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A purification process for the manufacture of a recombinant C-terminus heavy chain fragment from botulinum neurotoxin serotype C [rBoNTC(H(c))], a potential vaccine candidate, has been defined and successfully scaled-up. The rBoNTC(H(c)) was produced intracellularly in Pichia pastoris X-33 using a three step fermentation process, i.e., glycerol batch phase, a glycerol fed-batch phase to achieve high cell densities, followed by a methanol induction phase. The rBoNTC(H(c)) was captured from the soluble protein fraction of cell lysate using hydrophobic charge induction chromatography (HCIC; MEP HyperCel™), and then further purified using a CM 650M ion exchange chromatography step followed by a polishing step using HCIC once again. Method development at the bench scale was achieved using 5-100mL columns and the process was performed at the pilot scale using 0.6-1.6L columns in preparation for technology transfer to cGMP manufacturing. The process yielded approximately 2.5 g of rBoNTC(H(c))/kg wet cell weight (WCW) at the bench scale and 1.6 g rBoNTC(H(c))/kg WCW at the pilot scale. The purified rBoNTC(H(c)) was stable for at least 3 months at 5 and -80°C as determined by reverse phase-HPLC and SDS-PAGE and was stable for 24 months at -80 °C based on mouse potency bioassay. N-Terminal amino acid sequencing confirmed that the N-terminus of the purified rBoNTC(H(c)) was intact.

With the emergence of advanced Internet technologies, access to scientific literature is evolving at an unprecedented pace. While the number of peer-reviewed publications is growing exponentially, unpublished technical reports, dissertations and other forms of grey literature are becoming increasingly accessible for researchers across the world. Research organizations and universities are capitalizing on this opportunity, actively making their research available on the Internet. At the National Research Council, the Institute for Research in Construction ensures that all fire-related literature produced is stored in an Institutional Repository and posted on the Web in a freely available manner. In doing so, this system has provided fire researchers with a vehicle to improve visibility of their research, having pronounced advantages. For the fire community, the material is an excellent source of scholarly articles, reports, technical data and conference papers. A close examination of the Institute’s fire-related literature in Google Scholar reveals citation patterns which illustrate the value of open-access, free literature to fire researchers.

The basis for efficacy of the recombinant botulinum vaccine, serotypes A and B (rBV A/B) is that neutralizing antibodies induced by vaccination bind to botulinum neurotoxin complex serotype A, subtype A1 (BoNT/A1) and serotype B, subtype B1 (BoNT/B1) and prevent their actions at cholinergic neurons. The protective capacity of BoNT/A1 and BoNT/B1 neutralizing antibodies derived from the serum of clinical volunteers vaccinated with rBV A/B was evaluated in a guinea pig passive transfer model and a mouse bioassay. Guinea pigs passively immunized to achieve circulating neutralizing antibody concentration (NAC) levels representing the lowest measurable concentrations for BoNT/A1 and BoNT/B1 were protected against an intramuscular (IM) challenge more than 10 times the guinea pig IM median lethal dosage for BoNT/A1 and BoNT/B1. The passively immunized guinea pigs were asymptomatic during the 14-day post-challenge observation period. Control guinea pigs died within 48 h after challenge. Calculation of neutralizing efficiency of antibodies using results from a mouse bioassay indicated that a simple linearly proportional relationship does not exist between NAC level and the amount of BoNT neutralized. Based on this finding, estimates of level of protection must consider variability in BoNT neutralizing efficiency at different NAC levels. The protective capacity of human BoNT/A1 and BoNT/B1 neutralizing antibodies induced by rBV A/B vaccination was verified in a guinea pig passive immunization model. Additionally, estimates of the neutralizing efficiency have been established for BoNT/A1 and BoNT/B1 neutralizing antibodies obtained from clinical volunteers vaccinated with the rBV A/B.

The one-pot, microwave-assisted synthesis of 5-thia-4b,10-diaza-indeno[2,1-a]indene-5,5-dioxide (6) and 10H-11-thia-5,10a-diaza-benzo[b]fluorene-11,11-dioxide (7) from 1,2-phenylenediamine and 2-aminobenzylamine, respectively, is described. Generation of a sulfonamide through reaction of the appropriate diamine with 2-cyanobenzenesulfonyl chloride is followed by a multistep intramolecular transformation and subsequent elimination of ammonia to provide the corresponding tetracycle in good yield.

The adsorption of recombinant botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) protein-derived vaccine antigens to aluminum salt adjuvants has been previously studied for the development of a trivalent vaccine against the neurotoxins (Vessely et al., in press, J Pharm Sci). The current paper describes an investigation of the stability of recombinant BoNT antigens adsorbed to aluminum salt adjuvants during storage in aqueous solution. Both chemical and physical changes occurred during storage. Phosphate groups in the buffer exchanged with hydroxyl groups on the adjuvant surface. The resulting changes in solution pH and adjuvant surface chemistry promoted more favorable electrostatic interaction between the BoNT proteins and the surface, possibly increasing the affinity of the proteins for the surface during storage. Fluorescence and UV spectroscopy suggested changes to protein structure during storage, whereas differential scanning calorimetry showed changes to thermal processes related to protein conformation and/or surface adsorption. The consequence of the chemical and physical changes to the proteins was a decrease in the ability to desorb protein from the adjuvant surface during storage. Overall, the results of this study emphasize the utility of a thorough characterization of the interactions between protein antigens and aluminum salt adjuvants.

We identified a series of structurally novel SCD (Delta9 desaturase) inhibitors via high-throughput screening and follow-up SAR studies. Modification of the central bicyclic scaffold has proven key to our potency optimization effort. The most potent analog (8g) had IC(50) value of 50 pM in a HEPG2 SCD assay and has been shown to be metabolically stable and selective against Delta5 and Delta6 desaturases.

Highly potent and selective 4-amidofuran-3-one inhibitors of cathepsin S are described. The synthesis and structure-activity relationship of a series of inhibitors with a sulfonamide moiety in the P3 position is presented. Several members of the series show sub-nanomolar inhibition of the target enzyme as well as an excellent selectivity profile and good cellular potency. Molecular modeling of the most interesting inhibitors describes interactions in the extended S3 pocket and explains the observed selectivity towards cathepsin K.

A general solid-phase synthesis of 1,2,5-trisubstituted imidazolidin-4-ones is described. The key synthetic transformation incorporates a microwave-assisted condensation of an α-amino amide on solid support with an aldehyde in solution to give the corresponding resin-bound imidazolidin-4-one in a simple one-pot procedure.

This essay explores the meaning of home in the 2006 film Ten Canoes. The film resulted from an extraordinary collaboration between the Ramingining Aboriginal community of northeastern Arnhem Land and Australian art-house director Rolf de Heer. It tells of Dayindi (Jamie Dayindi Gulpilil Dalaithngu), a young Yolngu man living one thousand years ago, who is in love with his elder brother's youngest wife. To correct Dayindi's “wrong feelings,” his brother tells him another story that we also witness in the film, this one set tens of thousands of years in the ancient past. The essay argues that simply articulating the film's twists in the logic of Western cinematic storytelling renders it richly suggestive of traditional Yolngu law, a process that in turn reveals the Ramingining community's commentary on the complex racial politics of the contemporary Australian “homeland.”

