05). Discussion & Conclusion: Considering the high levels of infection in sheep, which is a reflection of dogs' infection in the area and the potential risk to humans, health education and observance of the principles of prevention, especially avoiding the use of infected lymph nodes to feed dogs, are essential to reduce the parasite infection in the hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Persons with disabilities can have physical, mental, intellectual, or sensory impairments which can hinder their social participation. Despite Sustainable Development Goals call for "universal access to sexual and reproductive health (SRH)", women with disabilities (WwDs) continue to experience barriers to access SRH services in Nepal. This study evaluated factors affecting the utilization of SRH services among WwDs in Ilam district, Nepal.Methods: A mixed-method study with 384 WwDs of reproductive age was conducted in Ilam district, eastern Nepal. Quantitative data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Relationships between utilization of SRH services and associated factors were explored using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Qualitative data were collected from focus groups with female community health volunteers and interviews with WwDs, health workers and local political leaders. They were audio-recorded, translated and transcribed into English and were thematically analyzed.Results: Among 384 respondents (31% physical; 7% vision,16% hearing, 7% voice&speech,12% mental/psychosocial, 9% intellectual, 18% multiple disabilities), only 15% of them had ever utilized any SRH services. No requirement (57%) and unaware of SRH services (24%) were the major reasons for not utilizing SRH services. A majority (81%) of them reported that the nearest health facility was not disability-inclusive (73%), specifically referring to the inaccessible road (48%). Multivariate analysis showed that being married (AOR = 121.7, 95% CI: 12.206-1214.338), having perceived need for SRH services (AOR = 5.5; 95% CI: 1.419-21.357) and perceived susceptibility to SRH related disease/condition (AOR = 6.0; 95% CI:1.978-18.370) were positively associated with the utilization of SRH services. Qualitative findings revealed that illiteracy, poor socioeconomic status, and lack of information hindered the utilization of SRH services. WwDs faced socioeconomic (lack of empowerment, lack of family support), structural (distant health facility, inaccessible-infrastructure), and attitudinal (stigmatization, bad behaviour of health care providers, perception that SRH is needed only for married) barriers to access SRH services.Conclusions: Utilization of SRH services among WwDs was very low in Ilam district, Nepal. The findings of this study warrant a need to promote awareness-raising programs to WwDs and their family members, sensitization programs to health service providers, and ensure the provision of disability-inclusive SRH services in all health facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The excessive occurrence of vandalistic behaviors in urban environment is not only in conflict with the established principles of social order, but also has serious negative psychological and financial effects on citizens. One of the reasons for such behaviors is the quality of the urban environment. On the one hand, police has taken a new community-based approach in recent years, focusing on the potential of the community to reduce crime and violent behavior, and has tried to prevent this phenomenon in urban environment. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the impact of urban environment quality and police management on vandalistic behaviors of citizens of Ilam city. Methods: The present study is applied in terms of its objective and descriptive-correlational in terms of its methodology. The required data is collected using library and field methods with the help of a questionnaire. The statistical population is composed of urban management experts, university professors, and police officers and staff, 164 of whom are randomly selected through random stratified sampling method using Cochran's formula. Data are analyzed by one-sample t-test and correlation (SEM) in SPSS and LISREL software. Results:The findings indicate that the quality of urban environment with a coefficient of effect of -0.45 has a reversible effect on the vandalistic behavior of citizens in the city of Ilam. The coefficient of effect of police management on vandalistic behaviors is -0.50, so police management has a reverse and significant effect on vandalistic behaviors in Ilam city. Also, the dimensions of urban environment quality and the dimensions of police management have a reverse and significant effect on vandalism in Ilam city. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that the low level of urban environment quality and the lack of police management in Ilam city have led to an increase in vandalistic behaviors by citizens.

Ahmad Kousha,1 Adnan Sayedi,1 Hamed Rezakhani Moghaddam,2 Hossein Matlabi1 1Department of Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; 2Department of Public Health, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, IranCorrespondence: Hossein MatlabiFaculty of Health Sciences, Attare Neishabouri St, Tabriz 5165665811, IranTel +984133357583Fax +984133344731Email hm1349@gmail.comPurpose: Reminiscence has a positive role in improving memory performance. It may increase the attention of the older adults to themselves, helping them to cope with the crises and the process of aging. We aimed to investigate the impacts of memory recalling, sharing life experiences and stories confidently from the past on promoting numerous domains of quality of life (QoL), among institutionalized older people in the Ilam province of Iran.Methods: The study was carried out, using a quasi-experimental approach (a pre- and post-one group design). The statistical population consisted of all older people who were institutionalized in nursing homes. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 43 potential participants were recruited, and the status of QoL was assessed, using the Iranian short-form health survey (SF-36) and face to face interviews. Then, eight sessions were designed and implemented. The participants expressed their memories such as bitter and sweet memories at various periods of life, and finally, the QoL of the participants was re-evaluated according to the same questionnaire, three months after the intervention.Results: There was a significant difference between the scores of pre- and post-intervention in most of the sub-scales of QoL, including physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health and emotional problems, emotional well-being, social functioning, and general health.Conclusion: Reminiscence may, in certain circumstances, be an effective care option for people living in long-term care with the potential to impact positively on the QoL of residents.Keywords: reminiscence, quality of life, older people, nursing homes, Ilam

