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The article examines the social, economic and financial components of health care reform. By analyzing the data from the surveys service of special communication and information FSO of Russia and the Fund «Public opinion» investigated people’s satisfaction with functioning of healthcare markets. Basic premise of health care reform and planned measures of state regulation of the sphere.

The problems of economic security of the region in the current economic environment are relevant, as changes in the economic system affect the behavior of economic entities. The economic security of organizations, which represents the level of protection of the enterprise from threats to the external environment, is an important condition for the effective activities of business entities. Therefore, ensuring economic security involves conducting economic rapid diagnostics of the enterprise, researching factors that influence the efficiency of the organization. At the same time, an important element of the strategic nature is the level of localization of resources, territorial-production factor, and level of investment activity. Modern Russian and Western economists see localization as a strategy to enter international markets by placing production of goods and services. As a rule, the decisive factors are labor, natural resources, investment climate, and consumer demand for products. Analysis of different approaches to local market definition has shown that the authors use separate approaches and methods in market research, taking into account some factors and not taking into account others. As a result, it seems necessary to study the local market in terms of the totality of market and production, distribution and consumption, which will allow perceiving it as economic local mechanism. Keywords: local, territory, factor, organization, development.

The endogenous gaseous transmitters (GTs) —nitrogen oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S)—make up a special neuromodulatory system which mediates the development, maturation and plastic modification of nervous centers. We addressed immunolocalization of the key enzymes of GT synthesis, cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2) and constitutive NO synthase (nNOS), at different ontogenetic stages of the human fetal retina. CBS, CSE and HO-2 were found to be expressed in photoreceptor, bipolar and amacrine neurons, the number of which increases in the first and decreases in the third trimesters of gestation. The number of nNOS-immunopositive amacrine and ganglion neurons demonstrates inverse dynamics with maximal values in the third trimester. Uneven distribution patterns of the marker enzymes are discussed in the light of the modulatory function of GTs in neurogenesis of the human retina and their involvement in cytoprotective mechanisms.

The experimental data of active ionosphere experiment “North-star” are revisited.During the experiment, the plasma jet was injected into the ionosphere plasma transverse to geomagnetic field. A prolonged glow of the plasma cloud was observed. Anomalous ionization, low frequency waves and plasma heating were detected. The asymmetric azimuthal distribution of superthermal electrons indicates the presence of an intense transverse DC electric field. A change in the dynamics of a plasma jet under the influence of this factor is considered in this paper. The external DC electric field and electrostatic ion-cyclotron drift waves on density/temperature gradient along the transverse DC electric field play a role in plasma heating.

With the aim of obtaining scale with a high degree possibility of mechanical removal under the conditions of the section rolling shop No. 1, at the mill «150» JSC «Belarusian Metallurgical Works – Management Company of Holding «BMC» developed technological modes of production of wire rods made of low-carbon steel grades.The peculiarities of scale formation were studied, namely, the factors influencing the removability, obtaining the optimal thickness and its phase components on the wire rod diameter 5.5–6.5 mm in the cooling process immediately after rolling, intended for wire production.To obtain the necessary ratio of the phase constituents of the scales on the surface of the wire rod, the following factors was taken into account: the temperature of the layout of the turns on the roller table in the air cooling line; (uniformity along the length of the turn), the cooling conditions of the helix of the turns (prevention of the 4FeO = Fe3O4-Fe decay), where the condition of cooling the wire rod from 600 to 250 °С, not exceeding 100 s, must be observed.The results of metallographic studies of scale on the wire surface are presented. The introduced technological regimes provided the optimal thickness and the FeO / Fe3O4 ratio after the experimental rolling of the metal. Exhausted cooling regimes allowed to reduce the consumption of fiber for all types of wire.

