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In the Philippines and other Southeast Asian countries, dragon fruits (Hylocereus species) have the potential to be a major "cash crop". However, among the major problems currently faced by growers are yield- and quality-limiting diseases. In the Philippines, little is known of the dragon fruit diseases and measures that may be used in disease management. In this study, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum has been identified, by a combined morphological and molecular identification approach, as the cause of dragon fruit stem canker. The three dragon fruit species, H. monacanthus, H. undatus, and H. megalanthus, were susceptible to stem canker in both detached stems (3 laboratory trials) and rooted-stem cuttings (2 glasshouse trials) assays. The symptom was more severe in inoculated rooted-stem cuttings than in detached stems. Growth of N. dimidiatum was suppressed in potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium amended with B. subtilis (2 ml/400 mL, 100% fungal growth inhibition, fgi), mancozeb (2 g/400 mL, 100% fgi) and pyraclostrobin (1 mL/400 mL, 100% fgi) (chemical control). Citronella oil (1.25 uL/mL, up to 85.42% fgi) and isoprothiolane (2.25 mL/400 mL, up to 100% fgi) also showed promising results. However, the growth of N. dimidiatum was not inhibited in PDA medium amended with propamocarb (1.60 mL/400 mL). This is the first scientific report of N. dimidiatum as a pathogen of dragon fruit in the Philippines, the susceptibility of H. megalanthus to stem canker, and the growth inhibitory effect of B. subtilis and other chemicals that can be used alternatively or in rotation with synthetic chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by hyperglycemia mainly because of the absolute or relative deficiency of insulin hormone. The dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors represent a class of glucose-lowering agents potentiating the action of the incretin hormones glucagon-likepeptide-1 and glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, which are secreted from the intestinal endocrine cells in response to food ingestion to stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. Natural products have been traditionally used for curing many diseases. In this study, in-vitro biological evaluation of the isolated compounds calotoxin, calotropin, pectolinarigenin, apigenin7-O-(3",6"-di-O-E-p-coumaroyl)-β-glycoside and extracts of Calotropis procera, Ephedra foeminea, Artemisia herba-alba, Hylocereus undatus and Marrubium vulgare showed potential inhibitory activity, where the butanol extract of Calotropis procera was found to have 85.3% inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV at 0.2 mg/100 µL concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent reports of plant diseases that result in yield reduction and increasing demand for dragon fruits raise concerns of fruit supply shortage. Emerging plant diseases may play an important role in increasing yield losses and reducing the availability of stem cuttings (source of planting materials). Understanding the aetiology of current and new diseases of dragon fruit is important to address production issues and to formulate effective disease control measures. This study reports Epicoccum sorghinum as a potential emerging pathogen of dragon fruit. Epicoccum sorghinum MBDF0024a was isolated from dragon fruit stems (Hylocereus monacanthus) showing brown spot symptoms. DNA sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS‐rDNA), beta tubulin and actin gene regions of fungal isolate MBDF0024a had high similarities to E. sorghinum stains. Epicoccum sorghinum MBDF0024a was pathogenic to three cultivated dragon fruit species (Hylocereus undatus, H. monacanthus and H. megalanthus) in repeated laboratory and glasshouse trials. Large brown lesions developed on 3‐week‐old inoculated rooted stem cuttings 3 days postinoculation (dpi). Yellowing of the lesion (advance part) started at five dpi, and at seven dpi, yellowing was observed in the stem. As there are no reported control measures for diseases caused by E. sorghinum, this study screened chemicals with antifungal properties. A biopesticide containing B. subtilis (2 ml/400 ml), and chemicals isoprothiolane (2.25 ml/400 ml), mancozeb (2 g/400 ml) and pyraclostrobin (1 ml/400 ml) (chemical control) completely inhibited the in vitro growth of E. sorghinum MBDF0024a. The results establish E. sorghinum as a new and emerging pathogen of dragon fruit that could be a major yield‐limiting disease if left uncontrolled. The biopesticide can be considered a fairly safe option for disease management, but glasshouse and field studies are needed for validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dragon fruits are considered as exotic fruits and have recently gained popularity due to their health benefits in having high nutritional values and good antioxidant properties. The peels, being inedible, are discarded as wastes. In this study, white dragon fruit peel (WDFP) was utilized as a potential low-cost natural adsorbent for the removal of toxic Congo red (CR) dye. This is the first report on the use of WDFP as an adsorbent. Previous reports on white dragon fruit were based on utilizing its foliage. The WDFP-CR system achieved equilibrium within 3 h. WDFP, whose point of zero charges was determined to be at pH 5.02, exhibits good overall resilience to changes in both pH medium and ionic strength. Adsorption isotherm indicated the Temkin model to be the best fit followed by the Sips model with high maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of 76.6 mg g–1 as compared to many other reported natural adsorbents. Adsorption process using 100 mg L–1 CR dye confirmed the pseudo-second- order kinetics with rate constant k² of 1.87 g mmol–1 min–1. The Weber and Morris model indicated that intraparticle diffusion of CR into WDFP could be the rate-determining step. WDFP can be regenerated and was found to be reusable up to 4 consecutive cycles when using acid as the desorbing solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Characterization works of pitayas show that the potassium (K) is the nutrient most exported, thus, influences in the productivity and quality of this fruit. However, these researches do not report the nutrients export by pitaya's associating the fertilization carried out in the orchard, information that is relevant to make the nutrients reposition adequate at the time of fertilization. The research was carried out to evaluate the supply of K2O in the export of nutrients and productivity of the Hylocereus undatus and Hylocereus polyrhizus pitaya species. The analysis was carried out in the mature fruits harvested in two harvests. Potassium fertilization was performed at doses of 0; 50; 100 and 200 g of K2O per plant. Nutrient export per ton of fruit was calculated from the determination of the nutrient levels and the dry matter of the pitaya pulp. The export of nutrients by the pitaya of the species H. undatus and H. polyrhizus occurs in the following order: K>N>P>Ca>Mg> and Mn>Fe>Cu>Zn>B. These species of pitaya have similar nutritional requirements, enabling them to be receive same fertilization management. The amount of nutrients exported was higher in plants fertilized with potassium due to the higher productivity achieved. Orchards of pitaya that reach high productivity require a greater quantity of nutrients, due to the increase export by the fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pitahaya (Hylocereus spp.) is a cactus native to America. Despite the great diversity of species located in Mexico, there are few studies on the nutritional and nutraceutical value of its exotic fruits, ancestrally consumed in the Mayan culture. An evaluation was made regarding the physical-chemical characteristics, the nutritional components and the antioxidants of the fruits of H. ocamponis (mesocarp or red pulp) and H. undatus (white pulp), species of great commercial importance. The pulp of the fruits presented nutritional and nutraceutical differences between both species. The red pulp of H. ocamponis presented the highest content of betalains (15.94 mg 100 g-1), ascorbic acid (10.13 AAE mg 100 g-1) and antioxidant activity (2009.58 μM TE 100 g-1) compared to that of H. undatus. The seeds of both species had a higher content of linoleic acid (ω-6) compared to other fatty acids. The underused skin (epicarp) of the white pulp pitahaya presented a higher content of betalains (19.83 mg 100 g-1) than that found in the pulp and the red skin of the other species (13.21 mg 100 g-1). The red pitahaya that is for regional consumption presented a better functional quality. The skin of both species could be a source of pigments in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of Schlumbergera virus X (SchVX) in commercial dragon fruit fields in three provinces of Ecuador has been identified in this study. The virus was found in symptomatic and asymptomatic cladodes of the two major species ( Hylocereus undatus and H . megalanthus ) cultivated in the country. Symptoms in H. undatus included irregular and ring-shaped chlorotic spots that coalesce into large chlorotic patches along the cladodes, whereas small chlorotic spot symptoms on the cladodes were observed in H. megalanthus . Phylogenetic inferences based on 27 partial nucleotide sequences of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and three whole genome comparisons showed that Ecuadorean isolates from H. undatus and H. megalanthus share a most recent ancestor with isolates from Spain and Portugal. In addition, an SchVX isolate with a distinct genomic lineage was found in symptomatic H. polyrhizus plants from a single location, suggesting two independent virus introductions into the country., Competing Interests: The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.

