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The article attempts to present the Russia’s devastating impact on critical infrastructure during the hybrid war in Ukraine. In order to present a broader context regarding the process, a timeline of the Ukraine-Russia war is presented, starting with the seizure of Crimea, the separation of Donbass, the beginning of the invasion and the Kiev phase, the positional war, and ending with the Kharkiv and Kherson counter-offensives. It goes on to analyse the targets and magnitude of Russian attacks on critical infrastructure, including such as medical and energy infrastructure. Authors point out that many times the overriding aim is to make life difficult for the civilian community, presumably to trigger signs of discontent and opposition to the Ukrainian authorities. The article also identifies the risks in the area of destruction of critical infrastructure in possible future conflicts and points to the need to take measures to strengthen the resilience of societies and states enabling their undisturbed functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the 'hybrid form' of Russian aggression in Ukraine that emerged in 2014, the period after February 24th, 2022 is referred to as the 'new reality'. Hence, the question that needs to be addressed is how to deter and prevent Russian aggression of this kind. The national legal framework against the aggressor is a part of the deterrence policy and can be construed as defensive lawfare. Focusing on Latvia, the aim of the paper is to analyse defensive lawfare and deterrence in the context of hybrid warfare. The following research question has been identified: What is Latvia's approach to establishing defensive lawfare in terms of hybrid warfare? For the empirical analysis, the chronological framework has been set from 2014 to 2022. To complete the empirical analysis of the present paper, both qualitative and quantitative research has been implemented comprising document analysis and semi-structured interviews, as well as content analysis, respectively. The improvement of a regulatory base and the development of deterrence, whilst using regulatory acts, is an element of deterrence and a way to act legally. The law can be used as a weapon. Lawfare, a concept with three definitions, has two forms: defensive and offensive. Latvia's legal base includes a regulation to overcome hybrid threats and to implement a broad-spectrum of defence measures. Latvia's regulatory framework is designed for defence purposes, whilst also being a way of promoting deterrence. Decision makers must be able to manoeuvre with the powers assigned to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russian-Ukrainian war is the gravest display of the global tension in the hybrid system where war and peace compete as dominant world orders. In view of this, the paper presents the key dimensions of warfare's societal consequences in the context of the Ukrainian situation. Notably, the ongoing full-scale military conflict has all the characteristics of a hybrid war, unprecedented in its scale in the contemporary history of Europe. In the context of creating a strategic vision of postwar recovery goals and long-term development of the Ukrainian state, the societal consequences of a hybrid war waged against Ukraine must be investigated. The example of Ukraine is used as a backdrop for a detailed assessment of societal consequences of a modern hybrid war in three dimensions - demographic, socio-economic, and macrofinancial aspects. Analysis results indicate the risks inherent in offsetting the societal consequences of the Russian invasion into Ukraine. It is concluded that societal methodology is suitable for exploring the current dynamic transformations in society and its integral structures, and that the application of this methodology should be popularized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no gain-saying the fact that terrorism has increasingly become widespread criminal violence as different countries/actors across the globe have their own unique ways of perpetrating the act. West Africa, in particular, has seen an increase in terrorism especially in the Sahel region. Religious extremism, particularly its violent radicalization, has become the fault line used by terrorist groups to garner support and sympathy for their actions, as well as to guarantee recruitment. For instance, the Boko Haram insurgents regard the Nigerian State as being run by non-believers. Thus, its political goal is to create an Islamic state. Terror in the Maghreb is nonetheless on the rise, and has been shown to have intimate links with violence in other regions of the Islamic world such as Iraq. Despite the efforts being made to prevent and end violent conflicts in Africa, the Continent continues to experience sporadic violence and volatile security challenges. Of particular academic interest is the major challenge to curbing conflict in West Africa which can be attributed to the poor understanding of the fundamental causes of conflicts a gap which this article seeks to interrogate. An understanding of this and other complex dimensions of the continent's security architecture is necessary for placing any analysis of state and non-state actors in the proper context. In general terms, the article seeks to understand the nature and dynamics of insurgency and the upsurge of violent new religious movements in West Africa while contributing to the understanding of the ideological underpinnings and geographical locations of terrorism on the continent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A personal narrative is presented which explores the authors experience of influencing the US to pivot from counterinsurgency and irregular warfare.