Sestrins belong to a family of evolutionary conserved proteins which are found in the majority of animal species. While invertebrate genomes contain only one sestrin gene, mammalian and other vertebrate genomes comprise three highly homologous genes that encode Sestrin 1, 2 and 3 proteins (Sesn1, Sesn2 and Sesn3). Sestrins are activated in response to a variety of stimuli and trigger metabolic shifts promoting cell survival under stress conditions. Although cellular stress within an organism is often caused by external stimuli it can be induced by excess of cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species which are produced during aberrant metabolic or immune processes and are involved in regulation of cell physiological states including cell death. Activation of sestrins facilitates cell adaptation to stress through stimulation of antioxidant response and autophagy through regulation of the signaling pathways mediated by AMPK and mTOR kinases. These activities are involved in protection of the organism during physical exercise and certain level of sestrins activity contributes to the development of age-related diseases. However, prolonged activation of sestrins under chronic stress may cause negative effects for the organism.

SESN2 is a member of evolutionarily conserved sestrin protein family found in most of Metazoa species. SESN2 is transcriptionally activated by many stress factors including metabolic derangements, oxidants and DNA-damage. As a result, SESN2 controls ROS accumulation, metabolism and cell viability. The best known function of SESN2 is the regulation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 kinase (mTORC1) that plays the central role in the stimulation of cell growth and suppression of autophagy. SESN2 inhibits mTORC1 activity through interaction with the GATOR2 protein complex that suppresses an inhibitory effect of GATOR2 on the GATOR1 protein complex. GATOR1 inhibits mTORC1 through its GAP activity toward the small GTPase RagA/B which in complex with RagC/D proteins stimulate mTORC1 translocation to the lysosomes where this kinase is activated by small GTPase Rheb. Despite the well-established role of SESN2 in mTORC1 inhibition, the other SESN2 activities are not well characterised. We recently showed that SESN2 can control mitochondrial function and cell death via mTORC1-independent mechanisms and these activities might be explained by direct effects of SESN2 on mitochondria. In this work we examined mitochondrial localization of SESN2 and demonstrated that SESN2 is located on mitochondria and can be directly involved in the regulation of mitochondrial functions.

In the active ionosphere geophysical experiment "North Star" by injection of a high-speed plasma jet, luminescence of the excited components of the surrounding air was observed. In this paper, two possible sources of excitation of this luminescence are considered: streams of super-thermal electrons accelerated at the jet front and streams of precipitating electrons, the precipitation of which is triggered by jet injection. Detailed analysis of experimental data allows us to separate these two sources of super-thermal electrons. The origin of electrons forming at the front of an expanding plasma jet is associated with nonlinear processes in this area and will be discussed in detail in subsequent publications. This paper analyzes the mechanisms of electron precipitation from the upper ionosphere.

The article considers topical aspects of formation of motivational and stimulating component of remuneration in non-state health care institutions. This organizational legal type of medical organization presupposes specific characteristics of financial economic functioning and processes of organization of remuneration fund. In Russia, state and municipal medical organizations provide own sources of motivational component, that much more depend on implementation of mandatory medical insurance territorial programs. In case of non-state clinics quite different sources of employees' incentives of improving quality and productivity of labor exist. The non-state health care institutions occupy in-between position with their financial opportunities between state (municipal) and private structures. Most non-state health care institutions are of departmental subordination. The article deals with issues of development of motivational and incentive mechanisms as exemplified by JSC "Russian Railways". The empirical research permitted to specify in detail algorithm of process of organization of remuneration fund with designation of system of indicators for bonuses distribution. The specific characteristics of development of motivational and incentive systems of remuneration fund in non-state health care institutions are identified.

The article considers the statistical justification of the need to minimize the load on the spine of students, both in Russia and in foreign countries and the main directions and multi-aspect regulation of optimizing the load on the spine, since this factor plays a key role in the formation of the health of the whole organism. The movement, correct posture, comfortable clothes and shoes, rationally selected chairs and beds allow you to maintain health of the spine, and the overload, in particular heavy school backpacks have a negative effect on its development and functioning. The issue of the load on the spine of schoolchildren attracts attention of the government, physicians, parents and teachers. The problem really exists and it is not solved yet, despite significant efforts in this direction. The numerous Russian and foreign studies carried out by medical experts, students and teachers confirm the facts of violation of SanPiNs, supporting actuality of research topic. The electronic textbooks can be a key point in solving this problem.

