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Literature is an important medium for representing and communicating world-views and values. This article focuses on the representation of culture and religion and reveals constructions of identities in children's literature. The analysis of selected contemporary German-language books considers through a discourse analytical approach the representation of the main characters and their cultural and religious backgrounds as well as their faith and its practices. The narrations analysed tend to specify difference by means of cultural and religious characteristics; instead of dissolving those categories, the narrations strengthen them. The article states the importance of literature in the mediation of knowledge, self-concepts, interpersonal perceptions and normative paradigms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades, "distant reading" became one of the most promising methodologies in the domain of computer-assisted literary analysis. This paper looks at an alternative path for gathering new insights about the literary texts, that of the "shared reading", or "crowd reading", consisting in multiple readings of the same text, performed by various readers and analysed so as to uncover new theoretical insights about the literary phenomenon, based on the observation of similarities and divergences amongst readers in text interpretation and text understanding. More precisely, this paper presents an experience of crowd reading applied to the modeling of literary characters, in view of a semi-automated analysis of these literary objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at ways in which we can examine books for ecocritical implications, and the relationship between materiality and meaning, between book and text. It cites the book "What a Book Can Do: The Publication and Reception of Silent Spring" by Priscilla Coit Murphy which highlights publication process of the book.

In news domain, sentiments captured in the form of sentiment labels (emoticon) give a quick feedback of reactions towards the contents of the news. As these reactions are valuable indicators for social and political well beings, we are motivated to automate the classification of news texts based on these indicators, e.g. happy, sad, angry, amused etc. Unlike other review texts that contain more explicit words which can be interpreted directly for sentiment classification, news texts mostly report facts and figures. This resulted in needs to identify whether contents of news can be exploited for classification or otherwise. Hence, in this work, a study is conducted to analyze and determine the relevant key parts of news contents that can be to be used for sentiment-based classification. Two criteria, i.e. text Part of Speech and text position, which could possible influence the training of the classifier are studied. Evaluations are conducted on the collection of 250 English news texts labelled with sentiments from sentiment voting system. The results for sentiment-based category has recorded F score of 0.422 whereas for polarity-based category has recorded F score of 0.837. The study has shown that when finer categories (e.g. happy, sad etc.) are used, the inspected criteria are less effectively; however, when these categories are based on polarity orientations, the outcomes show potentials of the proposed criteria especially for text positioned at headlines and text using adjective words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on 'Tainted Frictions' which is a nonlinear visual essay that brings together creative friction between photographs and texts. It discusses the aim of the visual essay, tips to view the essay with help of the interactive interface and knowledge of relationship between text and image. Example of photo essay of tainted public spaces is included. It depicts dualism in color, discussing material and visual culture, chromophobia v. chromophilia and conquer and control.

Embedded response prompts are an effective method to support multimedia learning. Response prompts are directives situated within instructional material. Responding to these prompts affects learners' cognitive operations. Different types of prompts affect learning differently due to variations in stimulated cognitive operations. This study compared three types of experimental response prompts; prompts to self-explain the contents of a page, prompts to attend to diagrams and text-diagram relations, and prompts to self-explanation text-diagram relations; and two control conditions. Three tasks that measure verbal text knowledge, diagram knowledge, or knowledge of text-diagram relations assessed learning. The effects of diagram comprehension ability were also considered. A 5 X 3 mixed model ANCOVA revealed an interaction between prompting conditions and posttest tasks. Diagram comprehension ability was associated with task performance but did not interact with conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of the research on bilingualism and math learning focuses on the potential challenges that bilinguals and language learners may face. The current line of research took an alternative approach and explored whether a bilingual advantage may emerge for a novel algebraic problem solving task that requires symbolic thought, the Symbol Math task. No differences were seen between bilingual and monolingual samples on basic math or executive control tasks; however, a bilingual advantage was seen in performance on the Symbol Math task across two experiments. The results suggest that bilingualism may improve the ability to engage in more abstract or symbolic thought processes, which may have important implications for algebra learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In two experiments, eye tracking was used to investigate whether learners construct a mental representation during learning that