Search

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the contemporary policy debate on the industrialization strategy in developing countries by analyzing policy regime shifts and outcomes in Sri Lanka during the post-independence era. The analysis is guided by the received body of knowledge relating to the challenges faced by a small economy that takes world prices as given and is unable to affect world demand and supply in designing national industrialization strategy in this era of economic globalization. The findings demonstrate that the backlash against liberalization reforms in the contemporary Sri Lankan policy debate is largely based on ideological predilections rather than factual analysis. The comparative analysis of Sri Lanka's industrialization experience during the state-led import-substitution era and that of the post-reform era (in particular during the first two decades) makes a strong case for reconsidering the merit of the emerging emphasis on combining import substitution with export orientation with a sector specific focus. Selective policies to promote import substitution essentially impose a "tax" on export producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article informs on the Revision of the German Bundesministerium der Finanzen letter of 02/03/2005 on public-private-partnerships (PPP) in federal trunk road construction. It mentions private companies can be used for the construction and maintenance of public roads, along with value-added tax assessment of F-models.

The article discusses the Court of Justice of the European Union court case dealing with joint and several liability of the indirect customs representative and the importing company. The court held that Article 201 of the VAT Directive is to be interpreted in such a way that the indirect customs representative cannot be held jointly and severally liable with the importer for the payment of the import value added tax.

The Marrakesh Agreement of 1994 establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO) was a pivotal event in world affairs. The WTO Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) brought the regulation of farm support more firmly within the framework of rules first established by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947; and held out the prospect that it was just the first step in an ongoing process of fundamental reform. The new Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), set up to oversee the collection of WTO accords, was given authority to definitively rule when WTO Members had different interpretations on how the rules should be applied. The AoA has three pillars, with constraints on import taxes, domestic support, and export subsidies. Nearly 30-years on, what can we say about the implementation of the AoA? For some, the AoA was never 'fair' as it 'rewarded' governments (mainly in the developed world) by locking-in the high levels of protection they had previously given their farm sectors, whilst strictly limiting the extent to which others could introduce new measures. Although the entitlements to grant export subsidies were subsequently withdrawn, expectations that a revised AoA would lead to further reductions in the 'bound' tariffs and domestic support commitments that governments had accepted in Marrakesh have never materialised. The Doha Round is moribund, and many of the AoA's provisions have not dated well. There is evidence, nonetheless, that countries have tailored their farm policies to fit within the AoA's constraints and conform to DSB rulings. However, without a quorate Appellate Body, future dispute settlement proceedings might be jeopardised. Trade in agricultural products increasingly takes place within Free Trade Areas (FTAs), where additional conditionalities might apply before products can take advantage of the 'free trade' provisions. Subsidies and mandates to encourage the use of biofuels in transport fuels do not appear to be disciplined by the AoA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines whether governments use the revenues accruing from agricultural taxes to finance their arms imports. This policy issue is especially of importance for developing countries as the decision to finance the acquisition of arms using agricultural taxes will create a trade-off between two important policy objectives in these countries: on the one hand, ensuring food security for the population at large and, on the other hand, improving national security. Our empirical findings generally suggest that governments in developing countries partly finance their arms imports by increasing the agricultural tax rate. It turns out that the magnitude of this effect relies to a certain extent on country-specific factors such as whether a country has to deal with a security threat, strength of the democratic institutions in place, and the regular occurrence of major shocks to the domestic food provision. Also, taxes on cash crops intended for export are more likely to be used for financing the arms imports compared to taxes on import-competing or subsistence crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facing the dual pressures of carbon mitigation and trade barrier, it is desired that variations of water footprints (WFs) with the related policy interferences be investigated in Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB). In this study, a factorial equilibrium WFs model is developed to (a) tackle the interactive effects (on blue‐ and gray‐WFs) of different policy alternatives presented as multiple levels of carbon tax and import tariff; (b) explore the variations of blue‐ and gray‐WFs in specific socio‐economic sectors under multiple scenarios of the dual pressures; and (c) investigate the provincial WFs from the perspective of commodity consumption. It is found that increased import tariffs can boost the WFs of primary energy and resource‐conversion sectors, and can promote inter‐sectoral virtual‐water exchanges; carbon tax can suppress the WFs for most of the sectors, and can result in entirely declined industrial production. Moreover, carbon tax can lead to reduced water productivity in YREB, and thus exacerbate water shortage. Through this research, desired policies for water‐footprint management policies could be identified with maximized socio‐economic and environmental benefits. Key Points: A factorial equilibrium water footprint (WF) model for exploring the contributions of multiple policy alternatives on changes in WFs is proposedHigh carbon tax may sacrifice China's economy; trade barrier between China and the US may lead to negative impacts on China's food securityCarbon tax and trade barrier would reduce the blue WFs in the upper reach and would have opposite effects on the gray WFs in the lower reach [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using an intra‐industry trade model with mobile/immobile capital, we revisit the characteristics of optimal tariffs and tariff wars. In contrast to folk wisdom on optimal tariffs, we show that when capital is freely mobile across countries, smaller countries impose higher tariffs, and they can win tariff wars. This occurs because tariffs have a strong impact on output expansion. Even if capital import taxes are available, small countries can win tariff wars, although larger countries may apply higher tariff rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that as taxes are only discussed in general several programmatic announcements certainly also be related to sales tax. Topics include considered that the goal of tax simplification has been pursued by every government since Konrad Adenauer and yet have the numerous inconsistencies between the many types of taxes that characterize current tax law.