Abstract In order to investigate the diversity and frequency of thrips species on oak trees, weekly sampling was done during different seasons in Kalan region (Eyvan county), as a part of oak forests of Ilam province (western Iran), in 2018. In this relation, 10 oak trees and 20 leaves were selected from each tree. Thrips were collected by shaking the leaves on a white plastic tray. The species diversity indices were calculated using the number of species and their relative abundance. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the statistical differences between species diversity indices in different sampling months. Out of the 841 collected thrips specimens, 14 thrips species were identified, which belonged to six genera and four families. Amongst them, Thrips tabaci Lindeman was the Eudominant species accounting for 47.65% of the abundance. In addition, among the collected thrips, Aeolothrips gloriosus, A. intermedius, A. melaleucus, Haplothrips globiceps, H. longipes, and H. subtilissimus were predators, and the rest were phytophagous. The highest abundance for predatory species with 13.32% was related to A. intermedius. The population peak of thrips was observed in May. The results of this study also showed that there was a statistically significant difference between species diversity indices in different months of the year (P≤0.05). The highest and lowest biodiversity indices (i.e. Shannon-Wiener diversity, Pielou, Margalef, and Simpson’s evenness) were 3.55 and 0.92 (for June and December), 0.76 and 0.28 (for September and December), 2.84 and 1.26 (for June and December), and 0.77 and 0.28 (for June and December) respectively.

The genus Taeniothrips Amyot & Serville is belonging in the subfamily Thripinae with only one species in Iran. Here, the second species, T. eucharii (Whetzel) is newly recorded from the country. Male and female specimens of this species have been collected on the flowers of Ixiolirion tataricum (Amaryllidaceae) from Ilam province (west of Iran).

Long- term exposure to street dust because of the potential toxicity of heavy metals can cause harmful effects on the human's health by inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact. In this study, 25 dust samples were collected from the sidewalks of the main streets of Ilam and analyzed by inductively coupled spectroscopy (ICP- OES) method. The mean concentration of the studied metals was: Pb (58.80), Zn (213.24), Cu (63.12), Cr (45.84), Cd (0.37), Ni (43.73) V (30.92) and As (5.00) (mg / kg). Based on the average value of the potential ecological risk (Er), the heavy metals of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni and V had a low ecological risk and Cd showed a moderate one. The highest non- carcinogenic risk (HQ) in children and adults was related to As through ingestion and Cr through the dermal contact pathway; on the other hand, the lowest amount was due to the Cd via the inhalation. Cumulative non- carcinogenic hazard (HI) of all heavy metals in the street dust have been found to be higher for children rather than adults. In both age groups, Cr and Pb had the highest and lowest risk of carcinogenicity (RI), respectively. The obtained results, therefore, indicate that the main source of heavy metals in the study area is anthropogenic sources such as traffic, industrial facilities and fossil fuels burning.

Introduction: Emotional divorce as a social damage is the first step in the process of divorce and represents a destabilizing marital relationship that enhances the feeling of alienation in couples and affects the general health and mental health of family members. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between general health and emotional divorce in couples referred to Ilam Family Counseling Center. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 217 individuals referred to Ilam Family Counseling Center were recruited through simple random sampling. The standard questionnaire of emotional divorce and general health questionnaire (GHQ-28) was used. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics, including mean and standard deviation, Pearson correlation, t-test methods and one-way ANOVA. Findings: The mean age of the couples in this study was 36.69 ±17.85 years. The mean score of emotional divorce and general health were 39.48±6.25 and 40.34±10.12, respectively. There was a statistically significant relationship between emotional divorce and general health and its dimensions (P=0.01). Also, there was a significant relationship between emotional divorce with variables of age (P=0.01) and gender (P=0.03) and education (P=0.02). Discussion & Conclusions: Overall, Considering the relationship between general health and emotional divorce and the relationship between these two factors, improving factors related to general health and mental health in the family, such as developing programs to educate and inform the mental health components and provide the necessary framework for enhancing relationships between couples with emphasis on Health factors can have a direct effect on emotional divorce.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the water extracts of three species of Salvia (S. perspolitana, S. palaestina, S. bracteata) on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeroginosa. The antibacterial activity of water extracts of the studied species on the bacterial strains was examined using well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results showed that only S. bracteata formed growth inhibitory zone (9 mm) on Staphylococcus aureus. The extracts of all three plants formed growth inhibitory zone on E.coli and P. aeroginosa. The extract of S. bracteata was more effective than that of the other species. Results for MIC also showed that the extracts of S. perspolitana had the lowest effect on St. aureus and its MIC was observed in a concentration of 1024 µg/ml. The extracts of this species had the inhibitory effect in a concentration of 256 µg/ml. The uppermost inhibitory effect was provided by the extract of S. bracteata, since the minimum inhibitory concentration of this species for S. aureus was equal to 64 µg/ml; and for the other two bacteria, it was equal to 128 µg/ml. The extracts of S. palaestina had the lowest effect on S. aureus and its MIC was observed in a concentration of 1024 µg/ml. The extracts of this species had an MIC equal to 512 µg/ml for the other two bacteria. It was concluded that S. bracreata could be considered a suitable species with anti-bacterial activities in future researches.