integrates information from text and pictures. The experimental groups received inconsistent text-picture information on one or two pages of the learning materials. The control groups received only consistent text-picture information. It was expected that learners of the experimental groups should have difficulties in integrating text-picture information when faced with the inconsistencies. This should be reflected in their gaze behavior. Experiment 1 ( N = 51) and Experiment 2 ( N = 45) confirmed that assumption for several eye tracking variables. Regarding learning outcomes, only in Experiment 1 worse performance of the experimental group was observed. Furthermore, Experiment 2 revealed that the majority of learners did not remember the inconsistency between text and picture when asked for it after learning. In sum, the results add to our understanding about the cognitive processes underlying multimedia learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Russian Linguistics is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Translators often do much more than translate: they propose books, discuss strategies, compare editions and make suggestions on titles, typography and illustrations. While these processes of negotiation and management of the translation task are invisible to the public, there may still be traces left of them hidden away in archives. Historical sources such as letters and contracts throw light on the working practices of translators and on publisher- translator interaction. This article presents results from a study on two different archives in Finland: an individual translator's collection of documents and a publishing house archive, with materials from the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. The study also sheds light on the publishing scene in Finland and on differences between publishers concerning their negotiations with translators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ideal of an "authoritative text" is no longer a taken-for-granted assumption among editorial and critical theorists of the literary text. Rather, texts are, and should be thought of as, composites of distributed activities of multiple social agents. This view has many virtues, but it quickly runs up against the deeply entrenched gestaltism of the "underlying work" stance, a perspective that invades some of the most commonplace ways of talking about Anglo-American literary texts. We explain the fundamental tensions that arise from this stance and offer a general ontology of literary artifacts that can account for the ways we habitually conceptualize texts and their effects. We provide a basic cognitive framework for understanding the ontology of the document, in its most generalized form, which can embrace a wide range of practices, literary and otherwise, that have significant implications for understanding editorial, authorial, and readerly behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe and evaluate a text-to-pictograph translation system that is used in an online platform for Augmentative and Alternative Communication, which is intended for people who are not able to read and write, but who still want to communicate with the outside world. The system is set up to translate from Dutch into Sclera and Beta, two publicly available pictograph sets consisting of several thousands of pictographs each. We have linked large amounts of these pictographs to synsets or combinations of synsets of Cornetto, a lexical-semantic database for Dutch similar to WordNet. In the translation system, the Dutch input text undergoes shallow linguistic analysis and the synsets of the content words are looked up. The system looks for the nearest pictographs in the lexical-semantic database and displays the message into pictographs. We evaluated the system and results showed a large improvement over the baseline system which consisted of straightforward string-matching between the input text and the filenames of the pictographs.Our system provides a clear improvement in the communication possibilities of illiterate people. Nevertheless there is room for further improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Literary semiotic studies propose a systematic and coherent model of reading and give the opportunity to analyze the superficial and deep structures of a text. This kind of analysis permits to identify the narrative, figurative and thematic components, that are visible in the textual superficial structure, and the universal semantic categories, that are present in the textual deep structure. This work proposes a semiotic analysis of the short story "The Adventure of Two Spouses" by Italo Calvino. After giving general information about the text, the short story is analyzed according to two steps. The first step of the analysis aims to identify and analyze the sections of the text and draw the scheme of the narration. The second step aims to analyze the figurative and thematic components and the deep structure of the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interview of Ruth Beale, a London-based artist is presented. When asked about Raymond Williams's keywords book he referred that he came across the book when he was searching for historical relationship between education and culture and when asked about the text that provided the impetus for the project he depicted that about the text that provided the impetus for the project it appears at first like a reference book, or dictionary, but actually benefits from being read and cross-referenced.

The article discusses about hybrid text as a genre for English/Language Arts teachers to be used as a mentor text and to combine fiction and nonfiction text in the classroom. Topics includes definition of hybrid text as paired text. Features of hybrid text includes use of variety of font, motif and Illustrative chronology. It also compares hybrid text as mentor texts.