Copyright of Canadian Foreign Policy Journal (CFPJ) is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Studies of (anti)war literature continue to devalue Rebecca Harding Davis's contributions to the genre. This essay reaffirms Davis's status as a foundational writer of U.S. antiwar literature whose exposure to emergent guerilla conflict in the borderlands of western Virginia made her critical of northern and southern attempts to reconcile the Civil War's carnage with martial codes of conduct and domestic narratives of mourning. Reibsome argues that Davis's 1862 short story "John Lamar" employs a multivalent Good Death/Bad Death rhetoric to convey the horror of unconventional warfare and to force readers to contemplate the irreconcilable differences between Confederate and emancipatory war aims. Combining contemporary criticism and new historical research, Reibsome problematizes the story's reconciliationist conclusion, suggesting that Davis's familial participation in slavery distorted her perception of race, as evidenced by her penchant for incorporating racist tropes and caricatures in her writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of authoritarianism on the dynamics of hybrid warfare in the context of Serbia's policy towards Kosova. Using a research approach that draws on this theme, the paper explores how the logic of authoritarianism undermines the foundations of the liberal order, as evidenced by the political reality of countries like Hungary. In addition, traditional authoritarian states like Serbia have embraced hybrid warfare as a continuation of special warfare against neighboring states, leading to new elements of hybrid warfare that pose a major threat to Kosova. The primary objective of this essay is to provide a nuanced analysis of the authoritarian logic of Serbian chauvinism towards Albanians. The paper specifically examines the rejection of complexity and the claim of an inversion of historical reality. It also delves into the mindset of the Serbian elite and their farcical logic for territorial expansion. Furthermore, the essay highlights the influence of media and social networks in shaping the dynamics of extreme groups seeking to engage in hybrid activities against Kosova. These dynamics have led to the dehumanization of the school system in Serbia with regards to the Albanians. Through a comprehensive analysis of the impact of authoritarianism on the logic of hybrid warfare, the paper makes a crucial contribution to understanding contemporary conflict dynamics and the role of non-traditional forms of warfare in shaping state behavior. The paper's findings have important implications for the wider debate on authoritarianism and hybrid warfare, suggesting the need for further research in this area. This paper aims to contribute to the development of more effective strategies to counter the authoritarian logic of hybrid warfare and to promote a more stable and peaceful international order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Africa, Namibia, resistance, insurgency, counterinsurgency, irregular warfare Nevertheless, these rebellions, uprisings, insurgencies, and counterinsurgencies have left an indelible mark on this history of South Africa and Namibia. Keywords: South Africa; Namibia; resistance; insurgency; counterinsurgency; irregular warfare EN South Africa Namibia resistance insurgency counterinsurgency irregular warfare 317 327 11 03/23/23 20230115 NES 230115 The idea of counterinsurgency, and for that matter irregular warfare, along with its accompanying terminology, occupies a contested space in South African history. Lacking the appropriate doctrine, force design and institutional expertise to counter the increasing number of threats to the state, the Union government employed a practical approach allowing its counterinsurgency model to evolve organically. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the legacy of the Trump administration in the United States and its influence on international relations, especially in Latin America and the Caribbean. The book "The Legacy of Trump in a World in Crisis" analyzes the relationship between the United States and Latin America and the Caribbean during Donald Trump's administration, addressing topics such as foreign policy, unconventional warfare, economic sanctions, and foreign intervention. The text highlights that Trump's electoral defeat may represent an opportunity for new political and social dynamics in the US and the region. [Extracted from the article]

Hybrid warfare is the most common term used by commentators to describe the complexity and multifaceted character of contemporary warfare. Hybrid warfare refers to coercive methods of strategic competition that take place below the threshold of conventional military conflict and is usually applied to the blend of military and non-military methods of warfare employed by the West's principal adversaries, Russia and China. The term hybrid warfare has evolved from an essentially military concept to one that potentially embraces all the instruments of state power. Hybrid warfare remains an ill-defined and contested term, and there are many other buzzwords, such as irregular warfare, hybrid threats, and gray zone aggression, that are used to describe the same phenomenon. This article examines the evolution of thinking on hybrid warfare and these related concepts. It highlights the challenges that scholars and practitioners have faced in trying