Introduction: Disability is an unavoidable fact which has been existed as a social phenomenon in communities from the past until now. There are different reasons for the emergence of this phenomenon which can be identified and prevented, thereby lowering the incident rate of disability in communities. This descriptive-analytical study aimed at investigating the causes of disability among adolescents under 14 years of age in Ilam, Iran. Materials & Methods: This study included 694 participants (336 males and 270 females) who were selected using a census sampling method. The data were collected through a researcher-made questioner, and subsequently, they were analyzed using descriptive (i.e., Frequency and Frequency percent) and inferential statistics (i.e., the Chi-square test). Findings: The results showed that consanguineous marriage, congenital factors, literacy, and gender correlated significantly with disability (P

The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the pattern of energy consumption and greenhouse gases emission in different sizes of walnut orchards in Ilam region. The average of total energy requirement was estimated to be 65334.82 MJ/ha. Diesel fuel, irrigation water and machinery with 57.4, 12.55 and 10.65 percent, respectively, were the most consumed energy inputs in walnut production. Energy efficiency and productivity weres estimated to be 1.05 and 0.04 kg per MJ, respectively. The amount of greenhouse gas emissions for walnut production was calculated as 2496.5 kg of CO2 per hectare. The three inputs of diesel fuel, animal manure and nitrogen fertilizer with 73.62%, 16.82% and 2.92%, had the highest environmental pollution in walnut production. Positive regression coefficients were obtained from the Cobb-Douglas function for human labor inputs, machinery, diesel fuel, chemical pesticides and the regression coefficients of chemical fertilizer and irrigation inputs were negative. The results of econometric estimation and sensitivity analysis of walnut production inputs showed that by increasing one megajoule per hectare in energy inputs of human labor, machinery, diesel fuel, chemical fertilizer, animal manure, irrigation, chemical pesticides, electricity and pruning, yield increases by 26%, 03%, 001%, 004%, 36%, 2.78% and 0.16 kg/ha respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Locating sanitary landfills is one of the most significant environmental issues in the residential area. The aim of this study is to find the optimal location for the landfill in Ilam city in Iran. The current landfill is located near the river that supply water to the Ilam Dam. Inadequate landfill causes contamination of groundwater resources. Based on the field survey using GIS software and experts opinion, 4 regions were proposed for the landfill. Criteria as environment, hydrology, access roads and population centers were taken into consideration. Sub-criteria such as groundwater depth, the distance from springs, wells, and aqueducts, vegetation cover, surface water resources, animal species habitats, distance from protected areas, prevailing wind direction and distance from main roads were considered. The criteria were weighted by a questionnaire among experts. Ranking of the criteria, the coefficient of each criterion and pair-wise comparison matrix tables were determined with acceptable consistency by Analysis Network Process (ANP) method using Super Decision version 2.8. Results showed that region 1 with a weight of 0.419 and inconsistency rate of 0.05, according to the studied criteria and subcriteria was the most suitable option. The weighting order was obtained for the options 1,2,3,4 in order: 0.419, 0.274, 0.160 and 0.147. Therefore, in terms of the importance and appropriateness of the landfilling location options, they can be ranked as: 1>option 2> option 3> option 4. The results of this study concluded that environmental criteria for landfill location is essential. Landfills can generate harmful effects on their surroundings and influence the quality of public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical and spatial expansion of cities, which often taken place without planning, caused numerous environmental, health, economic and social problems. This study investigates the physical, spatial, and demographic development and expansion of Ilam city in Iran for over 60 years. To achieve these goals, library studies, data analysis, and field studies were applied. The process of development in Ilam and its demographic changes from 1956 to 2016 has been presented, and then, the spatial-physical expansion of the city is evaluated. The results showed that several factors had impacted the physical development and expansion of Ilam. The highest growth was observed between 1976 and 1986. Also, the development of the city has been more horizontal. The study results show the correlation, intensity, extension, and mechanism of conversion and land-use change in Ilam city and embody its spatial-physical expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In irrigation management, the amount and quality of irrigation water is very important. Inappropriate water and soil quality will cause the plant to grow, destroy the soil structure and eventually reduce crop yield. In this study, according to the field measurement, the boundaries of the system were investigated, a conceptual model was developed to determine causal relationships, structural test, and the extent test used for the system dynamics method. Scenarios including water supply from Karkheh Dam and wells of the region as well as crop pattern were evaluated and selected. The conceptual model was based on five sub-models: water demand, water supply, environmental stresses, water economy and environment. The results showed that the use of Karkheh Dam water of 160 million cubic meters and the extraction of 90 million cubic meters of the plain aquifer will keep the groundwater level at a distance of 10 meters from the soil surface and will supress the problem of rising groundwater level. In crop pattern scenarios, the model results were the use of crop pattern with emphasis on increasing forage and beet levels to prevent drainage.

Introduction: Supply chain management in healthcare sector is of utmost importance due to its effect on individuals’ health status compared to other industries. In the current world economic situation wherein logical thinking should be based on lifetime costs of products ,as well as supply chain sources and processes, it is essential to have an agile supply chain to have a socio-environmental performance creating competitive advantage. Materials & Methods: This study was a survey with a correlational design considering its methodology and purpose. The statistical population of this study included the staff of public hospitals in Ilam province, Iran; of which, 340 individuals were selected as the participants based on Krejcie and Morgan’s sample size determination table. Moreover, the SPSS Statistics Software and LISREL Software were used to analyze the data in this study. Findings: The statistic of the Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (KMO) index was equal to 0.844 implying sampling adequacy. Moreover, all the factors affecting supply chain agility had a normal distribution and the test statistic was larger than 1.96 for all the factors, suggesting their relationship with supply chain agility. The positive correlation between supply chain agility and competitive advantage was further confirmed based on the research findings.Additionally,the value of the goodness of fit index (GFI=0.96) showed the fit of the model and the test statistic of the model (T=9.60) revealed the significant impact of supply chain agility on creating the competitive advantage. Discussion & Conclusions: The results of the present study demonstrated that the seven dimensions of computer-based technologies, flexibility, relationships with suppliers, use of modern technologies, collaborative partnerships, sensitivity to market, and responsiveness of demands had effects on supply chain agility in hospitals. Moreover, public hospitals in Ilam Province were endowed with competitive advantage in three dimensions of durability and permanence, retention, and opportunities; however, they lacked competitive advantage in the dimension of individuals’ unique capabilities.