This article investigates questions of readership, pricing and visual literacy by relating eighteenth-century illustrated chapbook abridgements of Samuel Richardson's Pamela (1740) to the author's 1742 edition, featuring illustrations by Hubert-François Gravelot and Francis Hayman. It focuses on the affordability of chapbook abridgements and the straightforward readability of their illustrations, which would have been accessible to many readers. While few readers would have had access, financially, to the Gravelot-Hayman de luxe edition, Pamela chapbooks reached larger groups of readers and shaped the text's popular reception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laclos never commissioned illustrations for Les Liaisons dangereuses (1782). Nevertheless, a set of prints destined to be framed and four series of illustrations to accompany editions of the book came out during his lifetime. The artists - not all of whom can be identified - vary in the choice of scenes they represent. There are also two allegorical frontispieces which show that the text can be interpreted as a tragic moral tale. The engravings range from the libertine to the demure, from crudely sketched small plates to exquisitely delineated large prints. They offer precious insights into the contemporary reception of the novel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the theoretical framework of 'intermediality', this article examines the ways in which Marivaux's novel La Vie de Marianne (1731-42) has been pictured through time. It explores the relationship between text and image in various illustrations and in Benoît Jacquot's film adaptation Marianne (1995), focusing on episodes involving Marianne and her benefactor M. de Climal. Not only do these transpositions suggest complex forms of reception of Marivaux's text, but in their anticipation of and engagement with other media (theatre, painting, cinema) they also provide a richly suggestive interrogation of the conditions of theatricality and of what it means to become a 'spectacle'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia (svPPA) presents with a degradation of semantic knowledge due to atrophy of the anterior temporal lobe and is characterized by impaired confrontation naming and impaired single-word comprehension. So far, little is known about the development of symptoms and their order of occurrence in the preclinical phase, and information regarding written text production is scarce. We had the unique opportunity to analyze the diary of a man written over a time span of 12 years before he was diagnosed with svPPA. We sought to identify the earliest indicators of cognitive change in his diary entries, and to track the important changes over time. Based on transcripts of the entries (one week every six months) we assessed the overall structure, vocabulary, surface dysgraphia and semantic paraphasia, syntax, and morphology. We found changes in all domains up to seven years before the clinical diagnosis. The earliest changes concerned the vocabulary, with decreased variety and increased use of high frequency words. This was followed by syntactic and morphological errors. We found no increase of surface dysgraphia. Semantic paraphasias increased only during the last three years but characterized the entries of the last year. We were therefore able to further corroborate recent findings regarding difficulties in the morpho-syntactic domain in this patient group. In this natural context for written text production, such errors seem, in addition to changes in vocabulary, to be the first error types to appear, possibly as a result of compensating for the degradation of semantic representations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The world can be seen as a text"-this parallel has been discussed many times in different books and articles. However, if we compare the world (perceived as a text) and the text created by man, we will find many new unexpected connections and meanings. The term "dark matter" is a metaphor which helps to look at the problems of the theory of text, aesthetics and ontological poetics from a new angle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a general framework for short text classification by learning vector representations of both words and hidden topics together. We refer to a large-scale external data collection named ”corpus” which is topic consistent with short texts to be classified and then use the corpus to build topic model with Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). For all the texts of the corpus and short texts, topics of words are viewed as new words and integrated into texts for data enriching. On the enriched corpus, we can learn vector representations of both words and topics. In this way, feature representations of short texts can be performed based on vectors of both words and topics for training and classification. On an open short text classification data set, learning vectors of both words and topics can significantly help reduce the classification error comparing with learning only word vectors. We also compared the proposed classification method with various baselines and experimental results justified the effectiveness of our word/topic vector representations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay traces the career of a distinctive woodcut picture that appears on dozens of seventeenth-century ballad broadsheets. Christopher Marsh argues that woodcuts have often been neglected by scholars and that they deserve careful attention. The common habit of redeploying old pictures on new ballads may, for example, have encouraged consumers to build associations between individual woodcuts and particular characteristics or themes. In order to understand the visual aesthetic of early-modern balladry, it is therefore necessary to think in fresh and creative ways about the effects of the repetition of pictures on cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The woodcut impressions printed on broadside ballads have long been regarded as haphazardly chosen and ill suited to illustrate the songs they accompanied. This essay shows, instead, how sixteen broadside ballads used woodcuts to create sophisticated image-text relationships. The broadsides print three versions of a single song--a lament on the loss of love performed by birds-- but their varied illustration programs guide readers to understand the avian speakers, and thus the meaning of the song's lyrics, in very different ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to highlight, through the analysis of two best-selling novels published in Italy (Spazzacamino, 1911, and Buona fortuna!, 1922), some key issues concerning the reception of texts and images. In particular, we will focus on the relationship between writing and illustration, author and illustrator, but also between volume, images and readers, seeing how the images could, from time to time, agree or disagree with the written text, covering a vital role in the area of reception, directing the reader toward a specific socio-political interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presentation of special issue « Illustration and Narrative Construction ». [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lexikos is the property of Bureau of the Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An editorial is presented where in the editor discusses the past issue of the journal "Welding and Cutting" appeared for both the scientist and the practitioner dealing with the journal objectives and its evolution over the past 70 years. The author talks about the journal and its development dealing with illustrated title pages, the typeface, the graphic design, and the layout. Also discussed is implementations of modern welding technology and German welding and cutting technology.