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[Objective] The persent paper was conducted to establish and optimize the regeneration system of Hylocereus undatus. [Method] The effects of different surface sterilizing methods, sampling date, sampled parts, concentration and ratio of growth regulators, and culture conditions on contamination rate, browning rate, callus induction, proliferation and differentiation of stem segments collected from adult Hylocereus undatus plants were studied. [Result] The optimal surface sterilizing method of young and adult stem segments was 75 % alcohol + 0.1 % HgCl2 for 6-8 min and 75 % alcohol + 0. 1 % HgCl2 for 12-15 min respectively. The callus induction rate of new germinated stem segments with 10-20 cm length in Spring was better. The optimal medium for callus induction of stem segments was MS +0.4 mg/ L TDZ +0.8 mg/L KT. The inducted callus after 7 days dark culture and continuous light culture was a yellow green compact tissue with exsert granulates. The optimal medium for callus proliferation was MS +0.4 mg/L TDZ + 0. 8 mg/L KT (or ZT) and the proliferation coefficient was above 8 times. Adding 20 % - 30 % coconut water in the differentiation media had a certain promotion effect on adventitious buds formation of calli but the differentiation rate still was lower. [Conclusion] The established regeneration system of stem segments from adult Hylocereus undatus plants with only 13 % differentiation rate of adventitious buds should be further improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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RESUMO Com o presente trabalho objetivou-se avaliar, através dos métodos linha de fronteira e chance matemática, o estado nutricional de pitaias submetidas a combinações de doses crescentes de nitrogênio-potássio (N-K) e fósforo-zinco (P-Zn). Foram aplicadas cinco doses de N (0; 150; 300; 450 e 600 mg dm-3) e K (0; 75; 150; 225 e 300 mg dm-3) no experimento I, e cinco doses de P (0; 75; 150; 255 e 300 mg dm-3) e Zn (0; 2; 4; 6 e 8 mg dm-3) no experimento II. Ambos os experimentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 5 x 5, com quatro blocos ao acaso. Houve bastante similaridade entre as faixas de suficiência obtidas pela chance matemática e linha de fronteira, exceto para o fósforo. As faixas de suficiência obtidas pela linha de fronteira foram mais amplas que as obtidas pela chance matemática. O método linha de fronteira apresenta elevada capacidade preditiva no ajuste dos dados, demonstrando ser uma importante ferramenta na obtenção de faixas de suficiência e valores de referência para estudos posteriores de diagnose nutricional em pitaia.