One of the most important social problems in Ilam is addiction. The method of the present article is qualitative. The main question of the article is why addiction has occurred among the research samples? The main question of the research is what narratives do they talk about how they became addicted to drugs? To answer this question, we used grounded theory method. The study sample consisted of 25 men living in addiction treatment centers (19 to 38 years old) who had the time and ability to participate in the study. The most important categories obtained from the research are: Addiction as a rebellion against the family; Addiction as opposition to school; Tendency to independence; empathy with reference groups; Easy access to materials and lack of leisure spaces; Attractive semantics for materials; The first pleasant experience and incompatibility with previous ideas, Late family awareness; Family poverty; Family inability to react properly; The importance of emotional activism, the addict's effort to overcome addiction and repeat the cycle of Social exclusion and elimination in society.

Objective (s): For decision making and health policy planning it is quite important to know causes of death for every community. This study aimed to investigate death statistics in Ilam province, Iran. Methods: Data were extracted from the Ilam death registry developed by the Iranchr('39')s Vital Registration Organization. Deaths in 20 groups of causes according to the international classification of diseases-10 [ICD-10] were analyzed. The percentage of each cause is determined by gender and age. The sex ratio index and years of life lost due to premature death also were estimated for each group of causes. Results: There were about 2500 death records annually in the registry system. Majority of deaths occurred due to chronic non-communicable diseases. Accidents and respiratory disorders had a high proportion in the mortality transition in Ilam province. Three main causes of deaths included neuropathic diseases. At older age, non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular and among youth the social problems, including unpredictable events, violence by others and suicide were the main factor in the loss of human capital. Conclusion: Epidemiological transition occurred in causes of mortality in Ilam province, Iran. The major contribution of non-communicable diseases and emerging social problems to deaths requires through examination of health policies that address social, psychological and preventive factors.

Human migration is the most significant characteristic of today's world. This may lead to different results including linguistic contact which by itself may bring about subtractive bilingualism or may lead to the attrition and death of the mother tongue. This study investigates the attrition and changes of mother tongue among Kurds of Ilam living in Tehran. This study seeks answers for questions like in which age groups can we see the most attrition and language changes? And also in which level (vocabulary or syntax) can we see these attrition and changes. This study was done among two separate groups of 30 Kalhori Kurdish speakers living in Tehran and 30 Kalhori Kurdish speakers living Ilam. A designed and validated Questionnaire was administered among the participants of the study. The results showed that changes and attrition occurred more frequently among persons under 20 in Tehran, they were more among women than in men and the most attrition and change was in vocabulary level.

Introduction: Skin cancer, the melanoma type of which causes high mortality, is the most common malignancy in Iran and all over the world. UV is the most important cause of the incidence of this disease. This study evaluates the frequency of different types of cancer and their trajectory in Ilam province from 2012 to 2011. Materials and Methods: This analytical–descriptive study covered and evaluated all skin cancer patients who were registered in Ilam Province Cancer Registry during 20002 to 2011. Required information of each individual patient, such as age, sex, residence, pathological type of skin cancer, the location of the incidence of the disorder, and the year, was collected and studied. Findings: Out of total 347 cases, 240 cases (69.2%) were diagnosed with basal cell carcinoma (BCC), 63 cases (18.2%) with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 16 cases (4.6%) with malignant melanoma (MM), 8 cases (2.3%) with metastatic cancer, and 20 cases (37.7%) with other skin cancers. Mean age of patients was 62/42 ± 16/11 years, and the majority of them (37.7%) were men and lived in the city. Face was the most common place of the incidence of this disease (81.6%) and hand was the least common one (1.7%). The rate of incidence of cancer has experienced considerable growth in men and a slight decrease in the case of women between 2002 and 2011 in Ilam. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the rate of skin cancer has increased among men during the studied period; thus, necessary measures are required to prevent and reduce the incidence of this disease, especially in people who are exposed to the sun's ultraviolet rays because of their jobs.

Introduction: Technological advancements and increased production of cars and motorcycles have led to the increased incidence of traumas all around the world. Injuries and fractures occur due to different etiologic factors such as motor vehicle accidents, quarrels, and fall accidents. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of fractures in computed tomography (CT) scans in Emergency Department of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ilam, Iran, in 2014. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional retrospective study, we evaluated the medical records of all trauma patients who were admitted to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ilam during 2014. Information from patients' medical records and CT scan radiographs were recorded in a checklist. After removing duplicate data, 710 patients were evaluated. Findings: In this study, 52% (75% male and 25% female) of the fracture cases due to motor vehicle accidents were aged 18-26 years. The most frequent etiologic factor was accident (62.9%) and the most frequent trauma type was hand and foot trauma in males (39.1%) and females (38.4%), followed by head and neck trauma in males (32.7%) and females (22.1%). Most of the fractures had occurred in the first half of 2014, and the mortality rate due to fracture was 1.3%. Discussion & Conclusions: This study showed that the most frequent etiologic factor of trauma is motor vehicle accident similar to other developing countries. Therefore, providing education in this area and increasing the safety of transport systems are essential.