We present an interactive system for composing realistic images of an object under arbitrary pose and appearance specified by sketching. Our system draws inspiration from a traditional illustration workflow: The user first sketches rough 'masses' of the object, as ellipses, to define an initial abstract pose that can then be refined with more detailed contours as desired. The system is made robust to partial or inaccurate sketches using a reduced-dimensionality model of pose space learnt from a labelled collection of photos. Throughout the composition process, interactive visual feedback is provided to guide the user. Finally, the user's partial or complete sketch, complemented with appearance requirements, is used to constrain the automatic synthesis of a novel, high-quality, realistic image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I will present a political interpretation of Greek tragedy. Tragedy consists of two sides in a dialectic conflict: tragic destiny and the heroic role. The approach in political terms will allow us to understand dialectic tragedy and reveal the close similarity of the latter with the dialectic idea of Illustration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main defining characteristics of a picturebook is the relationship between text and image, the combination of which gives rise to a new meaning that is not found in isolation. This interaction is the key to the picturebook becoming a good and successful work. Having studied the main theories on the semantic relationship between word and image, we observed that these do not go into any depth concerning the wealth of possibilities offered by picturebooks. Our contribution aims to study this type of interaction in depth and to create a new classification that embraces all of the possibilities that can be found following an exploration of these types of book. To do this we will analyse a representative number of prominent picturebooks published internationally, and published in the Spanish language in recent years. The study of these semantic relationships between text and image will bring us closer to the creative language of these continually evolving publications, providing us with a means of education, both for enjoying these books and for expressing our creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on tradition of English manuscript and presents English text of the "Three Fridays" and "Twelve Fridays." Topics discussed include division of English material into "a list of Fridays" and "a list of events" groups labelled as "Three Fridays" and "Twelve Fridays," events of biblical history, and text of "Twelve Fridays" which involves five manuscripts containing calendrical and astronomical materials.

This paper presents an effective and efficient approach to extracting scene text from images. The approach first extracts the edge information by the local maximum difference filter (LMDF), and at the same time a given image is decomposed into a group of image layers by color clustering. Then, through combining the characteristics of geometric structure and spatial distribution of scene text with the edge map, the candidate text image layers are identified. Further, in character level, the candidate text connected components are identified using a set of heuristic rules. Finally, the graph-cut computation is utilized to identify and localize text lines with arbitrary directions. In the proposed approach, the segmentation of text pixels is efficiently embedded into the computation of text localization as a part. The comprehensive evaluation experiments are performed on four challenging datasets (ICDAR 2003, ICDAR 2011, MSRA-TD500 and The Street View Text (SVT)) to verify the validation of our approach. In the comparison experiments with many state-of-the-art methods, the results demonstrate that our approach can effectively handle scene text with diverse fonts, sizes, colors, different languages, as well as arbitrary orientations, and it is robust to the influence of illumination change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrative processing of verbal and graphical information is crucial when students read an illustrated text to learn from it. This study examines the potential of a novel approach to support the processing of text and graphics. We used eye movement modeling example (EMME) in the school context to model students' integrative processes of verbal and pictorial information by replaying a model's gazes while reading an illustrated text on a topic different from that of the learning episode. Forty-two 7th graders were randomly assigned to an experimental (EMME) or a control condition (No-EMME) and were asked to read an illustrated science text about the food chain. Online measures of text processing and offline measures of reading outcomes were used. Eye-movement indices indicated that students in the EMME condition showed more integrative processing than students in the No-EMME condition. They also performed better than the latter in the verbal and graphical recall, and in the transfer task. Finally, the relationship between the duration of reprocessing the graphical segments while rereading the correspondent verbal segments and transfer performance was stronger in the EMME condition, after controlling for the individual differences of prior knowledge, reading comprehension, and achievement in science. Overall, the findings suggest the potential of eye-tracking methodology as an instruction tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theories of motivation propose that moderate difficulty can be beneficial for student engagement and learning. However, research on the effect of difficulty has been inconsistent. The primary goal of the present study was to investigate the possibility that interest-based text preference moderates the effect of difficulty on engagement and learning. To test this hypothesis, participants studied four instructional texts on research methods topics in a 2 × 2 interest-based text preference (preferred vs. non-preferred texts) × text difficulty (easy vs. difficult) within-subjects experiment. The manipulation of interest-based text preference asked participants to rank four text titles based on their perceived interest in reading the text corresponding to each title. Engagement was assessed via self-reported affect (valence and arousal), attention (mind wandering), and reading time during the learning session. Learning and knowledge transfer were measured with knowledge tests after reading all four texts. Consistent with our predictions, interest-based text preference and text difficulty interacted to predict reading time, mind wandering, and knowledge transfer. The nature of the relationship indicated that increased text difficulty can support engagement and transfer, but only when individuals are provided with an opportunity to express their text preferences prior to reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including text focuse on the U.S., the use of alcoholic and drug in content sex risk by college women, and the falling numbers of men enrolling college.