The 1909 Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act resulted in significant duties and taxes on imports of Canadian newsprint and wood pulp, a finished product and a commodity in constant demand in the United States. In response, American newspapers took up the cause of duty-free pulp and paper and positioned themselves in opposition to the "Paper Trust," a cabal of papermakers of which International Paper was chief. While there have been important studies of the history of American newsprint, no historian has yet analyzed the discourse and rhetoric employed by the papers themselves in opposition to the tariff. The repeal of the tariff in 1913 resulted in the fantastical growth of the Canadian newsprint industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Review of Economics & Agribusiness / Revista de Economia e Agronegócio is the property of Brazilian Review of Economics & Agribusiness / Revista de Economia e Agronegocio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Historia Moderna is the property of Revista de Historia Moderna and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Textile Leader is the property of China Textile Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Problem definition: When sourcing through a procurement service provider (PSP), the PSP often collects rebates from unethical manufacturers in developing countries (as referral fees) that are "hidden" from the retailers. Recognizing that a PSP has a strong incentive to solicit quotes from unethical manufacturers, we examine a situation in which the retailer insists on soliciting a quote from a manufacturer designated by the retailer and a separate quote from an unethical manufacturer selected by the PSP. However, when the designated manufacturer is ethical, the PSP has an incentive to inflate the quote from this ethical manufacturer in order to help the unethical manufacturer to win. Facing this situation, is there a mechanism for the retailer to control hidden rebates? Academic/practical relevance: The issue of hidden rebates is a "known secret" in global supply chain practice. Also, hidden rebates increase the customs duty for U.S. importers because of the first sales rule for customs valuation of U.S. imports. Therefore, there is a need to understand the implications of hidden rebates and to control this unethical practice. Methodology: To circumvent the issue of hidden rebates and quote inflations, we develop a deterministic, incentive-compatible mechanism that is based on a simple selection rule (for selecting a manufacturer) and a contingent service fee (as a reward for the service provided by the PSP). Results: Our optimal mechanism creates incentives to (1) deter the PSP from inflating the quote submitted from the ethical manufacturer, (2) reduce the incidence of hidden rebates, and (3) reduce the retailer's procurement cost and the corresponding import tax significantly. More importantly, relative to the "lowest quote wins" selection rule, the optimal mechanism is Pareto-improving for the retailer and the service provider when the hidden rebate is below a certain threshold. Furthermore, we extend our analysis to the case in which (1) the retailer is not sure whether the designated manufacturer is ethical or not, (2) the retailer does not know the exact value of hidden rebate (but it follows a two-point distribution), and (3) the retailer may verify the quote with its designated manufacturer before a formal contract. We also explore the stochastic incentive-compatible mechanism for the cases in which the penalty is unenforceable or enforceable. Managerial implications: When law enforcement is inconsistent in developing countries, retailers should beware of the existence and implications of hidden rebates. We provide a simple mechanism that a retailer can consider as a practical way to deter the PSP from inflating certain quotes and put hidden rebates under control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study emphasis on the impact of GST on imports who are frequently importing goods for more than 5 years in Kochi city. GST is a popular issue that people are discussing on a daily basis. For importers, there are several challenges and issues involved in a transition to a new tax regime. Imports of goods and services under the pre- GST regime are subject to multiple taxes such as special additional duty, customs duty and countervailing duty. All of these taxes have been replaced by the single integrated goods and services tax under the GST. However, the import of certain goods, in addition to the IGST, continues to attract basic customs duties, educational cess and other protective taxes such as anti-dumping duty and safe guard duty. This study is conducted to understand the impact of GST on importers who are frequently import goods from outside India. Data were collected from 50 respondents of Kochi City using questionnaire. The data were analysed via SPSS 20.0 for Windows. Descriptive statistics were used to describe and summarize the properties of the mass of data collected from the respondents. Parametric statistics like one-way ANOVA and Z-test were used. A level of 0.05 was established a priori for determining statistical significance. From the analysis of data collected and after testing the data using