The knowledge about the amount of nutrient uptake in pitaya plants helps the balanced fertilizer recommendation for the crop, providing adequate nutrition and contributing to the maximum expression of this species potential. This research was carried out in order to evaluate the growth, nutrient accumulation and efficiency of absorption, transportation and use of P by pitaya according to phosphorus fertilization. A randomized blocks design was used, with five doses of P (0 mg dm-3, 20 mg dm-3, 40 mg dm-3, 80 mg dm-3 and 160 mg dm-3) incorporated into the soil, with four replications, three pots per plot and one cutting per pot. Differences in the nutrient accumulation of all doses were evident in the pitaya shoots and roots, as well as in the efficiency of absorption, transport and use of P, according to phosphorus fertilization. The nutrient accumulation in the pitaya roots was ranked in the following order: N > K > Ca > S > P > Mg > Fe > Mn > Zn > B ≥ Cu. For the shoots, the order was: K > N > Ca > S > Mg > P > Mn > Fe > Zn > B ≥ Cu. The initial growth of pitaya plants was maximum with 81 mg dm-3 of P, in a Red-Yellow Dystrophic Latosol. The application of 44-67 mg dm3 of P to the soil promoted the highest accumulation of macro and micronutrients in the pitaya.

Pitaya is a fruit that is becoming promising for cultivation around the world due to the quality of its fruits in terms of taste and their peculiar external shape. Because it is a recenttly cultivated crop, information about fertilization is essential to enable its production. In this sense, this study was performed aiming to evaluate different doses of K2O for pitaya cultivation. Hylocereus undatus and Hylocereus polyrhizus were studied under field conditions. Pitayas were cultivated at a 3 × 3m spacing, and four doses of K2O were tested: 0, 50, 100, and 200 g plant-1, with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement distributed in a randomized block design. The production per plant (kg and number of fruits) was evaluated in the production cycles of 2013/2014, 2014/2015, and 2015/2016. The fruit quality was also evaluated: longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, mass, soluble solids content, titratable acidity and soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio. Potassium fertilization increased production and provided a better quality of pitaya fruits.K2O fertilization should be from 106.0 to 133.3 g K2O in the first year and 200 g K2O in the second and third years after planting.