James W. Aageson, Paul, the Pastoral Epistles, and the Early Church, reviewed by Joan C. Campbell James K. Bruckner, Exodus, reviewed by Shawn W. Flynn Walter Brueggemann, The Word that Redescribes the World: The Bible and Discipleship, reviewed by Hee Suk Kim Rhonda Burnette-Bletsch, Studying the Old Testament: A Companion, reviewed by Carmen Palmer Calum Carmichael, Illuminating Leviticus: A Study of Its Laws and Institutions in the Light of Biblical Narratives, reviewed by Wesley Hu Carl S. Ehrlich and Marsha C. White, eds., Saul in Story and Tradition., reviewed by Gord Oeste Jeffrey P. Greenman et al., eds., The Sermon on the Mount through the Centuries: From the Early Church to John Paul II, reviewed by David Charles Robinson Richard S. Hess, Israelite Religions: An Archaeological and Biblical Survey, reviewed by Mark W. Hamilton Edith M. Humphrey, And I Turned to See the Voice: The Rhetoric of Vision in the New Testament, reviewed by Ryan S. Schellenberg Lloyd Kim, Polemic in the Book a/Hebrews: Anti-Judaism, Anti-Semitism, Supersessionism?, reviewed by Terence L. Donaldson Gary N. Knoppers and Bernard M. Levinson, eds., The Pentateuch as Torah: New Models for Understanding Its Promulgation and Acceptance, reviewed by Andrew B. Perrin Peter J: Leithart, Solomon among ihe Postmoderns, reviewed by Michael Carasik Matthew Levering, Ezra and Nehemiah, reviewed by Michael W. Duggan Andrew T. Lincoln and Angus Paddison, eds., Christology and Scripture: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, reviewed by James R.A. Merrick William Loader, Enoch, Levi, and Jubilees on Sexuality; Attitudes towards Sexuality in the Early Enoch Literature, the Aramaic Levi Document, and the Book of Jubilees, reviewed by Dorothy M. Peters Frank J. Matera, New Testament Theology: ExploringDiversity and Unity, reviewed by Duncan Reid Jerome H. Neyrey, Give God the Glory: Ancient Prayer and Worship in Cultural Perspective., reviewed by Zeba A. Crook T.A. Perry, The Honeymoon Is Over: Jonah s Argument with God., reviewed by Donald Polaski C. Kavin Rowe, Early Narrative Christology: The Lord in the Gospel of Luke, reviewed by Allison A. Trites Shmuel Safrai, Zeev Safrai, Joshua Schwartz, Peter J. Tomson, eds., The Literature of the Sages. Second Part: Midrash and Targum, Liturgy, Poetry, Mysticism, Contracts, Inscriptions, Ancient Science and the Languages of Rabbinic Literature, reviewed by Gerbem S. Oegema Kimberly B.Stratton, Naming the Witch: Magic, Ideology, and Stereotype in the Ancient World, reviewed by Ian H. Henderson John L. Thompson, Reading the Bible with the Dead: What You Can Learn from the History of Exegesis That You Can't Learn from Exegesis Alone, reviewed by Stephen G. Dempster David Toshio Tsumura, The First Book of Samuel, reviewed by Marie-France Dion Graham H. Twelftree, In the Name of Jesus: Exorcism among Early Christians, reviewed by Ronald Charles Gerald H.Wilson, Job, reviewed by Stephen Dempster John D. Witvliet, The Biblical Psalms in Christian Worship: A Brief Introduction and Guide to Resources., reviewed by W. Derek Suderman Burkard M. Zapff, Jesaja 56—66, reviewed by Francis Landy Alvyn Austin, China's Millions: The China Inland Mission and Late Qing Society, 1832—1905, reviewed by A. Hamish Ion Michael Brown, Charles I. McGrath and Thomas Power, eds, Converts and Conversion in Ireland, 1650—1850, reviewed by Paul Friesen Mark Humphries, Early Christianity, reviewed by Junghoo Kwon Marshall D. Johnson, The Evolution of Christianity: Twelve Crises That Shaped the Church., reviewed by Stuart Macdonald Peter Matheson, ed., Reformation Christianity, reviewed by Stuart Macdonald Glenn T. Miller, Piety and Profession: American Protestant ThealoRical Education 1870—1970, reviewed by M. Jean Stairs David M. Scholer, ed., Social Distinctives of the Christians in the First Century: Pivotal Essays by E.A. Judge, reviewed by Allison Trites Duane R. Bidwell and Joretta J. Marshall, eds., The Formation of Pastoral Counselors: Challenges and Opportunities, reviewed by Joseph G. Schner Michael L. Brown, What Do Jewish People Think about Jesus? And Other Questions Christians Ask about Jewish Beliefs, Practices, and History, reviewed by Darren J. Dias Matthew A. Elliott, Faithful Feelings: Rethinking Emotion in the New Testament, reviewed by James Broadhead Edward Farley, Practicing Gospel: Unconventional Thoughts on the Church's Ministry, reviewed by 3 Jeffrey Gros and Daniel S. Mulhall, eds., The Ecumenical Christian Dialogues and the Catechism of the Catholic Church, reviewed by Michael A Fahey Walter C. Kaiser, Jr., The Majesty of God in the Old Testament: A Guide for Preaching and Teaching, reviewed by Richard Middleton Paul Lakeland, Catholicism at the Crossroads: How the Laity Can Save the Church, reviewed by Michael A. Fahey, S.J. Kenneth P. Mottram, Caring for Those in Crisis: Facing Ethical Dilemmas with Patients and Families, reviewed by Kathleen O'Neill Neil Pembroke, Moving toward Spiritual Maturity: Psychological, Contemplative, and Moral Challenges in Christian Living, reviewed by Joseph Schner Jackie Sullivan, Pastoral Care with Young and Midlife Adults in Long-Term Care, reviewed by Bill James-Abra Logos Bible Software 3—Scholar's Library, reviewed by B.H.McLean Arun Bala, The Dialogue of Civilizations in the Birth of Modern Science, reviewed by Abrahim H. Khan Brian Arthur Brown, Noah's Other Son: Bridging the Gap between the Bible and the Qu'ran, reviewed by Kurt Anders Richardson John W. Cooper, Panentheism—The Other God of the Philosophers: From Plato to the Present, reviewed by Sherri Golisky Paul J. DeHart, The Trial of the Witnesses: The Rise and Decline of Postliberal Theology, reviewed by Alison Hari-Singh Robert K. Johnston, Reel Spirituality: Theology and Film in Dialogue. 2nd ed., reviewed by Alyda Faber Eric S. Christianson, Peter Francis and William R Telford, eds., Cinema Divinite: Religion, Theology and the Bible in Film, reviewed by Alyda Faber Peter S. Oh, Karl Barth's Trinitarian Theology: A Study in Karl Barth's Analogical Use o/the Trinitarian Relation, reviewed by Don Schweitzer Michael J. Perry, Toward a Theory of Human Rights: Religion. Law, Courts, reviewed by Robert Adrien Martel Sharon Portnoff, James A. Diamond, MartinD. Yaffe, eds., Emil L. Fackenheim: Philosopher, Theologian, Jew, reviewed by Victor Shepherd Dorothee Soelle, The Mystery of Death, reviewed by Michael Stoeber Alan J. Torrance and Michael Banner, eds., The Doctrine of God and Theological Ethics, reviewed by Don Schweitzer Michael Welker, ed., The Work of the Spirit: Pneumatology and Pentecostalism, reviewed by Jeff Nowers