Background: Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) is a sexually transmitted protozoan parasite and the causative agent of trichomoniasis. The genetic characterization of T. vaginalis isolates shows notable genetic variation in this parasite. In the present study, we aimed to identify the T. vaginalis genotypes based on analyzing of actin gene in women specimens referred to health centers of Ilam city, southwest Iran. Methods: A total of 1765 female samples were collected from gynecology clinics in the city of Ilam. DNA was extracted from positive samples and nested polymerase chain reaction (Nested PCR) was used to amplify the actin gene. Then, partial sequencing and genotyping of the actin gene was performed. A phylogenetic tree was drawn using the detected genotypes of T. vaginalis and reference sequences. Results: Twenty-one of the 1765 urine and vaginal samples were positive for T. vaginalis. All infected individuals were married and their age in years was between 25 to 34. Further, the majority of infected women had cervical lesions, patchy erythema, and white color discharge. According to sequencing analysis, the isolates were identified as genotype G (n= 8) and genotype E (n= 2). Conclusions: From the collected samples, we were able to distinguish at least two genotypes (G and E) of T. vaginalis. However, lesser is known about these genotypes in the city of Ilam. Further studies with a higher number of isolates should be performed in order to understand the implications of these results in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vast areas of Zagros forests of Iran have been affected by oak decline in the last decade. Due to the rapid outbreak caused by charcoal disease and its destructive consequences on the natural ecosystems, it is essential to develop forest management plans that address innovative and appropriate practices and control techniques. This study used logical framework analysis (LFA) to assess oak decline in Ilam province and thereby determined the most related criteria for planning and control in forest management plans. Following LFA procedure, the surrounding circumstances were analyzed to recognize the problems and consequently develop the problem tree. Corresponding factors of oak decline were evaluated by pairwise comparisons using the analytic hierarchy process, which resulted in objective tree and planning matrix. The planning matrix consisted of goals and objectives at strategic and operational levels of planning as well as activities and indicators. Results showed that external factors including climate change and soil weakness, and internal factors like aging of trees, inconsistency with climate change and lack of regeneration are the most importance factors for oak decline in Ilam forests. We suggested that management should pay particular attention and attempt to cope with internal factors. The outcome of this study could be used as a guide to develop planning and control matrix in forest management plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of climate change and the dangers that lie ahead is part of the debate in land management. The dynamics of global change and the sovereign approach of global governments have opened new perspectives on land management issues. One of the hidden challenges in this regard is the increasing risk of the occurrence of floods. The purpose of this study was to undertake metric or measurement model as a spatial basis unit to predict flood occurrence. In the present article, in line with using MikeUrban 2019 software, a wide range of tools and quantitative processing steps were used in accordance with the research objectives. In order to predict floods, the past incident factors were studied, namely a review of the principles and operational indicators related to each parcel using the OLI sensor images of Landsat 8 satellite in the year 2020 through the integrated interpretation method and an examination of the basic map of Ilam city in wet seasons (autumn, winter, and spring). Then, the city coverage map was prepared in two uses, i.e., False Color (Urban) and Land / Water. Next, Google Earth images were used to determine the accuracy and precision of the coverage maps. By combining four selected measures with the highest spatial correlation in 50 random points of the city, hexagonal measures with optimal areas were selected and spatial patterns were analyzed. According to the results, in the actual event (1), eight spatial measures with an area of 68 hectares and coverage of 1.5% of the entire city are at risk of flood. In events 0.8 and 0.9, 19 measures with an area of 170 hectares, 3.6% of the land use coverage of the area, are at potential risk. While there is a high correlation between flood event and type of measure, amount and direction of slope, as well as density and width of road network on one side and drainage network on the other side, in high events (1-8), 28 measures in the residential uses in the detailed design scale with an area of 76.5 hectares, barren and enclosed uses with an area of 70.55 hectares, roads network with an area of 29.75 hectares, and parks and green spaces with 17 hectares were identified as the uses targeted by the flood danger. Among all risky user groups, 29.5% were identified in the newly built group, 44.5% in the maintainable group, and 18% in the decayed urban environment group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of cities has brought about fundamental changes in the lives of residents. The problems in the cities show the lack of sustainability indicators in them. Therefore, the livability indexes are very important to study them. The main purpose of this paper is to identify and classify the factors affecting the livability of Ilam City using interpretive structural modeling technique. The present study is a descriptive survey in terms of applied purpose