to define and apply these terms in the policy environment in a manner that promotes common understanding and strategic coherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The holistic nature of security in a hyper-connected world has increased the relevance of the cyber environment. One of the most relevant threats identified are the attacks against energy infrastructure. This article establishes a comparative study of cyber--attacks launched by Russia and Iran against energy-related infrastructure. Both countries are specialized in asymmetric strategies and tactics in which cyber has a core role. The research analyses both Iran and Russia's main actions against energy supply infrastructure, studying the pursued objectives and identifying their potential political results. The document is structured as an initial theoretical approach to the use of asymmetric Gray Zone and hybrid strategies, focusing on the use of cyber-attacks by Rogue States. From this approach, the analysis reflects the political visions of Russia and Iran, linking it with Russia's actions in Ukraine, as well as the Iranian cyber offensives against western targets. The concluding section reflects on the effectiveness of these strategies with respect to the general strategy of both states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of cyber offensive operations has been under increasing attention in the recent Russo-Ukrainian conflict. The interaction between Russia and Ukraine provides many important insights to the future of hybrid conflict, incorporating cyber offensive operations. There are contextual factors related to the Russo-Ukrainian conflict which require assessment before enduring lessons can be developed. The technical nature of cybersecurity and the constant evolution of both technology and geopolitical affairs mean that each conflict is likely to require an assessment against specific criteria before a stable theory of cyber offensive operations can be captured in the context of hybrid and kinetic warfare. The seven factors presented within this paper are intended to assist future researchers to build a theory of cyber offensive operations, when more data comes to light in future hybrid conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Republican authorities made extensive use of irregular warfare techniques during the Spanish Civil War, training thousands of anti-fascist guerrillas (both Spanish and foreign volunteers). Building on the biographical histories of these men, the aim of this article is to understand whether it is correct to assume that the Spanish conflict acted as a matrix with respect to the spread of irregular warfare practices first in the years of the Second World War and then in those of the first Cold War, generating global ramifications of which the veterans of Spain would be the driving force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights an example of how an international actor can achieve its interests using the means specific to the irregular warfare dimension. The scientific stake of this analysis is rendered by the particularity of the analyzed context, where reaching the interests of a state goes against the main codified provisions of international law. The research hypothesis of this study is that if the Kremlin administration wanted to justify to its own citizens the conventional military action against Ukraine, that began on Feburary 24,2022 as a „special military operation", then the means by which this objective is achieved is information warfare. This idea is intended to be demonstrated primarily through a terminological understanding of the difference between military actions executed in the conventional sphere and those performed in the irregular sphere. Subsequently, the position that information warfare occupies within military theory is outlined and how this tool is viewed from the Russian perspective is investigated. Last but not least, the theoretical part is applied through a case study focused on Russian propaganda in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. The results of this study focus on understanding the importance of information warfare-specific actions within hybrid conflict typologies. Information operations are at „the heart" of Russian hybrid conflicts, aspect which will help us answer the main research question, which is also positioned in the title of the paper [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Secuencia: Revista de Historia y Ciencias Sociales is the property of Instituto de Investigaciones - Dr. Jose M. Luis Mora and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of SIRIUS - Zeitschrift fur Strategische Analysen is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tony Insall has written a fascinating, exceptionally well researched, and quite readable account of British-Norwegian intelligence cooperation during World War II. The SIS played a crucial role in tracking the I Tirpitz i 's movements, while SOE planned some of the many bombing and mining operations directed at the battleship. Some of the most important intelligence gathered by the British came from coastwatchers - SIS agents who tracked German naval movements, often from extremely remote locations in difficult living conditions. [Extracted from the article]