Mary Ann Beavis, Jesus and Utopia: Looking for the Kingdom of God in the Roman World, reviewed by Alicia Batten Eve-Marie Becker and Peter Pilhofer, eds., Biographie und Persönlichkeit des Paulus, reviewed by Murray Baker Warren Carter, John: Storyteller, Interpreter, Evangelist, reviewed by David J. Hawkin David Catchpole, Jesus People: The Historical Jesus and the Beginnings of Community, reviewed by Agnes Choi Terence E. Fretheim, God and World in the Old Testament: A Relational Theology of Creation, reviewed by William H. Irwin Simon J. Gathercole, The Pre-existent Son: Recovering the Christogies of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, reviewed by Terence L. Donaldson Michael J. Gorman, Apostle of the Crucified Lord. A Theological Introduction to Paul & His Letters, reviewed by Scott M. Lewis Robert C. Hill, Reading the Old Testament in Antioch, reviewed by Shawn W.J. Keough Leander E. Keck, Romans, reviewed by L. Ann Jervis Paul Lawrence, Alan Millard, Heinrich von Siebenthal and John Walton, eds., The IVP Atlas of Bible History, reviewed by 3 Anson F. Rainey and R. Steven Notley, The Sacred Bridge: Carta s Atlas of the Biblical World, reviewed by Brian P. Irwin Peter Leithart, l & 2 Kings, reviewed by Lissa M. Wray Beal Moises Mayordomo, Argumentiert Paulus logisch? Eine Analyse vor dem Hintergrund antiker Logik, reviewed by Ian H. Henderson Stanley E. Porter, ed., Hearing the Old Testament in ,the New Testament, reviewed by Ian W. Scott Willard M. Swartley, Covenant of Peace: The Missing Peace in New Testament Theology and Ethics, reviewed by Gordon Zerbe John H. Walton, Ancient Near Eastern Thought and the Old Testament: Introducing the Conceptual World of the Hebrew Bible, reviewed by Jonathan S. Greer Stephen Westerholm, Understanding Matthew: The Early Christian Worldview of the First Gospel, reviewed by Adrian M. Leske Ritva H. Williams, Stewards, Prophets, Keepers of the Word: Leadership in the Early Church, reviewed by Joan C. Campbell Arie de Reuver, Sweet Communion: Trajectories of Spirituality from the Middle Ages through the Further Reformation, reviewed by Peter Wyatt Christopher H. Evans, The Kingdom Is Always but Coming: A Life of Walter Rauschenbusch, reviewed by Phyllis Airhart Richard A. Horsley, ed., Christian Origins, reviewed by David A. Reed W.J. Torrance Kirby, Richard Hooker, Reformer and Platonist, reviewed by David Neelands Carolyn Osiek, Margaret Y. MacDonald, with Janet H. Tulloch, A Woman's Place: House Churches in Earliest Christianity, reviewed by Mona Tokarek LaFosse Douglas A. Sweeney, The American Evangelical Story: A History of the Movement, reviewed by Mark D. Chapman Catherine Thom, Early Irish Monasticism: An Understanding of Its. Cultural Roots, reviewed by Thomas P. Power Jiwu Wang, "His Dominion" and the "Yellow Peril": Protestant Missions to Chinese Immigrants in Canada, 1859-1967, reviewed by Ruth Compton Brouwer Ellen B. Aitken, Loosening the Roots of Compassion: Meditations for Holy Week and Eastertide, reviewed by Kathleen a O'Neill Diogenes Allen, Traces of God: 25th Anniversary Edition, reviewed by Mario O. D'Souza Michael A. Hayes, ed., New Religious Movements in the Catholic Church., reviewed by Mario O. D'Souza William F. Haynes, Jr., and Geffrey B. Kelly. Is There a God in Health Care?: Toward a New Spirituality of Medicine., reviewed by Marilyn-Ann Elphick Michael W. Higgins, Stalking the Holy: The Pursuit of Saint Making., reviewed by Tony W. Tremblett Bradford Hinze, Practices of Dialogue in the Roman Catholic Church: Aims and Obstacles, Lessons and Laments, reviewed by Reid B. Locklin Michael Pasquarello III, Christian Preaching: A Trinitarian Theology of Proclamation, reviewed by Mark L. Yensen Robert Stephen Reid., The Four Voices of Preaching: ConnectingPurpose and Identity behind the Pulpit, reviewed by Kerri A. Hagerman Norman Solomon, Richard Harries, Tim Winters, eds., Abraham s Children: Jews, Christians and Muslims in Conversation, reviewed by Mario O. D'Souza James W. Thompson, Pastoral Ministry according to Paul: A Biblical Vision, reviewed by Luke A. Powery Tim P. Van Duivendyk, The Unwanted Gift of Grief A Ministry Approach, reviewed by Colleen Lashmar Halbert Weidner, Grief, Loss and Death: The Shadow Side of Ministry, reviewed by Kathleen O'Neill David Welton, The Treatment of Bipolar Disorder in Pastoral Counseling: Community and Silence, reviewed by Joseph G. Schner Jonathan R. Wilson.,Why Church Matters: Worship, Ministry, and Mission in Practice, reviewed by Joni S. Sancken Todd Bolen, ed., Survey of Western Palestine: The Maps, reviewed by Brian P. Irwin Karen Baker-Fletcher, Dancing with God: The Trinity from a Womanist Perspective, reviewed by Don Schweitzer Michael Mack, Sidney's Poetics: Imitating Creation, reviewed by Meredith Donaldson Clark

Capsule The population of Nightjars in the UK increased by over 36% between 1992 and 2004. Aims To determine the population size and distribution of Nightjars in the UK and examine associations with forestry and heathland habitat features. Methods A volunteer survey was supported by professional cover in remote parts of Wales, and areas of Dorset and lowland Scotland. Two visits to allocated 1-km squares were made between late May and mid-July. Each surveyor recorded the locations of calling males onto maps and the occurrence of habitat categories within 50 m of each Nightjar registration. Results Observers surveyed 3264 1-km squares in 2004 and, on average, 78% of the target habitat (90% in southern England). The total number of males counted was 4131 (range 3850‐4414), adjusted to 4606 (95% CL ± 913) to account for unsurveyed habitat. The adjusted total represented a 36% increase in 12 years. Nightjars were recorded in 275 10-km squares in 2004, a 2.6% increase since 1992. However, there was evidence of population decline and range contractions in northwest Britain, including north Wales, northwest England and in Scotland. In 2004, 57% of Nightjars were associated with forest plantations (similar to 1992) and 59% with heathland (slightly higher than in 1992). Conclusion National objectives for Nightjar conservation (UK Biodiversity Action Plan: UKBAP) were reached in respect of population size and stability, but the target for a 5% range increase by 2003 was not met. The continued increase in the national population is probably attributable to habitat protection, management and restoration of heathlands, and the continued availability of clear-fell/young plantations in conifer forests. Management and/or protection/restoration/re-creation of these key habitats remains critical for the long-term objectives of UKBAP. The issue of providing foraging habitats, perhaps via agri-environment schemes, is also raised.