and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. By reviewing the literature and content analysis and Delphi technique, 16 indicators affecting the livability of Ilam City were identified, and then the internal relationships between them were examined using the ISM method. Then, the type of variables was determined according to the impact on other variables. The results showed that the city of Ilam is classified into six levels based on the factors affecting the livability and the five factors such as fair distribution of infrastructure facilities and services, adequate housing, having a suitable job and income, the amount of goods and services, proper quality of roads and streets with respectively are considered to be the most influential variables of livability in Ilam City. As a result, each plan or action to start and improve the livability of Ilam City must pay attention to the key and basic role of these factors. Accordingly, the first general dimensions affecting the livability of Ilam City include economic dimensions and in the later stages, environmental dimensions and social dimensions. Furthermore, none of the enablers were in the autonomous group according to MICMAC analysis, which would show the importance of all enablers in the livability of Ilam City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Problem Statement: It is necessary to evaluate different elements of the Arbaeen Pilgrimage event (with a religious tourism perspective) in its different directions because this evaluation will lead to the proper allocation of resources. This event can be one of the main forces influencing the economic improvement and development of Ilam province. On the other hand, today, value chain management is considered as one of the infrastructure foundations of business implementation in the world. Objective: This study aimed to investigate and identify value chain business opportunities of the Arbaeen Imam Hussein (AS) Pilgrimage event in Ilam province. Research Method: The present research was an applied study and its method was descriptiveanalytical. The method of collecting information was field data collection method. The statistical population of this study included all people who were somehow working on Arbaeen route (Mehran-Kermanshah) in Ilam province. Using Cochran's formula, 385 individuals were selected and surveyed by stratified random sampling. In this study, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to survey the field data. The face validity of the questionnaire and its reliability were confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.854). In this study, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis models and related software such as SPSS and Amos were used for data analysis. Results: The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that there were five general business opportunities for investment in the development of the supply chain of the Arba'een Pilgrimage in Ilam province. Also, the results of the confirmatory model showed that, in general, economic-commercial reconstruction opportunity (0.39), regional functionality opportunity (0.225), transportation opportunity (0.362), cultural-religious opportunity (0.552), and location brand opportunity (0.44) were able to explain 82% of the variance of the dependent variable of the study. Innovation: Analyzing the business opportunities of the value chain of the Arba'een Pilgrimage is the innovation of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a problematic parasitic infection in the west of Iran, this study was carried out to clarify the epidemiological aspects of Cl. Our database includes all Cl cases with detailed information during 2014–2018 in Ilam province, west of Iran. Patients referred to health and clinical centers in our study areas then health providers and laboratory technicians took smears to detect leishmania parasites under light microscope. SPSS24 software used for analyzing data by the Chi square test. Mehran and Dehloran districts were alone accounted for 50% of all reported cases. ≥ 36 age group was dominant cases also housekeepers were at the top of categories in case of occupation. Hand and leg entangled with this infection more than other organs. Moreover, most cases observed in the winter season, and lesions were 1–3 cm in size. Apart from decreasing Cl cases in our study location compared to 2014, building debris around the urban area should be cleaned up concerning standards of hygiene in each phase to keep rodents away. Additionally, citizens at the land border of Iran-Iraq should protect themselves from sand fly biting at least by insect repellent at peak travel times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Suicide is a preventable social harm in the field of health. The present study aimed to design a prediction model for suicide incidence based on Box-Jenkins model in Ilam province. Method: Using a retrospective method all completed and attempted suicide data were collected during 1993-2013. Then, using the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, the time series analysis of the Box-Jenkins model was conducted to predict suicide status in the coming years (2014-2015). Results: According to the actual results obtained from the suicide data in 2014, a total of 1078 suicides were recorded and compared to the predicted results, according to the fitted model of the time series, which showed the selected model predicted 931 suicide cases, showing 86% accuracy of prediction. The series’ prediction indicated 931 suicides in 2014 with a negative growth rate of 25.3% compared to 2013 and 969 suicide cases in 2015 with a positive growth rate of 3.93% compared to 2014. Conclusion: The results of this study showed the designed model provides a high diagnostic value to predict suicide rates. These types of models can help to predict suicide in future and plan to control and prevent suicide attempts.