The work of TE Lawrence is traditionally included among theories of insurgency and irregular warfare. However, such a reading of Lawrence's work disregards the political theory of state creation underpinning his strategic understanding of insurgency. This article comprises a historically driven analysis of Lawrence's writing and action in order to discern his military theory and return the Arab Revolt to its context of proxy warfare. This article argues that Lawrence's work is strategic and political as opposed to tactical. Rather than a simple theory of insurgency, Lawrence's military theory is one of proxy war that envisions state creation as a strategic goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid Warfare is gaining currency and posing new challenges to military thinkers and practitioners. The changes by the technological revolution, information and psychological operations, digitisation of the battlefield, and modernisation in conventional warfare have ceased to be the standalone option for applying force. These changes envisage the application of all Elements of National Power (EoNP), projected along a continuous span of activities, stretching from stability, security, reconstruction and terminating at armed conflict. The paper explains that hybrid warfare is the instrument of choice by the challengers, primarily India, to weaken Pakistan, subjugate it and either balkanise it or make it a flaccid state as the least desired objective. With hybrid warfare as an instrument of application against Pakistan, this article has attempted to dissect its contours and impact on Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapidly changing security environment has brought a plethora of non-military measures to the fore. These measures have completely changed the nature of hostilities by giving them a hybrid character. With regard to the South Caucasus region, the chasm among the political courses pursued by particular states makes the overall region more susceptible to diverse external threats of a political, economic, military and cultural nature. This paper focuses on the economic component of the hybrid warfare in the South Caucasus region. The issues are considered from a security point of view and not from an economic perspective. The vulnerabilities of particular nations in the region to economic coercion are highlighted in the paper and suggestions for improving them made. The authors underscore the regional unity in the South Caucasus as a prerequisite for eliminating or at least mitigating economic dependence and healing the "regional fracture" that has lasted for decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ayer: Revista de Historia Contemporánea is the property of Asociacion de Historia Contemporanea and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The globalization of Mao Zedong Thought has recently received increased attention from historians and political scientists. Within this growing scholarship, ideology and state repression have been emphasized. However, the military aspect of Mao's revolutionary schemata has received less attention, and it was precisely in the mountains of China where the Maoist concept of people's war took root. With its focus on political persuasion and irregular warfare, people's war was an effective strategy for anti-colonial rebels to wage armed struggle against stronger conventional militaries. Using multinational archival documents, state media sources, leader's speeches, as well as secondary sources, this paper looks at the importance of mountains in Maoist people's war and the ways this military strategy influenced armed conflicts in China, Korea, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Peru. As a strategy that stressed mobile warfare, agitprop, and the rebellious potential of the peasantry, Mao rewrote the guidebook of revolutionary war theory for Marxism-Leninism. As a military strategy that reverberated with national liberation movements in the rural margins of the Global South, the military aspects of people's war and more specifically the role of mountains in Maoist-influenced guerilla warfare should be taken into greater account by scholars of global Maoism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It cannot be denied that the difference in the fight against irregular forces, which results from the non-standard operation of these forces, as well as the role played by the civilian population in this fight, have a significant impact on the state’s definition of the conventions of its conduct. Many years of experience prove that the state’s struggle with irregular forces is not only a very complex issue, but also a particularly difficult one to implement. Against this background, this study focused on empirically examining the use of aircraft (and the goal of its use) in combat with irregular forces. It also assessed problems that arise in aviation combat with irregular forces, while offering insights on the use of aviation in the fight against irregular forces. The research used document research as well as quantitative and qualitative analysis as its methods, and a systematic review of scientific literature on the use of aviation in the fight against irregular forces was conducted. The results of the research show that the fight in question requires the armed forces’ use of aircraft/aviation in organized combat and non-combat operations. However, one should be aware that aviation has its specific attributes, and it should not be prioritized over other means of combat, as it is insufficient to defeat irregular forces in a short time, alone, or even jointly with other military components.