A process was developed for production of a candidate vaccine antigen, recombinant C-terminal heavy chain fragment of the botulinum neurotoxin serotype E, rBoNTE(H(c)) in Pichia pastoris. P. pastoris strain GS115 was transformed with the rBoNTE(H(c)) gene inserted into pHILD4 Escherichia coli-P. pastoris shuttle plasmid. The clone was characterized for genetic stability, copy number, and BoNTE(H(c)) sequence. Expression of rBoNTE(H(c)) from the Mut(+) HIS4 clone was confirmed in the shake-flask, prior to developing a fed-batch fermentation process at 5 and 19 L scale. The fermentation process consists of a glycerol growth phase in batch and fed-batch mode using a defined medium followed by a glycerol/methanol transition phase for adaptation to growth on methanol and a methanol induction phase resulting in the production of rBoNTE(H(c)). Specific growth rate, ratio of growth to induction phase, and time of induction were critical for optimal rBoNTE(H(c)) production and minimal proteolytic degradation. A computer-controlled exponential growth model was used for process automation and off-gas analysis was used for process monitoring. The optimized process had an induction time of 9 h on methanol and produced up to 3 mg of rBoNTE(H(c)) per gram wet cell mass as determined by HPLC and Western blot analysis.

The Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) reflects a balance between military necessity and humanity. Potentially upsetting this balance is an apparent trend towards relying on self-defence under criminal law as a justification for the use of force by military members during armed conflicts. This chapter argues that this trend is based on a misunderstanding of the scope self-defence when applied in light of the combatant’s privilege. The chapter also cautions against the conflation of the requirements of self-defence and LOAC and analyses how self-defence operates with respect to precautions in attack, a ‘duty to retreat’, prohibited weapons and military orders.This paper was awarded a 'Certificate of Merit' by the Lieber Society in the 2014 Richard R. Baxter Military Prize for exceptional writing in English by an active member of the regular or reserve armed forces.

This is the first report of 5-styryl-oxathiazol-2-ones as inhibitors of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) proteasome. As part of the study, the structure–activity relationship of oxathiazolones as Mtb proteasome inhibitors has been investigated. Furthermore, the prepared compounds displayed a good selectivity profile for Mtb compared to the human proteasome. The 5-styryl-oxathiazol-2-one inhibitors identified showed little activity against replicating Mtb, but were rapidly bactericidal against nonreplicating bacteria. (E)-5-(4-Chlorostyryl)-1,3,4-oxathiazol-2-one) was most effective, reducing the colony-forming units (CFU)/mL below the detection limit in only seven days at all concentrations tested. The results suggest that this new class of Mtb proteasome inhibitors has the potential to be further developed into novel antitubercular agents for synergistic combination therapies with existing drugs.

William Arnal, The Symbolic Jesus: Historical Scholarship, Judaism and the Construction of Contemporary Identity, reviewed by Alicia Batten Bruce C. Birch, Walter Brueggemann, Terence E. Fretheim and David L. Peterson, Theological Introduction to the Old Testament, 2nd ed., reviewed by Heather L. Macumber Scott G. Brown, Mark's Other Gospel: Rethinking Morton Smith's Controversial Discovery, reviewed by Matthew W. Mitchell Philip Leif Carlsson, Round Trips to Heaven: Otherworldly Travelers in Early Judaism and Christianity, reviewed by Stephen J.H. Tu Rekha M. Chennattu, Johannine Discipleship as a Covenant Relationship, reviewed by David J. Hawkin Michael Dauphinais and Matthew Levering, Holy People, Holy Land, reviewed by Mike Michielin Philip F. Esler, New Testament Theology: Communion and Community, reviewed by Steven C. Muir William K. Gilders, Blood Ritual in the Hebrew Bible: Meaning and Power, reviewed by Christian A. Eberhart Michael J. Gorman, ed., Scripture. An Ecumenical Introduction to the Bible and Its Interpretation, reviewed by S.A. Cummins Matthias Henze, ed., Biblical Interpretation at Qumran, reviewed by Adrian M. Leske David Instone-Brewer, Traditions o/the Rabbisfrom the Era o/the New Testament, Vol. 1, Prayer and Agriculture, reviewed by Daniel Maoz Andrew T. Lincoln, The Gospel According to Saint John, reviewed by Dan Froese William Loader, Sexuality and the Jesus Tradition, reviewed by Jo-Ann Badley Richard N. Longenecker, ed., Contours of Christo logy in the New Testament, reviewed by Allison Trites Ulrich Luz, Studies in Matthew, reviewed by Karl J. McDaniel Terence C. Mournet, Oral Tradition and Literary Dependency: Variability and Stability in the Synoptic Tradition and Q, reviewed by Kari Tolppanen Jorunn Økland, Women in Their Place: Paul and the Corinthian Discourse of Gender and Sanctuary Space., reviewed by Jo-Ann Badley Kenton L. Sparks, Ancient Texts for the Study of the Hebrew Bible: A Guide to the Background Literature, reviewed by John Kaltner Charles H. Talbert, Reading Luke-Acts in Its Mediterranean Milieu, reviewed by Keir E. Hammer Thomas H. Tobin, Paul's Rhetoric in Its Contexts: The Argument of Romans, reviewed by Ian W. Scott Richard S. Ascough, ed., Religious Rivalries and the Struggle for Success in Sardis and Smyrna, reviewed by David Charles Robinson Willi Braun, ed., Rhetoric and Reality in Early Christianities, reviewed by Ian H. Henderson Ruth Compton Brouwer, Modern Women Modernizing Men: The Changing Missions of Three Professional Women inAsia andAfrica, 1902-1969, reviewed by A. Hamish Ion Zeba A. Crook, Reconceptualising Conversion: Patronage, Loyalty, and Conversion in the Religions of the Ancient Mediterranean, reviewed by Rene A. Baergen Eckhard J. Schnabel, Early Christian Mission. 2 Vols., reviewed by Stephen L. Chambers Joyce E. Bellous, Educating Faith: An Approach to Christian Formation, reviewed by Heather Weir Paul Avis, A Ministry Shaped by Mission, reviewed by Kathleen McAlpin Robert C. Croken and Robert M. Doran, eds., Collected Works of Bernard Lonergan: Philosophical and Theological Papers, 1965-1980, reviewed by Christiaan Jacobs-Vandegeer Robert M. Doran, What is Systematic Theology?, reviewed by Neil Ormerod Roger Haight, Christian Community in History: Historical Ecciesiology, Vol. 2, Comparative Ecciesiology, reviewed by John D. Dadosky Roger Haight, The Future of Christo logy, reviewed by Charles Hefting Tyron Inbody, The Faith of the Christian Church: An Introduction to Theology, reviewed by John Dool David Lauber, Barth on the Descent into Hell: God, Atonement and the Christian Life, reviewed by Victor A. Shepherd Daniel C. Maguire, A Moral Creedfor All Christians, reviewed by Ronald Mercier, S.J. Joseph L. Mangina, Karl Barth: Theologian o/Christian Witness, reviewed by Jonathan P. Slater Ian A. McFarland, The Divine Image: Envisioning the Invisible God, reviewed by Mark L. Yenson Mark Noll and Carolyn Nystrom, Is the Reformation Over? An Evangelical Assessment of Contemporary Roman Catholicism, reviewed by David A. Reed David Novak, Talking with Christians: Musings of a Jewish Theologian, reviewed by Dow Marmur Jaroslav Pelikan, Credo: Historical and Theological Guide to Creeds and Confessions of Faith in the Christian Tradition, reviewed by Shawn W.J. Keough Myron B. Penner, ed., Christianity and the Postmodern Turn: Six Views, reviewed by Nadia Delicata Samuel M. Powell, Participating in God: Creation and Trinity, reviewed by Stephen Reynolds Eugene F. Rogers, Jr., After the Spirit: A Constructive Pneumatology from Resources outside the Modern West, reviewed by Myroslaw Tataryn Michael Stoeber, Reclaiming Theodicy: Reflections on Suffering, Compassion, and Spiritual Transformation, reviewed by Paul W. Gooch Donna Teevan, Lonergan, Hermeneutics, and Theological Method, reviewed by Gordon A. Rixon P. Tzamalikos, Origen: Cosmology and Ontology of Time, reviewed by Shawn W.J. Keough Joseph P. Wawrykow, The Westminster Handbook to Thomas Aquinas, reviewed by Andrew M. Kaye

