Search

For splitting target tracking, the target may split into several such that estimating the states of all targets respon-sively and accurately becomes crucial. The standard formulation of the CBMeMBer filter assumes that the target birth intensity is known as a priori. In consideration of the fact that the target splitting event should be random and could happen at an arbitrary position, this assumption becomes unrealistic. In this paper we apply the adaptive birth distribution to solve the problem of tracking splitting targets. The adaptive birth method is turned out to be more suitable to the splitting target problem. The performance is evaluated by the Optimal Sub-pattern Assignment(OSPA) metric and cardinality estimate. Simulations show that the adaptive birth CBMeMBer is responsive to the changes in cardinality with small OSPA distance.

The mitogenome sequence of Sponge Halichondria okadai (Kadota, 1922) (Suberitida, Halichondriidae) was determined for the first time in this study. The circular genome is 20,722 bp in length, containing 14 protein coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and 25 transfer RNAs (tRNAs). The nucleotide composition of mitogenome consists of 29.5% A, 14.2% C, 21.5% G, 34.7% T, showing a high content of A + T similar to the other Suberitid sponges. These results will be useful for inferring the phylogenetic relationships among the members of family Halichondriidae within the Suberitids.

Mitogenome sequence of Cirriformia cf. tentaculata (Terebellida, Cirratulidae), a species of marine polychaete worm, was determined in this study. This is the first mitogenome reported for genus Cirriformia and family Cirratulidae. This complete mitogenome is 15,495 bp in length, containing 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and 23 transfer RNAs (tRNAs). The mitogenome of Cirriformia cf. tentaculata has high A + T content of 59.5% (A, 29.5%; C, 26.9%; G, 13.6%; T, 30.0%). In neighbour-joining (NJ) analysis, Cirriformia cf. tentaculata is clustered with the components of order Terebellida.

Two new marine sponges, Clathria (Clthria) gimnyeoungenesis n. sp. and Clathria (Clthria) reticularis n. sp., were collected in Jejudo Island, Korea by fishing nets in September 1994. C. (C.) gimnyeoungenesis n. sp. is closely related to C. (C.) toxipraedita Topsent, 1913 based on spicule types, but are different in the size of spicules and growth forms. Especially, the thick styles and large toxas length of this species are half of C. (C.) toxipraedita. Growth form of the new species is branched but massive encrusting in C. (C.) toxipraedita. C. (C.) reticularis n. sp. is similar to C. (C.) compressa Schmidt, 1862 based on spicule types, but are different in the size of spicules. Especially, large toxas of this new species is twice as long as C. (C.) compressa and they have large isochelae, which are absent in the latter.

Two new marine sponges, Clathria (Clthria) jungtaedoensis n. sp. and Antho (Antho) hataedoensis n. sp. were collected in Taedo Island, Korea. C. (C.) jungtaedoensis n. sp. is similar to C. (C.) striata. The new species, however, has many small taxa and massive form. A. (A.) hataedoensis n. sp. is similar to A. (A.) inconstans from Gulf of Naples, Italy, but differs from the latter in the size of spicules. The taxa in the new species is about one third as long as A. (A.) inconstans’s.

A study on marine sponges was conducted with the materials collected by SCUBA diving in Hongdo and Gageodo Islands, Korea from September 2004 to July 2005. Clathria (Clathria) hongdoensis n. sp. and Clathria (Clathria) sohuksanensis n. sp. turned out to be new to the science. Clathria (Clathria) hongdoensis n. sp. closely seems to C. (C.) acanthstyli Hoshino (1981), based on their spicules type. However, they differ in the size of spicules and growth form. Clathria (Clathria) sohuksanensis n. sp. is similar to C. (C.) bicalthrata Hooper (1996), except for lacking small toxas.

A taxonomic study on marine sponges was conducted by SCUBA diving at Gageodo Island, Korea from August 1999 to July 2001. Among them, Haliclona (Gellius) coreana n. sp. turned out to be new to science. This new species seems to be close to H. (G.) arcoferus Vosmaer, 1885, based on the type of spicules. However, it is different in size of toxa and growth form. Toxa of the new species is half in length compared to H. (G.) arcoferus. The growth form is jar shaped in this new species, but flat in H. (G.) arcoferus.

Gymnogobius heptacanthus is a small intertidal species belonging to the family Gobiidae. Herein, we report the first sequencing and assembly of the complete mitochondrial genome of G. heptacanthus. The complete mitochondrial genome is 16,529 bp long and has the typical vertebrate mitochondrial gene arrangement, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and a control region. Phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial genomes of 12 species showed that G. heptacanthus is clustered with G. urotaenia and G. petschiliensis and rooted with other Gobiidae species. This mitochondrial genome provides potentially important resources for addressing taxonomic issues and studying molecular evolution.

The mitogenome sequence of a polychaete Hediste diadroma (Phyllodocida, Nereididae) was determined first in the genus Hediste. The circular genome is 15,765bp in size including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 rRNA and 22 tRNA of which the order and structure is same as those of other Nereididae species. All PCGs use ATG as the start codon while for the stop codon, COI, ND5 and ND1 use an incomplete codon of T. The genome consists of 32.4% A, 18.2% C, 14.2% G, 35.2% T, showing a high content of A + T similar to the other Phyllodocid polychaetes.

A taxonomic study on marine sponges was conducted with materials collected from Gageodo Island, Korea, from August 1999 to July 2001 by SCUBA diving. Among them, Phorbas gukhulensis n. sp. is new to science. Phorbas gukhulensis n. sp. is similar to P. fitictius Pulitzer‐Finali from which it differs in spicule size and growth form.

The itch-associated responses evoked by intradermal injection of 12( S )-HPETE and leukotriene B 4 were compared in ICR-mice. 12( S )-HPETE and leukotriene B 4 (0.01–0.2 nmol/site) induced scratching of the injected site, respectively; the dose-responses were a peak at 0.05 nmol/site (12( S )-HPETE) or 0.03 nmol/site (leukotriene B 4 ). The scratching response by 12( S )-HPETE (0.05 nmol/site) started within 1 min, peaked in the first 10 min period, had almost subsided by 25 min whereas the effect of leukotriene B 4 peaked in the second 10 min. The effect of leukotriene B 4 is slightly stronger than that of 12( S )-HPETE in 40 min of count. The scratching induced by 12( S )-HPETE was inhibited by capsaicin, naltrexon, and LY255283. These results suggest the possibility that 12-lipoxygenase product can be added to a new member of an endogenous itch mediator in the skin.