Reviews the two books: Greek Fire, Poison Arrows, and Scorpion Bombs: Unconventional Warfare in the Ancient World (Mayor, A.; 2022) and Flying Snakes and Griffin Claws: And Other Classical Myths, Historical Oddities, and Scientific Curiosities (Mayor, A.; 2022). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By Daveed Gartenstein-Ross and Thomas Joscelyn (Columbia, NY: Columbia University Press, 2022. By Marion Holmes Katz (Columbia, NY: Columbia University Press, 2022). viii + 309 pp. By Michael Francis Laffan (Columbia, NY: Columbia University Press, 2022. I The Muslim Difference: Defining the Line between Believers and Unbelievers from Early Islam to the Present. i By Youshaa Patel (New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 2022). xvii + 341 pp. [Extracted from the article]

Since achieving victory in World War II, the United States military has a less-than-enviable combat record in irregular warfare. This detailed historical analysis provides perspective on where past decisions and doctrines have led to defeat and where they may have succeeded if given more time or executed differently. In doing so, it provides lessons for future Army engagements and argues that until America becomes proficient in irregular warfare, our enemies will continue to fight us at the lower levels of the spectrum of conflict, where they have a good chance of exhausting our will to fight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boko Haram insurgency has presented a peculiar theatre of unconventional warfare. The combat dynamics of the belligerents have oscillated between the asymmetries of hard and soft violence. While the insurgents have been able to sustain their violent campaign mainly through tactical opportunism based on irregular strategies, including suicide terrorism, the government forces have been locked in intractable counter-insurgency operations where their military might has often been demystified and overwhelmed by the irregular strategies of the insurgents. This has resulted in a precarious and protracted counter-insurgency scenario in which the dynamics of violence tend to have put the government forces under sapping pressure, whilst the insurgent forces have prevailed in an asymmetrical advantage. The way out of this intractable violence is for the government to be pragmatic in its current combat-offensive counter-insurgency by adopting a hybrid approach that is capable of countering both the military and non-military dimensions of the terror-insurgency conundrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the factors of the state's ability to ensure the security of its own resources and assets in the conditions of an international political crisis and an ongoing hybrid war is the ability to provide cyber protection of critical information infrastructure facilities, such as enterprises of the energy industry, chemical industry, industrial production, etc. Therefore, the cyber security of a critical structure consists primarily in ensuring the protection of technological processes from any unauthorized informational influences that cause incorrect execution of technological processes. On the basis of NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) Special Publication 800-53, basic recommendations for ensuring cyber protection of automated technological process control systems are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are response mechanisms to modern peace and security threats adequately equipped to tackle gray zone conflicts? Attempts to address this question entail both confronting the old pre--Cold War peace operation capstone doctrine ("holy trinity") and constructing the characteristics of a new model capable of tackling the unique features of gray zone conflicts. This article analyzes the diplomatic relationship between Kenya and Somalia, which exemplifies the characteristics of gray zone threats. The article contends that the use of the "holy trinity" doctrine in treating such unconventional warfare tactics does not adequately discriminate between gray zone dynamism and conventional conflict typologies, and the results do not always allow certainty about relationships between states. Furthermore, the uncertainty of gray zone dynamism makes it difficult for analysts to conduct accurate conflict diagnostics using the current framework based on the "holy trinity" capstone doctrine. Using the Kenya- Somalia relationship as a case study, this article constructs a "doctrinal quadrality spectrum" (DQS) framework for conflict diagnosis in order to avoid the binary limitation of a black-orwhite decision that often does not fit the gray zone dynamism of modern warfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dados - Revista de Ciências Sociais is the property of DADOS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Due to Russia’s aggressive actions in their neighbourhood, Eastern and Northern European countries were forced to take a critical look at their homeland defence capabilities and realised that their defence capabilities have significant gaps. However, instead of developing strategies and designing defence organisations that reflect their available resources and fit the challenges they are facing, these countries once again implemented solutions that reflect the dominant Western conventional military norms. Although through the implementation of the so-called “total defence” strategies some of these countries have augmented their conventional approach with some paramilitary, unconventional formations, their solutions still reflect how the West thinks wars should be waged and professional military organisations should act and be organised. This article suggests that these countries need to abandon their military orthodoxy and completely redesign their defence approaches based on unconventional warfare foundations and build a new version of state-owned, standardised, and professional military that is organised, equipped, and trained to fight based on different norms than our current ones. To propose some ideas to such changes, the article draws lessons from the case studies of the First Russo-Chechen War and the Second Lebanese War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Universitaria de Historia Militar (RUHM) is the property of Centro de Estudios de la Guerra and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Universitaria de Historia Militar (RUHM) is the property of Centro de Estudios de la Guerra and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Universitaria de Historia Militar (RUHM) is the property of Centro de Estudios de la Guerra and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)