Reported results for patellar ACI include a mixed population of patients having or not a concomitant correction of the extensor mechanism. No study has reported separate outcome for those two patellar ACI subgroups. Forty four patients were included in this study designed to compare the outcome of patellar ACI with extensor realignment (group A) to patellar ACI with normal patellofemoral tracking (group B). Group A (n=22) had a higher increase in average modified Cincinnati knee score (4.5 vs. 1.7 points), better function (1.7 vs. 2.5), better SF-36 physical component scores (70.9 vs. 55.4 points) and higher IKDC scores (85.2 vs. 60.6 points) when compared to group B (n=22) at an average follow-up of 2 years. Patellar ACI with concomitant extensor realignment has superior outcome than patellar ACI with normal patellofemoral tracking. An unloading osteotomy could be desirable in selected patients with normal patellofemoral biomechanics to improve the outcome in this population.

Screening of more than 2 million compounds comprising 41 distinct encoded combinatorial libraries revealed a novel structural class of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitors. The methodology used for screening large encoded combinatorial libraries combined with the statistical interpretation of screening results is described. A strong preference for a particular triaminotriazine aniline amide was discovered based on biological activity observed in the screening campaign. Additional screening of a focused follow-up combinatorial library yielded data expanding the unique combinatorial SAR and emphasizing an extraordinary preference for this particular building block and structural class. The preference is further highlighted when the p38 inhibitor data set is compared to data obtained for a panel of other kinases.

The identification and evaluation of aryl-[1,4]diazepane ureas as functional antagonists of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 are described. Specific examples exhibit IC(50) values of approximately 60 nM in a calcium mobilization functional assay, and dose-dependently inhibit CXCR3 functional response to CXCL11 (interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant/I-TAC) as measured by T-cell chemotaxis, with a potency of approximately 100 nM.

Between October 2000 and December 2003, 252 autologous chondrocyte implants were performed in 183 patients. Eighty lesions showed overgrowth of the subchondral bone plate under the chondral lesion, this was termed a "bone boss." Thirty-seven were on the medial femoral condyle (MFC), 18 on the lateral femoral condyle (LFC), 21 in the trochlea and 4 on the patella. There was a statistically significant association between the LFC and "bone boss." The lesions showing this finding were of a larger area (3.4 cm2 and 2.8 cm2 respectively, p=0.006), and had more diffuse chondral changes than lesions without. The patients with a "bone boss" had a tendency to longer duration of symptoms (85.3 months and 64.3 months respectively, p=0.089). The "bone bosses" were resected back to the level of the surrounding subchondral bone prior to implantation. Radiological and clinical follow-up showed no statistical difference between the two groups. A discussion of the possible aetiology of the "bone boss" is made.

High tibial osteotomy has been generally accepted as a useful treatment for unicompartment osteoarthritis of the knee to improve a patient's quality of life. Few studies have examined the outcome from the patient's perspective. A survival analysis of one to twenty-one years was conducted on 67 knees including analysis of the patients' satisfaction level with this procedure. Cumulative survival probability of 89.5% at 5 years, 74.7% at 10 years and 66.9 % for 15 and 20 years was reported. Ninety-one percent of patients had improvement in pain score and would choose to have this surgery again. Average patient satisfaction level was 75.5%. Forty-eight percent of patients were able to perform at a higher level of activity than before surgery, although none was able to perform at the level prior to the onset of knee pathology. It was concluded that this procedure was able to improve a patient's quality of life and achieved high satisfaction among patients. There is an increasing role of high tibial osteotomy as an adjunct to an autologous chondrocyte implantation procedure.