The health care problems are considered in detail both in the program and non-program activities of the sector state regulatory bodies. The public-private partnership, in particular, participation of private clinics in the system of mandatory health insurance can become one of the effective tools to cope with many problems. The article analyzes participation of private clinics in implementing territorial program of mandatory health insurance as exemplified by the Krasnodar Krai. This is to provide guaranteed free medical care by private clinics of municipalities in the Krai. The regional features of public-private partnership in health care are considered in fairly prosperous Russian region that allow to develop positive scenario. Out of the total number of medical organizations, potential participants of the mandatory health insurance system the private clinics were identified. The analysis of participation of private medical organizations in the mandatory medical insurance system was carried out in context of two main classification criteria: geographical location and the type of medical services. According to the study results, the structure of private clinics of the Krasnodar Krai participating in mandatory health insurance program on a territorial basis is determined. The types of medical care that are not carried out by the selected companies, as well as the types of medical services that are in demand by private clinics are established. The list of private clinics participating in territorial mandatory health insurance program with the widest range of services is determined. The matrix of participation of private clinics in mandatory health insurance system was developed on the example of the Krasnodar Krai.

Altai Krai is traditionally classified as a major industrial and agricultural regions of the country. The machine-building complex (production of tractors, agricultural machinery, wagons, engines, boilers), the chemical and petrochemical industries (tires, artificial fibers, plastic products, chemical products), the food industry (meat, cheese making), and the light industry (manufacturing) are quite developed. fabrics, knitwear), mining (mining of polymetallic ores, gold, table and glauber salts, coal). Agriculture prevails in agriculture in the Altai Territory. Altai Territory is one of the largest producers of grain, milk, meat and other agricultural products. The territorial specialization of agricultural production in the region is determined by the complex mechanism of interaction of natural and climatic factors, as well as soil and geomorphological features. Among cultivated crops, cereals prevail. Hard and strong varieties of zoned spring wheat are grown in the most provided warm steppe part of the territory of the region. Altai Krai is the only region beyond the Ural Mountains where sugar beets are grown. Among oilseeds, the lion’s share is occupied by sunflower, although commodity production of oilseed flax, mezeum, long flax, rapeseed and other industrial crops is gradually developing.

The paper continues the authors’ previous research on the development of high-tech industry in the Eurasian Economic Union (Issues Relating to the Hi-Tech Industry in the Eurasian Economic Union), in which the main features, problems, and ways of development of high-tech bionanoindustry have been determined and the further research areas formulated. In this study, the methodical form of solving previously identified bionanoindustry issues is creating innovative international bionanotechnology (industrial) clusters, including the arrangement of foresight centers within them to ensure convergence of technologies and foresight research and projects in the field of bio- and nanotechnology. To achieve the goal set in the study, a conceptual organizational model of an innovative international bionanotechnology cluster of the Eurasian Economic Union has been developed, the need for creating a foresight center as part of innovative international bionanotechnology clusters justified, and guidelines for its formation and estimation of efficiency elaborated. The further research area is improving the state cluster policy to develop high-tech complexes and scientific justification of creating engineering infrastructure within the innovative international bionanotechnology clusters, including the arrangement of engineering centers within them to provide various engineering services to small and medium-sized innovation enterprises forming the cluster, the performance of joint research and development, the acceleration of transferring technologies to large-scale production, and training staff qualified in bio-nano-oriented engineering.

The Altai Territory is a breadbasket not only for Siberia, but for the whole country. It is the largest grain producer in the Russian Federation, the region is one of the Russian subjects - leaders in the development of the livestock industry and has serious prospects for the further development of agricultural production. The region’s potential is connected both with the domestic market and has high export opportunities. The main value of Altai products is their environmental friendliness, which allows you to focus on the attractive international markets for organic products. According to the strategy of socio-economic development of the Altai Territory until 2035, the main goal of the agro-industrial complex of the Altai Territory is the formation of a competitive high-end production that ensures the country’s food security, the production of high-quality (environmentally friendly) food products, an increase in their export and the creation of conditions for improving the living standards of the rural population. [1].