various statistical tools, it was concluded that majority of the importers are of the opinion that with the introduction of GST the government was able to increase the level of transparency in the transactions. . GST ensure that there is no tax cascading except in the case of confusion regarding the 5% GST applicable to the mode of transport. It was concluded that as it was newly introduced, there is some clarification and ambiguity regarding the GST rates applicable to different category of goods and increase in price of the product. But hope it will beneficial to all the stakeholders in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I study the impact of changes to collateral value on borrowers' default decisions on auto loans using two natural experiments in Sri Lanka. Changes in vehicle import tax rates and loan-to-value ratio caps on auto loans generated plausibly exogenous variation in the resale value of vehicles already pledged as collateral. Using proprietary auto loan performance data, I estimate that a 10% drop in the collateral value corresponds to a 44% increase in the default rate. I also find that collateral value is more important for borrowers with higher outstanding loan balances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the impact of changes in import tariffs on sweetened beverages.Design: Interrupted time series analysis was used to examine sweetened beverage tariff increases of 40-60 % in 2008 and to 75 % in 2012, and an approximately 11 % decrease in 2014 when an excise tax replaced the tariff. Post-tax trends were compared with a counterfactual modelled on the pre-tax trend for: quarterly price of an indicator beverage, monthly beverage import volumes (both 2001-2017) and quarterly sales volumes (2012-2017). In a controlled analysis, taxed beverage imports were compared with a sugary snacks control.Setting: Cook Islands.Participants: NA.Results: In the first year, after the 2008 tariff increase the price of the selected indicator soft drink increased by 7·3 % (95 % CI 6·3 %, 8·3 %) but after the 2012 tariff increase it decreased by 13·9 % (95 % CI -14·9 %, -12·8 %). At the same time, the import volumes of taxed beverages decreased by 13·2 % (95 % CI -38·1 %, 17·8 %) and 2·9 % (95 % CI -41·6 %, 72·5 %), respectively, and decreased by 24·8 % (95 % CI -36·9, -9·8) and 10·2 % (95 % CI -37·1, 37·5) in the controlled analysis. After the 2014 tax decrease, the price of the indicator soft drink decreased by 23·6 % (95 % CI -26·0 %, -21·1 %), sweetened beverage imports increased by 4·5 % (95 % CI -39·5 %, 156·0 %) and sales of full-sugar soft drinks increased by 31 % (95 % CI -21 %, 243 %).Conclusions: The increased import tariffs on sweetened beverages appeared to be effective for reducing import volumes, but this was partly reversed by the reduced tax/tariff in 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ekonomske Ideje i Praksa is the property of Centar za Izdavacku Delatnost Ekonomskog Fakulteta u Beogradu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, we study the impact of environmental taxation on trade in environmental goods (EGs). Using a trade model in which demand for and supply of EGs are endogenous, we show that the relationship between environmental taxation and demand for EGs follows a bell-shaped curve. Above a cutoff tax rate, a higher tax rate can reduce bilateral trade in EGs because there are too many low-productivity EG suppliers. Based on trade data from 1995 to 2012 across the EU-27 countries, our empirical results are in accordance withthe predictions of our model when we use the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) list of EGs. We find that environmental taxation (measured as the ratio of environmental tax revenoe to GDP) has a monotonically positive impact on the number of trading partners. Furthermore, we show that if countries were to apply an environmental tax rate equal to 3.96 % (e.g., the tax rate maximizing international trade in EGs), then trade in EGs across the EU-27 members would experience an increase of 25.33 percentage points. The results are mixed when we analyse the EGs on the OECD list. While the results for the the number of trading partners are confirmed when we use this list, there is no effect of environmental taxation on import demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to study the issues of analysis, modeling with the purpose of forecasting the payment of value added tax (VAT) on goods, works and services imported as imports into the customs territory of Ukraine. The reliability and validity of the planned VAT rate depend on the assessment of the status, forecast, seasonality and trends of economic and social development. The purpose of the work is to analyze and systematize the methodology for modeling VAT revenues from imports, justify the use of the econometric method and develop an adequate ARIMA model. It application is possible in the long term as well as smaller periods of time, which is relevant for monitoring and control of tax revenues. The study revealed the main factors influencing the application of the ARIMA model when modeling VAT revenues from imports. The resulting regression model in STATISTICA linked the variables with an accurate approximation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]