Leslie Allen and Timothy Laniak, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, reviewed by Michael W. Duggan Robert T. Anderson and Terry Giles, The Keepers: An Introduction to the History and Culture of the Samaritans, reviewed by Cathy A. Mirecki David L. Balch and Carolyn Osiek, eds., Early Christian Families in Context, reviewed by Joan Campbell Craig G. Bartholomew and Michael W. Goheen, The Drama of Scripture: Finding Our Place in the Biblical Story., reviewed by Matthew W.I. Dunn Helen K. Bond, Caiaphas: Friend of Rome and Judge of Jesus?, reviewed by Paul Spilsbury Oded Borowski, Daily Life in Biblical Times, reviewed by Brian P.Irwin Jo-Ann A. Brant, Dialogue and Drama: Elements of Greek Tragedy in the Fourth Gospel, reviewed by David J. Hawkin Athalya Brenner, I am ... Biblical Women Tell Their Own Stories, reviewed by AnnCulp Walter Brueggemann, The Land: The Place as Gift, Promise, and Challenge in Biblical Faith. 2nd ed, reviewed by Rebecca G.S. Idestrom Richard A. Burridge, What Are the Gospels? A Comparison with Graeco-Roman Biography, reviewed by Catherine Sider Hamilton Brevard S. Childs, The Struggle to Understand Isaiah as Christian Scripture, reviewed by Matthew W. I. Dunn Kathleen E. Corley and Robert L. Webb, eds., Jesus and Mel Gibson's The Passion of the Christ: The Film, the Gospels and the Claims of History., reviewed by Mary Ann Beavis David A. de Silva, Introducing theApocrypha: Message, Context, and Significance, reviewed by Stanley E. Porter John P. Dickson, Mission-Commitment in Ancient Judaism and in the Pauline Communities, reviewed by Stephen L. Chambers Carl S. Ehrlich, Bibel und Judentum: Beiträge aus dem christlich-jädischen Gespräch, reviewed by Ian W Scott Craig Evans, ed., From Prophecy to Testament: The Function of the Old Testament in the New, reviewed by Ryan D. Wettlaufer Roger W. Gehring, House Church and Mission: The Importance of Household Structures in Early Christianity, reviewed by Allison A. Trites Paduthottu G. George, The Rod in the Old Testament, reviewed by Ellen White Yizhar Hirschfeld, Qumran in Context: Reassessing the Archaeological Evidence, reviewed by Cecilia Wassen Frank-Lothar Hossfeld and Erich Zenger, Die Psalmen II: Psalm 51-100., reviewed by Tyler F. Williams Otto Kaiser, The Old TestamentApocrypha:Anlntroduction, reviewed by Edith M. Humphrey Gary N. Knoppers, I Chronicles. 2 vols. Anchor Bible, reviewed by Steven L. McKenzie A. Lindemann, ed., The Sayings Source Q and the Historical Jesus, reviewed by Robert Derrenbacker William R.G. Loader, Jesus'Attitude towards the Law: A Study a/the Gospels, reviewed by Daniel A. Smith William R.G. Loader, The Septuagint, Sexuality, and the New Testament: Case Studies on the Impact of the LXX in Philo and the New Testament, reviewed by William Richards Gary A. Long, Grammatical Concepts 101 for Biblical Hebrew: Learning Biblical Hebrew Grammatical Concepts through English Grammar., reviewed by Tyler F. Williams Harry O. Maier, Apocalypse Recalled: The Book of Revelation after Christendom, reviewed by John W. Marshall Yvan Mathieu, La figure de Pierre dans l' oeuvre de Luc (Evangile et Actes des Apotres),' Une approche synchronique, reviewed by Jean-François Racine Michele Murray, Playing a Jewish Game: Gentile Christian Judaizing in the First and Second Centuries CE, reviewed by Tony Chartrand-Burke Filip Noill, The Travel Narrative in the Gospel of Luke: Interpretation ofLk. 9,51-19,28, reviewed by Allison Trites Todd Penner, In Praise of Christian Origins: Stephen and the Hellenists in Lukan Apologetic Historiography, reviewed by Laura D. Alary Todd Penner and Caroline Vander Stichele, eds., Contextualizing Acts: Lukan Narrative and Greco-Roman Discourse, reviewed by Ian H. Henderson Stanley Porter, ed., Reading the Gospels Today, reviewed by Adrian M. Leske Andy M. Reimer, Miracle and Magic: A Study in the Acts of the Apostles and the Life of Apollonius of Tyana, reviewed by Steven C. Muir Rolf Rendtorff and Robert A. Kugler, eds., The Book of Leviticus: Composition & Reception, reviewed by Bernon P. Lee William A. Richards, Difference and Distance in Post-Pauline Christianity, reviewed by Mona Tokarek LaFosse Erin Runions, How Hysterical: Identification and Resistance in the Bible and Film, reviewed by David Jobling Leo Dupree Sandgren, The Shadow of God: Stories from Early Judaism, reviewed by Cathy A. Mirecki Charles H.H. Scobie, The Ways o/Our God: An Approach to Biblical Theology., reviewed by John J.Yeo David Shepherd, Targum and Translation: A Reconsideration of the Qumran Aramaic Version of Job, reviewed by WesleyHu Mark S. Smith, The Memoirs of God: History, Memory, and the Experience of the Divine in Ancient Israel., reviewed by Gordon Oeste F. Scott Spencer, Journeying Through Acts: A Literary-Cultural Reading, reviewed by David M. Miller Louis Stulman, Jeremiah, Abingdon Old Testament Commentaries, reviewed by Martin Kessler Bernard Taylor, John Lee, Peter Burton and Richard Whitaker, eds., Biblical Greek Language and Lexicography: Essays in Honor of Frederick W. Danker, reviewed by Murray Baker Brian J. Walsh and Sylvia Keesmaat, Colossians Remixed: Subverting the Empire, reviewed by Steve D. Black Jane S. Webster, Ingesting Jesus: Eating and Drinking in the Gospel of John, reviewed by Dan Froese Stephen Westerholm, Perspectives Old and New on Paul: The "Lutheran" Paul and His Critics, reviewed by Ryan D. Wettlaufer Bruce W. Winter, Roman Wives, Roman Widows, reviewed by Zeba A. Crook Patrick Collinson, The Reformation:A History, reviewed by Victor Shepherd D´niel Deme, The Christology of Anselm of Canterbury, reviewed by Greg Peters Alexis James Doval, Cyril of Jerusalem, Mystagogue: The Authorship of the Mystagogic Catecheses, reviewed by Pablo F. Argarate W. Ian P. Hazlett, The Reformation in Britain and Ireland, reviewed by Jon Vickery Charles Kannengiesser, Handbook of Patristic Exegesis, reviewed by Shawn W.J. Keough Christopher J. Kauffman, Patriotism and Fraternalism in the Knights of Columbus: A History of the Fourth Degree, reviewed by Mark G. McGowan A. Donald MacLeod, W. Stanford Reid: An Evangelical Calvinist in the Academy, reviewed by Victor Shepherd Hugh McCullum, Radical Compassion: The Life & Times of Archbishop Ted Scott, reviewed by Lynda Katsuno John Anthony McGuckin, ed., The Westminster Handbook to Origen, reviewed by Shawn w.J. Keough Jean-François Racine, The Text of Matthew in the Writings of Basil of Caesarea, reviewed by Shawn W.I. Keough Sam Reimer, Evangelicals and the Continental Divide, reviewed by Peter Beyer Robert F. Anderson and Mary K. Fukuyama, eds., Ministry in the Spiritual and Cultural Diversity of Healthcare: Increasing the Competency of Chaplains, reviewed by Colleen Lashmar Henry Close, Becoming a Forgiving Person: A Pastoral Perspective, reviewed by Colleen Lashmar Pamela Cooper-White, Shared Wisdom: Use of the Self in Pastoral Care and Counseling, reviewed by Kathleen O'Neill Richard Cote, Lazarus! Come Out! Why Faith Needs Imagination, reviewed by Dennis Patrick O'Hara Michael J. Gilmour, Tangled Up in the Bible: Bob Dylan and Scripture, reviewed by Andrew Donaldson Ivan Illich, The Rivers North of the Future: The Testament of Ivan Illich, reviewed by Stephen Morris Linda Jones and Sophie Stanes, eds. In a Dark Wood: Journeys of Faith and Doubt, reviewed by Kathleen O'Neill Andrew Sung Park, From Hurt to Healing: A Theology o/the Wounded, reviewed by Joseph G. Schner William E. Phipps, Clerical Celibacy: The Heritage, reviewed by Darren J. Dias James L. Resseguie, Spiritual Landscape: Images of the Spiritual Life in the Gospel of Luke, reviewed by Andrea K. Di Giovanni Robert Boak Slocum, ed., A Heart for the Future: Writings on the Christian Hope, reviewed by Mark L. Yenson Laurence F. Wilmot, M.C. Through the Hitler Line: Memoirs of an Infantry Chaplain, reviewed by Duff Crerar Dana R. Wright and John D. Kuentzel, eds., Redemptive Transformation in Practical Theology: Essays in Honour of James E. Loder, Jr., reviewed by Gary L. Redcliffe Phyllis D. Airhart, Marilyn J. Legge and Gary L. Redcliffe, eds., Doing Ethics in a Pluralistic World: Essays in Honour of Roger C. Hutchinson, reviewed by Ronald A. Mercier Daniel M. Bell, Liberation Theology After the End of History: The Rejitsal to Cease Suffering., reviewed by Michael Bourgeois Eberhard Busch, The Great Passion: An Introduction to Karl Barth s Theology, reviewed by Victor Shepherd Sung Wook Chung, Admiration and Challenge: Karl Barth's Theological Relationship with John Calvin, reviewed by Philip G. Ziegler John D. Dadosky, The Structure of Religious Knowing, reviewed by Robin Koning David F. Ford and Graham Stanton, eds., Reading Texts, Seeking Wisdom: Scripture and Theology, reviewed by Mark L. Yenson Roger Haight, Christian Community in History: Historical Ecclesiology. Vol. 1, reviewed by John D. Dadosky Reinhard Hutter, Bound to Be Free: Evangelical Catholic Engagements in Ecclesiology, Ethics, and Ecumenism, reviewed by Jeremy M. Bergen Robin M. Jensen, The Substance o/Things Seen: Art, Faith, and Christian Community., reviewed by Brenda Llewellyn Ihssen Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, The Doctrine of God: A Global Introduction: A Biblical, Historical & Contemporary Survey, reviewed by Jaroslav Z. Skira Gordon D. Kaufinan, In the beginning ... Creativity, reviewed by Cora Twohig-Moengangongo Paul D. Molnar, Divine Freedom and the Doctrine of the Immanent Trinity: In Dialogue with Karl Barth and Contemporary Theology, reviewed by Victor Shepherd Stephen J. Pope, ed., The Ethics of Aquinas, reviewed by Gilles Mongeau John G. Stackhouse, Jr., ed., Evangelical Ecclesiology, reviewed by Christopher M. Cook Stephen H. Webb, American Providence: A Nation with a Mission, reviewed by Brenda Llewellyn Ihssen