Sustainable development of rural territories in the conditions of territorial-production localization: methodological aspect. The issues of sustainable development of territories are given great attention. However, in most of the works, general statements of problems, concepts and principles prevail: an analysis of the sustainable development of territories, a comparative analysis of the development of various socio-economic systems in the regions and other general problems of the country’s social and economic development. The insufficient depth of elaboration of conceptual provisions limits the practical value based on the recommendations existing in theories, aimed mainly at the sphere of macroeconomic regulation. This makes it necessary to further study the issues of sustainable development of rural territories. One of the promising areas is production and territorial localization. The local market is a market of a municipality of a region of the Russian Federation or part thereof, representing an economic system based on the principles of limited resources, characterized by the predominance of locally produced goods, unified logistics and a zone of price influence. Development is a process of qualitative and quantitative changes that enhance and improve the current state of the system, i.e. the process of transition from the old, simple to the new, more complex, higher, quantitative and qualitative state of the system. The concept of "development" is closely related to "management." When these concepts are correlated, the relation of the part to the whole is traced. The assessment of the level of development and location of local markets in rural areas was carried out on the basis of the adjusted XYZ analysis, which allowed us to predict development prospects.

The modern history of organic farming in Russia began in 1989 with the implementation of the state program “Alternative Agriculture”. Organic agriculture in Russia was initially considered as a condition and mechanism for the development of small and medium agricultural forms of production. The increase in the production of agricultural products and food in excess of the normative requirements, ensuring the country’s food security led to the expansion of exports. Russia’s aptitude to uphold fulfillment with global standards and be competitive in world markets where ecologically clean agricultural products are in demand is quite high: huge reserves of land in Russia, the introduction of ecological farming systems must be carried out on huge areas, coordinated with a large number of small owners. Information support for farmers about new, more efficient technical means, biotechnologies in organic agriculture and certification of organic products for environmental friend-liness, safety of manufactured products, the use of intensive biotechnologies, financial support of organic agriculture, processing and sale of organic products remain problematic.

Reduction in the size of the dairy herd livestock in the agricultural organizations led to a shortage of marketable commodity milk on the market of milk and dairy products. Bearing in mind the strategic role of dairy cattle breeding in the provision of dairy products, assessment of utmost importance the development of commodity market milk in agriculture regions of the Siberian Federal District. However, milk and dairy products traditionally are a vital link in the diet. In the cost of consumer’s basket accounted for 16%. In doing so, Russia lags far behind developed countries in the consumption of milk and dairy products. To date, the average inhabitant of our country accounts for approximately 230 kg of these products annually, this is almost twice lower than the standards recommended by nutritionists.

Intermedin or adrenomedullin 2 is a set of calcitonin-related peptides with a putative tumor angiogenesis promoting activity that are formed by proteolytic processing of the ADM2 gene product. It has been proposed that the ADM2 gene is regulated by the estrogen response element (ERE) and hypoxia response elements (HRE) found within its promoter region. In the present study we reveal a functional mechanism by which ADM2 participates in the unfolded protein response (UPR) and in responses to the mitochondrial respiration chain inhibition. We show that the ADM2 gene is controlled by activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), the principal regulator of the integrated stress response (ISR). The upregulation of ADM2 mRNA could be prevented by the pharmacological ISR inhibitor ISRIB and by the downregulation of ATF4 with specific shRNA, while ectopic expression of ATF4 cDNA resulted in a notable increase in ADM2 gene transcription. A potential ATF4-binding site was identified in the coding region of the ADM2 gene and the requirement of this site during the ATF4-mediated ADM2 gene promoter activation was validated by the luciferase reporter assay. Mutagenesis of the putative ATF4-response element prevented the induction of luciferase activity in response to ATF4 overproduction, as well as in response to mitochondrial electron transfer chain inhibition by piericidin A and ER stress induction by tunicamycin and brefeldin A. Since ADM2 was shown to inhibit ATF4 expression during myocardial ER stress, a feedback mechanism could be proposed for the ADM2 regulation under ER stress conditions.

The intensification of competition in industrial commodity markets necessitates the study of their condition with the identification of development trends and prospects. Crop production sectors are traditionally strategic in the Russian Federation, including in terms of expanding export supplies of agricultural raw materials and food. Steady growth in export supplies of grain crops and sunflower oil brought Russia to second place in the world. The development of crop industries involves the technical re-equipment of the industry. The analysis shows the negative dynamics of decline the level of technical equipment of the industry, which is explained by a number of reasons with the predominance of economic factors. In the Altai Territory, despite positive changes in the level of equipment with fixed assets, the problem of modernization and rearmament remains relevant.