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the contrast perception of obstacles in a tunnel entrance which was placed in Ilam Province, Iran.Methods: An obstacle with the reflection coefficient of 20% was mounted at the entrance of thetunnel and then, the car was placed near the tunnel entrance and the intrinsic luminance of the road (Lr,intrinsic) and obstacle (Lo,intrinsic) were measured inside the car using the luminance meter.Results: Intrinsic luminance of obstacle and road at the entrance of the tunnel were measured as 41 and 17 cd/m2, respectively. The contrast perception of obstacle in deriver’s eyes and in the safe stopping distance (SSD) from the tunnel entrance was determined as 2.79 cd/m2. At the entrance of the studied tunnel, the contrast perception of obstacles with the reflection coefficient of 20% was lower than the minimum contrast perception (28%) recommended by International Commission on Illumination.Conclusion: The main conclusion that can be drawn from it, is that this obstacle in the SSD from the tunnel entrance cannot be conceived by the drivers, which may lead to higher rate of road traffic crashes.

Introduction Due to the source nature and placement of the Gurpi Formation between the Asmari and Bangestan reservoirs, it has a special importance. The name of this formation has been derived from Gurpi Mountain in the northwest of Masjid-Soleyman County. At the type section, this formation includes 320 meters of marl and bluish gray shales together with subordinate thin layers of clayey (argillaceous) limestone which overlies the limestones of the Ilam Formation, along an erosional unconformity. The Gurpi Formation has an open marine and deep sea sedimentation environment, which is why it is a good talent for biostratigraphy studies using planktonic fauna. Studies conducted by some researchers on the Gurpi Formation represent a Late Santonian – Tanetian age in different parts of the Zagros area, based on different planktonic assemblages (e.g., Kameli Azan et al., 2004; Darvishzadeh et al., 2007; Abrari et al., 2010; Senemari & Sohrabi Molla Usefi, 2012; Senemari & Azizi, 2012; Beiranvand et al., 2013; Najafpour et al., 2014; Fereydoonpoor et al., 2014; Razmjooei et al., 2014.). Materials and methods This study is based on macroscopic field description of 252 meters of Upper Cretaceous sequences (Gurpi Formation) in the Gandab section located on southern flank of Kabir Kuh anticline in Lurestan Province of Zagros, southwest Iran. In total, 192 hand specimens were taken from rock samples and sediments from these sections for paleontological study. After washing, samples were dried on sieves and put in special cellules. Released fossils were studied by binocular firstly, and then by Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM). Determination and naming genera and species was based on Robaszynski et al. (1984), Caron (1985), Loeblich and Tappan (1988), and Premoli Silva and Verga (2004). Discussion of Results Biostratigraphy In this study, 57 species related to 20 genera and 7 biozones of planktonic foraminifers are recognized in Gandab section. - Globotruncana ventricosa Interval Zone This biozone is defined between Globotruncana ventricosa appearance at the bottom and Radotruncana calcarata appearance at the top. It is correlated with Globotruncana ventricosa biozone aged Middle to Late Campanian (Premoli Silva and Verga , 2004). - Radotruncana calcarata Total range Zone This biozone which its top and bottom is consistent with the appearance and extinction of Radotruncana calcarata respectively, It is correlated with Radotruncana calcarata biozone aged Late Campanian (Premoli Silva and Verga , 2004). - Globotruncana aegyptiaca Interval Zone This zone is defined according the appearance of Globotruncana aegyptiaca at the base and the appearance of Gansserina gansseri at the top and is parallel to Globotruncana aegyptiaca biozone aged the End of Late Campanian (Premoli Silva and Verga , 2004). - Gansserina gansseri Interval Zone It places between the appearance of Gansserina gansseriat the base andContusotruncana contuosaat the top. This biozone is parallel with Gansserina gansseri biozone aged the most final part of Campanian-Maastrichtian (Premoli Silva and Verga , 2004). - Contusotruncana contuosa Interval Zone This biozone is defined between the appearance ofContusotruncana contuosa at the base and Abathomphalus mayaroensis at the top and is equivalent of Contusatruncana contusa and Racemiguembelina fructicosa biozones and aged Early to Late Maastrichtian (Premoli Silva and Verga, 2004). - Abathomphalus mayaroensis Interval Zone It is defined between the appearance of Abathomphalus mayaroensis species at the base and its extinction at the top. This biozone equals Abathomphalus mayaroensisbiozone agedLate Maastrichtian(Premoli Silva and Verga, 2004). Cretaceous – Paleocene (K-P) boundary K-P boundary is located on top of the Gurpi Formation in Gandab section. It is characterized by the end of Abathomphalus mayaroensis zone and extinction of all planktonic foraminifers. In this research, because of the missing of Guembelitria cretacea Zone P0 as a result of far sampling distance, biozone of Abathomphalus mayaroensis related to Gurpi Formation, is located below Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina Zone (Pα) of the Pabdeh Formation (i.e. Danian). Correlation Biozones of the Gurpi Formation in Gandab section are compared with biozones of this formation at the in Kuh - e Siah anticline. In the Kuh - e Siah anticline studied by Fereydoonpoor et al, 2014, 8 biozones were introduced from the Gurpi Formation. These biozones give Early Santonian – Early Maastrichtianage for the Gurpi Formation in this section. Conclusions The Gurpi Formation at the Gandab section with a thickness of 252m composing of limestone and argillaceous limestone. The lower boundary with the Ilam Formation is conformable with sharp lithology and upper boundary is gradational with the Pabdeh Formation in two sections. Through this study, 57 species related to 20 genera and 7 biozones of planktonic foraminifers in Gandab section were distinguished. According to these biozones and fossil content, the age of Gurpi was determined Middle Campanian to Late Maastrichtian.Transition from Maastrichtian to Paleocene was continuous and the K-P boundary located at the top of Gurpi Formation.

Context: Documenting folk uses of wild medicinal plants provide an important baseline for the future novel drugs development and pharmacological evaluation. Aims: To document the traditional ethnomedicinal knowledge of Ilam city of Ilam Province, Iran. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were carried out in the study area from 190 informants to document the ethnomedicinal knowledge during 2008-2014. The collected data were assessed with quantitative tools viz. medicinal use value (MUV), family use value (FUV) and relative frequency of citation (RFC). Results: A total of 132 plant species distributed in 116 genera and 51 families were revealed to be used in herbal-based therapy. The highest medicinal plants diversity was shown by Compositae (19 species). A total of 13 types of plant parts were reported to be used in different recipes dominated by leaf (31%). Highest MUV were shown by Alhagi maurorum Medik. (0.87) and Cannabis sativa L. (0.85). In case of RFC, the highest RFC were expressed by Lycium depressum (0.95) followed by Pistacia khinjuk (0.94), Nasturtium officinale (0.93) and Portulaca oleracea (0.90). Highest FUV among small families was shown by Cannabaceae (0.85) and among the large families by Leguminosae (0.55). Conclusions: The study revealed a high medicinal plant diversity that is utilized for long time by the local communities of Ilam to resolve their health-based problems. The plants marked in the present paper could be brought under pharmacological evaluation to further exploit their efficacy. This paper could be an important document for the future generations of the Ilam province, Iran.

Introduction: Health promoting behaviors include behaviors that individuals pay to proper nutrition, regular exercise, keeping away from destructive behavior and drug, protection against accidents, early detection of physical symptoms, control of emotions, feelings and thoughts, coping with stress and psychological problems, adjustment and modification of interpersonal relationships in the social dimension. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 185 employees of Ilam University of Medical Sciences using Convenience Method in 2014. Data was collected through health-promoting lifestyle questionnaire (HPLP II) with dimensions including physical activities, stress management, spiritual growth, nutrition, health and interpersonal relationships responsibility. After data collection, the data entry was done using SPSS 21 statistical software and then analyzed through appropriate statistical tests of descriptive statistics, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Linear Regression. In this study, the level of significance was less than 0.05. Findings: The mean score of promoting behavior among the employees was 130.47. The highest score was spiritual growth aspect and the lowest was physical activity aspect. Regression models of physical activity (P=0.006) and nutrition aspects (P=0.036) were significant with demographic variables. Discussion & Conclusions: According to the results of our study, physical activity score was lower than the other health promotion behaviors dimensions. More steps are suggested to be taken to determine the effective factors to improve the health promotion behaviors through impressive interventions among such a class of employees.