Purpose.The purpose of this study was to investigate the physicochemical and structural characteristics of recombinant botulinum serotype B (rBoNTB(Hc)) under various conditions and to use the information in evaluating suitable purification process conditions. Methods. The solubility of rBoNTB(Hc) was evaluated at pH 4, 5, 6 7.5, 8, and 9. Secondary structure was evaluated using circular dichroism, and conformational stability was monitored using high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography, size exclusion chromatography-high performance liquid chromatography (SEC-HPLC), sodium dodecyl sulfate-poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), peptide mapping, and UV spectroscopy were used to monitor stability under the various conditions. Results. The secondary structure of rBoNTB(Hc) consists predominantly of β-sheets. Solubility of rBoNTB(Hc) was lowest at its pI and highest at low and high pH. In the presence of NaCl, however, solubility decreased with increase in pH. Conformational and chemical stability are improved below pH 7.5. In the presence of 150 mM NaCl at high pH, conformational and chemical stability of rBoNTB(Hc) are further decreased. The study suggests that the purification process should minimize exposure of rBoNTB(Hc) to high pH and salt conditions. Conclusions. Optimal stability of rBoNTB(Hc) is achieved at low pH. The biophysical and analytical studies provide us with an understanding of rBoNTB(Hc) stability behavior in solution and assists in developing efficient purification conditions.

An Electronic Funds Transfer fraud can be a career-limiting event for anyone involved in treasury operations or IT security. This article describes a recent EFT fraud; the techniques used to investigate it and some of the many lessons learnt.

Structural conversion of the serotype A recombinant botulinum neurotoxin heavy chain fragment (rBoNTA(Hc)) produced intracellularly in Pichia pastoris yeast was observed and characterized during purification development efforts. A pH screening study captured the transformation stages of the original recovered species into its derived counterpart and a number of analytical tools such as peptide mapping by LC/MS confirmed the formation of a disulfide bond, especially in samples of neutral to basic pH. A cation exchange chromatographic method proved useful in following the incidence of the reaction in various rBoNTA(Hc) samples. The disulfide formation kinetics were characterized using a one-quarter quadratic factorial design, following the investigation and development of controlled oxidation conditions using cysteine and cystamine as the redox pair. Temperature, pH and concentration of the redox pair had a significant effect on the yield and rate of the disulfide formation. This controlled reaction was eventually introduced as a functional unit operation in the purification process. The summation of preliminary scale-up and potency data showed scalability and robustness in the production of an active disulfide-bonded form of a recombinant botulism vaccine candidate. The presence of the disulfide bond did not effect the vaccine potency and it enhanced the molecule's thermal stability.

Initial purification of two serotypic variants of recombinant botulinum neurotoxin toxin heavy chain fragment [rBoNT(Hc)], produced intracellularly in the yeast Pichia pastoris, using hydrophobic charge induction chromatography (HCIC) is reported. HCIC employs a matrix containing a weakly ionizable ligand that binds proteins through hydrophobic interactions at neutral pH and elutes the proteins by charge repulsion at acidic pH. HCIC optimization led to different purification conditions for each of the proteins even though they have 58% sequence similarity. The HCIC resin has a higher affinity for the fragment of serotype A than that of serotype B. The 10% dynamic breakthrough capacity for the serotype A fragment is >12.5 mg per ml of resin and is approximately 3.5 mg or the serotype B fragment per ml of resin. Stable elution conditions are also different for the two serotypes. The serotype A fragment is unstable when citrate is used to elute the product. However the serotype B fragment is stable when eluted with citrate buffer, and it is further purified by a overnight precipitation caused by the citrate buffer. This paper reports the development strategy, dynamic capacity breakthrough curves, resin and separation reproducibility, and preliminary scale-up data. The summation of the data demonstrates that HCIC is a scaleable process step for biopharmaceutical production of rBoNT(Hc) proteins.

Background. Lateral epicondylitis resistant to conservative treatment is a rare yet disabling condition. When diagnosed, it should be treated surgically. The appropriate surgical treatment relies on a precise diagnosis, usually based on physical examination. Exclusion of other pathologies in the lateral elbow area is essential. Methods. We report on an outcome in a group of 19 consecutive patients treated by excision, release, reattachment and repair of the common extensor origin. These patients were followed clinically for at least 2 years. Results. Eighteen patients reported recovery from pain and a satisfactory subjective gaining of strength in their forearm on average 3 and 4 months after the surgery, respectively. Conclusions. The presented treatment method is highly effective in the treatment of resistant lateral epicondylitis.

This essay describes the entanglement in Australia of three concepts: modernism; 'settler modernity'; and Aboriginality. Its three principal arguments are: (i) that European perceptions of Australian Aboriginal cultures were deeply influential in the development of modernism; (ii) that anxieties about the proximity of Aboriginal and settler peoples in Australia - but also resistance to European theories of Aboriginal culture not validated through personal experience of interacting with Aboriginal Australians - influenced strong anti-modernist sentiment among some Australian artists and writers; and (iii) that perhaps this 'anti-modernism' might instead be characterized as an 'alternative' modernism in Australia - an entanglement of visions of progress and degeneration - to which I will give the purposefully ugly label of 'antipodernism'. In developing these arguments I will make reference to Sigmund Freud's Totem and Taboo (1913) as inflected by the work in Australia of Francis Gillen and Baldwin Spencer, and discuss writings by Miles Franklin in particular, as well as Katherine Susannah Prichard, D.H. Lawrence, A.D. Hope, and Christina Stead.1Altogether, then, I will be exploring the impact of a particular construction of Australian Aboriginality on the development of modemist writing in Australia, a vast and complex subject, not least for its invocation of such contested terms as 'modernism', on the one hand, and 'Aboriginality', on the other. By virtue of providing an overview, then, I will necessarily crush significant nuances within the writing of the authors whose work I will mention; I am conscious also of working with a European figuration of Aboriginality, which is well removed from the knowledge derived from the lives, traditions, and experiences of real Aboriginal Australian men and women. I beg forgiveness for this on methodological grounds, for misconceptions of Aboriginality historically have been as influential on the cultural development of European and Australian writing as those messy and entangled truths about Indigenous Knowledge that emerge directly from interventions by Aboriginal people and from collaborations between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal thinkers and activists.As a starting point for this exploration I find useful a 'traditional' distinction made in discussions of Western modernity summarized by Dilip Parameshwar Gaonkar in his introduction to Alternative Modernities (2001). The distinction is that between societal modernization ("the growth of scientific consciousness, the development of a secular outlook, the doctrine of progress, [... ] individualistic understanding of the self, contractualist understandings of society, and so on") and cultural modernity, or modernism:By and large, the proponents of cultural modernity were repelled by the middle-class ethos - by its stifling conformities and banalities; by its discounting of enthusiasm, imagination, and moral passion in favour of pragmatic calculation and the soulless pursuit of money; and, more than anything else, by its pretensions, complacencies, and hypocrisies as represented by the figure of the philistine.2Avant-garde artists, in this reading, invoke both "the cultural patina of modernity as a spectacle of speed, novelty, and effervescence"3 - they celebrate the positive outcomes of a technological age - and also set themselves up against regimes of social and intellectual routine, of bourgeois aspirations, and political, social, and aesthetic complacency. In doing so, they break tradi2 tional forms in the making of their art, architecture, design, and writing: they 'make it new'. They also make their artwork deliberately difficult to consume: because the complacency of consumer culture is one of their targets; and because they work outwards from those new and challenging models of human subjectivity and history that rise from (i) scientific studies of nature, notably Darwin's in the nineteenth century, and (ii) those new theories of the human psyche, and materialist histories of culture, produced in the early decades of tiie twentieth. …