This work covers an analysis of the prospective developments and research reviewed by scientists of various countries and displayed in the journal Friction and Wear over the last 35 years.

The mechanical properties of wear-resistant bicomponent In and Al coatings have been studied. It has been shown that two-layer coatings are characterized by plastic deformation, and a bicomponent coating is deformed elastically.

Selective laser sintering is a technology of rapid manufacturing of a free form that is created as a solid object by selectively fusing successive layers of powder using a laser. The motivation of this study is due to the currently insufficient understanding of the processes and phenomena of selective laser melting of powders whose time scales differ by orders of magnitude. To construct random packings from mono- and polydispersed solid spheres, the algorithm of their generation based on the discrete element method is used. A numerical method of ray tracing is proposed that is used to simulate the interaction of laser radiation with a random bulk packing of spherical particles and to predict the optical properties of the granular layer, the extinction and absorption coefficients, depending on the optical properties of a powder material.

The ATF4 transcription factor is a key regulator of the adaptive integrated stress response (ISR) induced by various stresses and pathologies. Identification of novel transcription targets of ATF4 during ISR would contribute to the understanding of adaptive networks and help to identify novel therapeutic targets. We were previously searching for genes that display an inverse regulation mode by the transcription factors ATF4 and p53 in response to mitochondrial respiration chain complex III inhibition. Among the selected candidates the human genes for cytokeratine 16 (KRT16), anti-apoptotic protein Niban (FAM129A) and hexokinase HKDC1 have been found highly responsive to ATF4 overexpression. Here we explored potential roles of the induction of KRT16, FAM129A and HKDC1 genes in ISR. As verified by RT-qPCR, a dysfunction of mitochondrial respiration chain and ER stress resulted in a partially ATF4-dependent stimulation of KRT16, FAM129A and HKDC1 expression in the HCT116 colon carcinoma cell line. ISRIB, a specific inhibitor of ISR, was able to downregulate the ER stress-induced levels of KRT16, FAM129A and HKDC1 transcripts. An inhibition of ATF4 by RNAi attenuated the induction of KRT16, FAM129A and HKDC1 mRNAs in response to ER stress or to a dysfunctional mitochondrial respiration. The similar induction of the three genes was observed in another tumor-derived cervical carcinoma cell line HeLa. However, in HaCaT and HEK293T cells that display transformed phenotypes, but do not originate from patient-derived tumors, the ER stress-inducing treatments resulted in an upregulation of FAM129A and HKDC1, but not KRT16 transcripts, By a luciferase reporter approach we identified a highly active ATF4-responsive element within the upstream region of the KRT16 gene. The results suggest a conditional regulation of KRT16 gene by ATF4 that may be inhibited in normal cells, but engaged during cancer progression. Potential roles of KRT16, FAM129A and HKDC1 genes upregulation in adaptive stress responses and pathologies are discussed.

Processes of pressureless sintering of alumina nanopowders, subjected to traditional uniaxial pressing or magnetic pulse compaction, were investigated with the use of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermal analysis and dilatometry. In this study sintering mechanisms, initiated by magnetic-pulse compacting and absent in the classical compaction, for the first time were found.

Every neurologist or epileptologist faces a problem of changing antiepileptic treatment. The goal of the therapy is producing seizure freedom. Many patients fail a first drug due to lack of efficacy or failure to tolerate an initial medication. While monotherapy is preferable in epilepsy treatment we need an alteration in therapy. The preferred method for converting between the first and the second therapy is transitional polytherapy, a process involving initiation of a new antiepileptic drug (AED) and adjuncting it toward a target dose while maintaining or reducing the dose of the baseline medication. This articale reviews practical consensus recommendations from an expert panel for successful monotherapy to monotherapy AED conversions are then summarized. Transitional polytherapy is most successful when clinicians appropriately manage the titration strategy and consider pharmacokinetic factors germane to the baseline and new adjunctive medication.