Paintings say more than what they seemingly show. Jung's pictorial vocabulary as a painter and illustrator is not gratuitous and deserves close study. At first Jung tried various styles, naïve or academic. Then he developed “multicolored arabesques” quite extensively, obviously enjoying drawing and painting virtuoso variations on the theme. These beautiful artistic forms can possibly be analyzed as pictorial representations of the unconscious, of the archetypes and their ever-flowing energies. For such vivid subjects that are impossible to describe or portray in either words or images, Jung, in his precious Red Book, has achieved a creation, by pencil and brush, of a superb array of “good-enough” renderings in images of their psychological reality. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This text presents a re-reading of researches about the Papel Periódico Ilustrado and about the way the relationship between texts and images have been addressed, which it presents as an illustrated literary periodical publication; as from this review some perspectives of analysis are suggested. It realizes a state of the art of the studies about the newspaper and a review through the ways in that relationship has been comprehended in other countries, in newspapers with similar literary or illustrated character. In the end, it proposes some questions that open perspectives about the form in which that relationship can be understood, from art and literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented on the relationship of words and images. It offers comparison of perceiving the art of literary text and illustrating an image that presents meanings. The author discusses the work of art of Ekphrasis in translating an image into words, his writing development with illustration, and illustrated works of Via Fang featuring animal portraits and illustrated novel.

Textual variation between ‭ול‬ and ‭אל‬ occurs throughout the Hebrew Bible about thirty times. The initial impression might be that this is the result of unintentional scribal error, yet the vast majority of these occurrences of variation involve passages wherein both readings work equally well. It is also possible to determine in many cases the linear development from one reading to the other. The present article argues that the similar pronunciation of ‭ול‬ and ‭אל‬ became an occasion to introduce variant readings intentionally. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We present an exploration and a design space that characterize the usage and placement of word-scale visualizations within text documents. Word-scale visualizations are a more general version of sparklines-small, word-sized data graphics that allow meta-information to be visually presented in-line with document text. In accordance with Edward Tufte's definition, sparklines are traditionally placed directly before or after words in the text. We describe alternative placements that permit a wider range of word-scale graphics and more flexible integration with text layouts. These alternative placements include positioning visualizations between lines, within additional vertical and horizontal space in the document, and as interactive overlays on top of the text. Each strategy changes the dimensions of the space available to display the visualizations, as well as the degree to which the text must be adjusted or reflowed to accommodate them. We provide an illustrated design space of placement options for word-scale visualizations and identify six important variables that control the placement of the graphics and the level of disruption of the source text. We also contribute a quantitative analysis that highlights the effect of different placements on readability and text disruption. Finally, we use this analysis to propose guidelines to support the design and placement of word-scale visualizations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article points out problems in current dynamic treatments of anaphora and provides a new account that solves these by grafting Muskens' Compositional Discourse Representation Theory onto a partial theory of types. Partiality is exploited to keep track of which discourse referents have been introduced in the text (thus avoiding the overwrite problem) and to account for cases of anaphoric failure. Another key assumption is that the set of discourse referents is well-ordered, so that we can keep track of the order in which they have been introduced, allowing a semantic characterization of anaphoric accessibility across stretches of discourse. Unlike other dynamic approaches, the system defines semantic values for unresolved anaphors. This leads to a clear separation of monotonic and non-monotonic content (in this case anaphoric resolution) and arguably provides a sound basis for a non-monotonic theory of anaphoric resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contemporary Biblical Hermeneutics, the perception of a gulf between past and present mind-set has led scholars to seek for a transcending and universal moment within authoritative scriptures of Christianity (Schneiders, Bieringer). While authoritative texts are broadly accepted within Christianity on the basis of the conception of revelation and inspiration, the multitude of Early Christian Apocrypha has been broadly neglected in hermeneutical considerations so far. However, Apocryphal texts deserve our attention not only because of the quantitative aspect of the bulk of preserved Early Christian apocryphal literature but also because these scriptures reflect a certain dialogue with other texts, probably including texts that are regarded as canonical today. By this mirrored dialogue and commitment to Christian faith, a future perspective of hope and salvation is documented, which unites Christians of the past and today. Therefore, as testimonies of faith, Early Christian Apocrypha are necessarily relevant and crucial to hermeneutical attempts to bridge the gap between past and present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the concept of teaching how to read informational texts and its challenges to both teachers and students in the U.S. Topics discussed include the focus of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) to informational texts, how teachers can create effectively scaffolded close reading experiences, and how teachers can extend that scaffolding for selected students by creating small group learning experiences using partner texts.