The cysteinyl proteinase cathepsin S is implicated as a key enzyme in the processing of major histocompatability complex (MHC) class II molecules expressed on antigen presenting cells and thus is a potential therapeutic target for modulation in immune system-based disease. We have identified a form of rat cathepsin S, similar to a published mouse form with an eight-amino acid extended presequence relative to the human enzyme and the previously published rat enzyme. In addition, we have expressed these mouse and rat proteins in baculovirally infected Sf9 insect cells along with "humanized" forms truncated by eight residues at the amino-terminus. All forms of the rodent proteinases were overexpressed and milligram per litre amounts of functional enzyme could be isolated from the cells and/or the cell culture supernatant. Furthermore, addition of a carboxy-terminal hexahistidine purification tag had no effect on the kinetic characteristics of any of the enzyme forms against the Boc-Val-Leu-Lys-AMC peptide substrate (rat k(cat) s(-1) approximately 30; mouse k(cat) s(-1) approximately 65). Differences were seen in the potency of the generic cysteine proteinase inhibitor, E64, against the human, mouse, or rat form of the enzyme (13.3 x 10(4), 43.2 x 10(4), and 25 x 10(4) K(obe)/[I] M(-1) s(-1), respectively). Such data highlights the need for greater awareness of species variation in inhibitor potency. These reagents are vital for confirming inhibitor potency against the endogenous form of the enzyme prior to evaluation of drug candidates in rodent model systems.

Mobile bearing knee replacement has been designed to provide an effective prosthetic tool for improving long-term survivorship. Although, its potential long-term superiority has not been proven, an alarming possibility of its early mechanical failure has been previously reported. In the present study on 27 patients with 35 replaced knees due to osteoarthritis, 97.1% of a 5-year survivorship of LCS mobile bearing cementless total knee prosthesis is reported. This high survival rate, with a satisfactory functional outcome at middle term follow-up has been achieved by following an optimal technique of implantation. Therefore, in the middle term this mobile bearing design of total knee replacement is no less effective than the conventional fixed bearing designs.

The manner in which colonial painter Mary Morton Allport presents her life after their settlement in Van Diemen's Land in 1831as representative of a colony of genteel free-settlers in her journals is discussed. Her two miniature portraits titled 'Paul and Virginia' based on a fictional colonial role model, and placed strategically in her public document 'Book of Treasures' were aimed at creating a lady-like image for herself.

While Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have been part of warfare for over 150 years, the recent increase in their use, particularly as part of targeted strikes in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Yemen, has resulted in heightened public and academic interest. A significant amount of the public and academic debate has focused on public international law issues. This chapter examines the most relevant aspects of international law to UAV operations, namely the law concerning the resort to and use of force by states (jus ad bellum and jus in bello). Drawing on the recently released Manual on International Law Applicable to Air and Missile Warfare published by the Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research at Harvard University, the authors critically examine the following main legal issues in relation to UAV operations: can a state respond in national self-defence to the actions of a non-state actor acting independently of any state; can a state use force in the territory of a third state against a non-state actor (what are the geographic limits of a non-international armed conflict?); what is the status of a civilian operator of a UAV in a non-international armed conflict; and is there is an obligation under the law of armed conflict to positively consider the option of capture prior to attempting to kill? While the authors believe that there are preferred legal positions to be adopted on these points, it would be misleading to indicate that there are concluded positions that represent ‘the law’. Rather, there is a variety of views, some of which command more or less agreement from states, judicial fora and commentators. Some positions certainly are more consistent with historical and more recent state practice, and it is generally those positions that the authors have found more persuasive.

Sequences based on the conserved 20 bp inverted repeat of IS231 variants were used as polymerase chain reaction-based fingerprinting primers of the member species of the Bacillus cereus group (B. anthracis, B. cereus, B. thuringiensis and B. mycoides), because of their close association with transposons, principally Tn4430 in B. thuringiensis. Fingerprints of B. anthracis were simple, and specifically allowed its identification and sub-differentiation from other members of the group. Fingerprints for B. cereus were strain-specific; those for B. thuringensis gave a 1650 bp product, characteristic of IS231 variants A-F. The same reaction conditions gave one or two bands for both B. anthracis and B. cereus that differed by restriction endonuclease mapping from the B. thuringiensis PCR product and established IS231 restriction maps; this does not preclude some kind of relationship between these products and IS231.

A variety of small-molecule combinatorial libraries have been prepared on solid support using a binary encoding strategy employing non-sequenceable encoding molecules. Library members are attached to the support using photolabile linkers which permit their release for assay free in solution. The encoding molecules are attached using a carbene insertion reaction and are released via oxidation. A wide variety of synthetic reactions have been utilized for library synthesis including, for example, cyclocondensations, reductive aminations, and heteroaromatic halide displacements, as well as acylations and sulfonylations. Initial screening of two such libraries identified lead structures for the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase. Subsequently, based upon these leads a smaller focused combinatorial library was constructed and used to analyze the structure-activity relationships (SARs) governing enzyme inhibition and isozyme selectivity. The combination of random screening with a broad diversity of compounds, followed by focused libraries for detailed SARs and selectivity, demonstrates the power of binary encoded small-molecule combinatorial libraries for drug discovery.

Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL) is a leading candidate for the future development of smaller and faster microchips with feature sizes of 32 nm or less. Tin laser-produced plasmas (LPPs) are one of the most promising sources of in-band radiation for EUV lithography and inspection applications. However, ions emitted from these LPPs may cause significant damage to components, specifically the collector optics. Tin-droplet targets have the ability to supply the minimum mass required to generate the EUV radiation, leading to substantial decrease in the amount of generated debris. Absolute intensity measurements of the EUV radiation formed using a droplet target, have been recorded. Measurements were recorded over 2 pi steradian with respect to the plasma. The droplet generator, a fully in-house developed system, was synchronized with a Nd:YAG laser operating at a frequency of 5 kHz. The laser pulse was focused to a power density of approximately 10 11 W/cm 2 to maximize in-band emission. EUV measurements were recorded at the Intermediate Focus of the High Brightness Source of the Laboratory for Energy Conversion. To complement the EUV measurements, out-of-band measurements were simultaneously recorded with a calibrated spectrometer from 300 to 1000 nm.