Comparative analysis of the structure and properties of samples prepared from alumina nanopowder using conventional or magnetic pulse compression (MPC), and the subsequent spark plasma sintering (SPS) was performed. In sintered corundum first identified the presence of areas with bimodal structure and the regularities of their formation. It was concluded that one of the most promising technologies for creating nanostructured ceramics is the application of the MPC and the SPS. Alumina submicron structure was obtained with a grain size of about 200-300 nm. The relative density of these samples determined by hydrostatic method was 95-96% of the theoretical.

The work proposes and justifies a processing algorithm of computer security incidents based on the author's signatures of cyberattacks. Attention is also paid to the design pattern SOPKA based on the Russian ViPNet technology. Recommendations are made regarding the establishment of the corporate segment SOPKA, which meets the requirements of Presidential Decree of January 15, 2013 number 31c “On the establishment of the state system of detection, prevention and elimination of the consequences of cyber-attacks on information resources of the Russian Federation” and “Concept of the state system of detection, prevention and elimination of the consequences of cyber-attacks on information resources of the Russian Federation” approved by the President of the Russian Federation on December 12, 2014, No K 1274.

A method for calculating the loose packing structure of polydisperse spherical particles with a predetermined size distribution function is proposed. The coordinates of the particle centers in the loose layer are determined as the result of random fall of single spheres on a substrate under the action of gravity, assuming the inelastic collision of the spheres and considering the force of their adhesive interaction, and also assuming that the motion of one sphere on the surface of the other is pure slip. Numerical simulation is used to obtain the pattern of arrangement of polydisperse spherical particles in the loose powder layer, whose porosity depends on the particle size distribution function. The results are compared with experimental data.

The article is devoted to the export of agricultural products and foodstuffs of Russia. The assumption of perspective development of the market of agricultural products and food, including organic products for the Russian agriculture, mechanisms of development of export-oriented agriculture are proposed. The research substantiates the resource potential of the Russian regions of agro-industrial direction, in particular, the Altai Territory, and the prospects for the expansion of the production of ecologically clean, organic agricultural products and foodstuffs, their exports in order to improve the nutrition quality of population not only in Russia, but also in other countries. In this regard, the development of multilateral commercial and economic cooperation among the countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), which includes China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, India and Pakistan, is reasoned. In recent years, within the framework of this organization, the creation of a free trade zone, as well as infrastructure for trade and investment, is expected. It is economically feasible to attract business investments of these countries in the regions of Siberia and the Far East in order to create joint processing agro-industrial enterprises, including enterprises for advanced processing of grain in Altai. At the same time, it is necessary to conduct scientific research in the direction of substantiating strategic vectors and mechanisms for international cooperation in order to improve the quality of nutrition of population within individual countries and international associations.

Phase equilibria in the CsBr-Cs2ZnBr4-Cs2CdBr4-Cs2HgBr4 quaternary system were studied by differential thermal analysis. The CsBr-Cs2ZnBr4-Cs2HgBr4 ternary system has a ternary eutectic, E 1, at ∼83 mol % Cs2HgBr4, 2 mol % Cs2ZnBr4, and 15 mol % CsBr with a melting point of ∼415°C. The CsBr-Cs2ZnBr4-Cs2CdBr4 ternary system has a ternary eutectic, E 2, at ∼53.5 mol % Cs2CdBr4, 1.5 mol % Cs2ZnBr4, and 45 mol % CsBr with a melting point of ∼450°C. The polythermal section Cs3ZnBr5-Cs2CdBr4-Cs2HgBr4 in the CsBr-Cs2ZnBr4-Cs2CdBr4-Cs2HgBr4 quaternary system was constructed and investigated. This section is a quasi-ternary system and is characterized by the formation of regions of solid solutions Cs2Zn x Cd y Hg1−x − y Br4 and solid solutions based on Cs3ZnBr5. The liquidus surface of the quaternary system consists of three fields of primary crystallization of cesium bromide, a solid solution Cs2Zn x Cd y Hg1−x − y Br4, and a solid solution based on Cs3ZnBr5.