Introduction: Premenstrual syndromes are among the disorders associated with reproductive age that includes physical, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral signs during the luteal phase that occurs periodically from 7 to 14 days before menstruation. These signs are not present at the begining of menstruation or during the first few days of bleeding. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of premenstrual syndromes in high school girls of Ilam during the year 2015. Materials & Methods: This descriptive-analytic study has been performed on 266 single girl- students aged from 15 to 18 years, with the average age of 16.34, considered to have regular and natural menstruation cycles (with gaps of 21 to 35 days between each two menstruations lasting for 3 to 7 days). To assess the frequency of premenstrual syndromes, the prospective questionnaires (Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool: PSST) was used for two consecutive cycles. In this research, statistical tests such as Chi-square, Variance analysis, and Logistic regression were applied to analyze the data. Findings: Based on our results, the frequency of medium or sever premenstrual syndromes was 36.84% and the frequency of premenstrual dysphoric disorder was 11.65%. According to logistic regression model, severe bleeding multiplies chances of the individuals suffering from dysphoric disorder by 5.1 times, while pain multiplies chances of the girls suffering from premenstrual syndrome about 4.1. There was a significant relation between the mild and severe premenstrual syndrome with pain, (P

Climate and air pollution can be a factor affecting human mortality. Ilam province has a different and contradictory climate due to geographical location, climate, and proximity to the deserts of neighboring countries such as Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Syria and the Scattering of its cities. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the climatic elements affecting respiratory diseases in mountainous regions and plains in Ilam province. The population under study was the number of people referred to Mustafa Khomeini Hospital in Ilam during the five-year statistical period (2009-2013) in both regions. The data on climatic elements in the years between (2009 - 2013) is presented in this study as an independent variable. In the present study, using descriptive and inferential statistics and regression models at a significant level (P

Introduction: Theory of mind is one of the most important aspects of cognitive faculty. The theory of mind is impaired in individuals who suffer from mental disorders like autistic children. The ‘autistic-like’ behaviors also have been reported in the congenitally blind children. This study was conducted to examine the presence or absence of theory of mind and its function in congenitally blind children. Materials and methods: A number of 20 individuals containing 10 bilingual congenitally blind children from Baghcheban elementary school of Ilam city as a case group and 10 sighted ones as a control group were selected. Three kinds of false belief cognitive tests appropriate for the congenitally blind children were designed. The collected data were analyzed using one sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, independent t-test along with Levenn test and one-way and two-way Analysis of Variance. Results: Considering the performance of congenitally blind children in false belief tasks, the blindness just had effect on the story narration task (P0.05). Conclusion: The findings showed only the story narration task was affected by blindness, because this task was more dependent on visual sense. Therefore, blindness results in delay in evolution of theory of mind. To fix this delay, the congenitally blind children should be exposed to further tactile and olfactory inputs.

Background & objectives: Ilam province is one of the oldest known endemic foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmani- asis (CL) in Iran; and the recent studies have shown an increasing trend in the number of cases from the region. This study was aimed to investigate the parasite species and genetic diversity of isolates obtained from CL patients based on the N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase (nagt) gene. Methods: Exudate materials were collected from the swollen margin of the skin lesions of the patients suspected with CL who were referred to health centers laboratory of Mehran, Dehloran, Ilam and Malekshahi cities in the Ilam province. Demographic data were collected through a questionnaire. Smears were stained and examined microscopically. In total, 62 parasitologically positive samples were subjected to PCR-RFLP of nagt gene for identification of Leishmania species, in addition to genetic diversity investigation. Results: Nearly, half of the positive cases were referred from Mehran followed by Dehloran City (40.4%). These included people from different age groups (1 to 73 yr), with majority being male (66.1%). The common site of lesions was hand (48.4%). Half of the patients had multiple lesions; most of them were wet ulcerative type. A 1450-60 bp band of the nagt gene was amplified from all the samples. Digestion patterns of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase 1 (ACC1) enzyme were similar to what expected for Leishmania major. No difference was observed at the nucleotide acid level or resulting amino acid in nine sequenced samples on the basis of phylogenetic analyses. However, intra- species differences (0.0015) were observed amongst the L. major isolates of present study and the other parts of Iran. Interpretation & conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrated that the main causative agent of CL in Ilam Province is L. major, and there is no considerable heterogeneity among the L. major isolates. Moreover, nagt gene proved to be an efficient marker for differentiating Leishmania species. Further studies with more samples need to be carried out to achieve a more comprehensive result on the genetic variation of L. major isolates.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is known to be responsible for nosocomial infections, and the typing method was useful in managing the reservoir of bacteria. The main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of S. aureus in the nares and hands of nurses working in Imam Khomeini hospital, Ilam, Iran, as well as to determine the clonal relatedness, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, different virulence, and resistance determinants among these isolates. The evolution of mupirocin activity in the eradication of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) colonization in the nares of the healthcare workers in Ilam, Iran, was also determined in this study.Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 80 nurses, auxiliary nurses, and service workers from Imam Khomeini Hospital were enrolled. MRSA, antibiotic susceptibility, and virulence determinants were evaluated. Then, the isolates were subjected to pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec typing. Results: Our results demonstrated that 23% of isolates were MRSA. PFGE results demonstrated that pulsotypes A (3 out of 30; 10%) and J (3 out of 30; 10%), pulsotypes E (2 out of 30; 6.7%), M (2 out of 30; 6.7%), P(2 out of 30; 6.7%), and V (2 out of 30; 6.7%) were the most predominant pulsotypes, respectively. Conclusion: We cannot give conclusive suggestions about the correlation between nasal carriage and infections, but we suggest the monitoring of all healthcare workers annually, decontamination of their noses by using mupirocin and other antistaphylococcal agents, and also the washing of their hands at least every 2 h.