Conditions for the excitation of small-scale nonlinear ion-cyclotron gradient-drift dissipative structures in cold ionospheric plasma are considered. The solution for the wave electric field in this structure in the form of a chirped soliton satisfying the equation of the Ginzburg-Landau type is derived in the electrostatic approach. The dissipative structure as a whole represents the chirped soliton accompanied by the comoving quasineutral plasma hump. The possibility of the excitation of two modes of this type (the high- and low-frequency ones) in plasma containing light and heavy ion impurities is considered. The role of electromagnetic corrections and the possible contribution introduced by these structures to the transport processes in the ionosphere are discussed.

The interaction of components in the Cs2HgBr4-Cs2ZnBr4-CsBr ternary system was studied by differential thermal and X-ray powder diffraction analyses. The liquidus surface consists of the crystallization fields of three phases: CsBr, a solid solution of Cs2HgBr4 with Cs2ZnBr4 (α), and solid solution β based on Cs3ZnBr5. The ternary eutectic near Cs2HgBr4 has the coordinates ∼83 mol % Cs2HgBr4, 2 mol % Cs2ZnBr4, and 15 mol % CsBr and the melting point ∼415°C. The triangulating section Cs2HgBr4-Cs3ZnBr5 is characterized by the eutectic interaction with the eutectic that is degenerate near Cs2HgBr4, contains ∼3 mol % Cs3ZnBr5, and melts at 420°C. This section divides the Cs2HgBr4-Cs2ZnBr4-CsBr ternary system into two ternary systems Cs2HgBr4-CsBr-Cs3ZnBr5 and Cs2HgBr4-Cs3ZnBr5-Cs2ZnBr4.

The crack formation in steel is investigated. It is found that peritectic transformation occurs during solidification by phase reactions: the formation of primary ferrite from liquid; and the formation of peritectic austenite from this ferrite and the residual liquid. The sections of anomalous structure in the boundary zones between the large dendrites correspond to the former liquational liquid. The low-melting liquid facilitates the nucleation and growth of microcracks, which penetrate to the external layer. Hot insertion of the S355J2 steel blank during the heating prior to rolling may lead to the appearance of cracks on account of temperature stress and structural stress. Warm or cold insertion is recommended, so as to avoid crack formation or development, with corresponding improvement in product acceptance and reduction in waste.

The paper studies the effect of alumosilicate nanofillers of tubular and lamellar shape on the friction and wear of epoxy composites. It is shown that the influence of concentration and shape of the fillers on the tribological behavior of the composites is due to variations in their viscoelastic properties and shielding of the contact area of the matrix material with the metallic counterbody by the filler particles. The data evidence that at equal concentrations of alumosilicate fillers in the epoxy matrix, the best tribological characteristics are provided in the case of tubular-shaped particles.

A model is proposed, which takes into account acceleration of powder particles by a force induced by recoil of material vapors from the irradiated region of the particle surface. Results of a numerical analysis of heat and mass transfer in the case of motion of individual stainless steel powder particles in a gas flow and in a light field of laser radiation under conditions of laser cladding are presented. Acceleration of particles is found to depend on their diameter, carrier gas velocity, powder material properties, laser radiation power, and degree of attenuation of the power density in the laser beam in the direction of its action on the substrate. The calculated results are compared with experimental data on light-propulsion acceleration of individual particles (of aluminum, aluminum oxide, and graphite) under the action of pulsed laser radiation.

The interaction in the HgBr2-CdBr2-PbBr2 ternary system was studied by differential thermal analysis; the isoconcentration section of the system at 50 mol % CdBr2 was investigated. Based on the results of the study, a projection of the liquidus surface of the HgBr2-CdBr2-PbBr2 ternary system to the composition triangle was constructed; the boundaries of the primary crystallization fields were determined for three phases: HgBr2 (degenerate field), solid solution α based on CdBr2, and solid solution β based on PbBr2; and isotherms were drawn. A ternary eutectic has the composition 93 mol % HgBr2-1 mol % CdBr2-6 mol % PbBr2 and melts at 235°C.

Epilepsy is an example of an interdisciplinary problem. The polymorphism of the symptoms occurring in epilepsy ‐ epileptic seizures, as well as psychopathological and memory/intellectual disorders ‐ require neurologists, neuropsychologists, and in some cases psychiatrists to address cases with care. Affective disorders, including depression and anxiety, are the most widespread comorbid disorders in patients with epilepsy. WHO data indicate that by 2020, depression will occupy second place in the structure of disease after cardiovascular diseases [2, 23]. There have been few studies addressing emotional disorders in patients with epilepsy and their results are to some extent contradictory. This is because emotional disorders in patients with epileptic seizures are not always recognized and diagnosed as depression or anxiety disorders because of their similarity to epileptic seizures and the side effects of antiepileptic agents (AEA).

Component interactions in the CsBr—Cs2ZnBr4—Cs2CdBr4—Cs2HgBr4 system were studied using differential thermal analysis (DTA) and powder X-ra y diffraction. The system is characterized by a continuous solid solution series. New compounds have not been found.

(3/4) This review summarizes data about structural and functional organization of steroidogenic P450-dependent enzymatic systems. Problems of catalysis of steroid substrate transformation, special features of mitochondrial type P450scc topogenesis, and abilities of some microbial electron transport proteins to support P450 activity in vitro and in vivo are considered. Principal steps in the creation and catalytic properties of transgenic strains of Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Yarrowia lipolytica expressing both mammalian steroidogenic P450s and the corresponding electron transport proteins are also described. Achievements and prospects of using such transgenic strains for biotechnological synthesis and pharmacological screening are considered.

Results of investigation of glass formation in the HgBr2-PbBr2-CsBr system are presented. The glass formation region has been outlined. Characteristic temperatures have been determined by differential thermal analysis, and the ratio Tg/Tm and factor HR have been calculated for vitreous samples of the HgBr2-PbBr2-CsBr ternary.

Friction modes of self-assembled monomolecular coatings (SAM) based on dodecyclophosphoric acid ester and its derivatives on a silicon substrate are investigated. The antifriction properties of the films are shown to be due to their ability to decrease the interfacial energy of friction contact. Models are suggested for friction force computation for single and multiple molecularly smooth contacts. They are based on consideration of the thermodynamic cycle of formation and break-off of the friction junction. On the example of composite coatings having different surface energy, a possible means of regulation of the tribological parameters of the silicon-SAM-silicon system is discussed.

Heterologous expression in yeast of mCYP11A1 fusions with different topogenic signals of yeast mitochondrial proteins for artificial channeling to different translocases of the inner membrane was used to gain insight in the mechanism of its topogenesis in mitochondria. To ensure insertion of the CYP11A1 domain into the inner mitochondrial membrane during the process of translocation, topogenic sequences containing transmembrane segments of Bcs1p(1-83), DLD(1-72), and full-sized AAC protein were used when constructing modified forms of CYP11A1, and the Su9(1-112) addressing signal was included to stimulate membrane insertion of CYP11A1 after its translocation to the matrix. Alternatively, to promote slippage of the hybrid molecules into the matrix, the hybrid of mCYP11A1 with the precursor of steroidogenic mitochondria matrix protein adrenodoxin (preAd) was designed. The extra sequences used for intramitochondrial sorting of CYP11A1 apparently ensured predicted topology of hybrid molecules in yeast mitochondria. All of the addressing sequences, containing transmembrane domains, provided effective insertion of the hybrid proteins AAC-mCYP11A1, Bcs1p(1-83)-mCYP11A1, DLD(1-72)-mCYP11A1 and Su9(1-116)-mCYP11A1 into the inner membrane. preAd-mCYP11A1 hybrid molecules were shown to be translocated across the inner membrane and tightly associated with the membrane on its matrix side but not membrane inserted. Measuring specific activities of hybrid proteins in the mitochondrial fractions upon addition of Ad and AdR showed that the hybrids predetermined for cotranslocational insertion of CYP11A1 into the inner membrane were more active in the reaction of cholesterol side-chain cleavage than those destined for insertion on the matrix side of the IM, the Ad-mCYP11A1 hybrid demonstrating only residual enzyme activity. The data obtained reinforce the proposal that complete transfer of the polypeptide chain into the matrix is not a necessary stage in its topogenesis, but rather persistent interaction of the polypeptide chain with the membrane during the process of translocation is of importance for heme binding, folding and membrane insertion.