Germination test is used to assess the physiological quality of seeds; however, since it is carried out under ideal conditions, this test has not been shown sufficient for this purpose. Instead, it is possible to use vigor tests, although the lack of standardized methodologies has reduced their applicability and reproducibility. Thus, this study aimed to develop methodologies for conducting tests of germination, accelerated aging, and electrical conductivity for the evaluation of the physiological quality of pitaya seeds. For this purpose, seeds from ripe Hylocereus undatus fruits were used. A completely randomized experimental design was used with four replications. The physiological quality of the seeds was assessed using germination, accelerated aging, and electrical conductivity tests, and the speed of germination index (SGI) and mean germination time (MGT) were determined for both the germination test and accelerated aging test. For the statistical analysis, we performed regression model adjustments and calculated the Pearson correlation coefficient (p < 0.05). The germination test for H. undatus seeds can be performed at 25 °C, with the aim of reaching the highest SGI and lowest MGT values. The accelerated aging test can be conducted at 43 °C for 48 h, because combining these factors favors the expression of seed vigor, allowing seeds to achieve the maximum SGI and minimum MGT, while reducing the time of the assay. The electrical conductivity test can be performed using 25 seeds at a temperature of 30 °C and a water volume of 10 mL, since under these conditions there is less interference from external factors on the leachate content of the solution.

Por ser uma cultura de cultivo recente no país, a pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) ainda carece de estudos, de forma a dar suporte aos produtores. Nesse sentido, o trabalho foi desenvolvido visando a caracterizar a fenologia reprodutiva da cultura na região de Jaboticabal - SP. Avaliou-se clone de pitaya conduzido sob duas colorações de tela plástica, branca e preta, ambas com 50% de sombreamento, durante março de 2009 a dezembro de 2010. Observou-se que a emissão de gemas florais tem início no mês de novembro, com emissão constante até o mês de março, enquanto que o florescimento ocorre até meados de abril, sendo que as altas temperaturas associadas ao início da estação chuvosa são fatores fundamentais para a emissão das gemas reprodutivas. A coloração da tela plástica influenciou no total de flores. O tempo compreendido desde a emissão das gemas até a antese é de 18 a 23 dias, enquanto, da antese à colheita é de 34 a 43 dias. O tempo total entre o aparecimento do botão floral até a colheita pode levar de 52 a 66 dias

The red pitaya is a fruit cactus native from the rainforests of Mexico, Central America and South America that has shown great potential in domestic and foreign markets, due to its hardiness and exotic appearance. The work was carried out to evaluate the influence of organic fertilizers and the application of Lithothamnium (calcified seaweed) on production and fruit quality of red pitaia [Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose]. The experimental design was a randomized block with eight treatments: control (no fertilization), cattle manure (CaM), chicken manure (ChM), calcified seaweed (CS), cattle manure + chicken manure, cattle manure + calcified seaweed, chicken manure + calcified seaweed and cattle manure + chicken manure + calcified seaweed. The fertilizers were applied every three months since September 2008, with three blocks, and the experimental unit consisted of four plants. The analyzes done were: yield , number of fruits per plant, fruit mass, pulp yield, transverse diameter, longitudinal diameter, peel thickness, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), pH and SS/TA ratio. The highest productivities were obtained in treatments containing CaM + ChM + CS (7.16 t ha-1) and CaM + ChM (6.90 t ha-1) in 2011, and the first treatment also showed higher productivity in 2012 (9.40 t ha-1). Greater number of fruits per plant was obtained when fertilization was carried out with CaM + ChM + CS in the two years evaluated. There were no significant differences among the chemical characteristics of red pitaia fruits with different fertilizations.

Hylocereus sp. or commonly referred to as dragon fruit (pitaya) has its origin from Central and Northern South America, and it is widely present in regions of Florida coast to Brazil. Pitaya is a night flowering ornamental plant and also as a fruit crop. It is widely grown in Vietnam and Asian countries in southeastern countries. It is found in subtropical and tropical American rain forests. It is a rich source of nutrition such as Vitamin C, calcium, and phosphorous. It has higher medicinal values like reducing hypertension, diabetes. It has greater anti-oxidant activity. Also it has beneficial effects in carbohydrate metabolism, strengthening of teeth and bones, helps in formation of heart tissues. It balances blood production and its compositional value of total ascorbic acid, total dietary fibre, pectin and iron content to increase haemoglobin and erythrocyte level. It also reduces aortic stiffness. They also can improve the function of kidneys and sharpness of eyes and strengthen the brain function; it also prevents colon and prostate cancer. This draws an attention of medical studies toward its role in controlling various diseases and vital health-promoting factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The present study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of bioactive compounds from chloroform extract of the leaves of Hylocereus undatus in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in vitro. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of chloroform extract from Hylocereus undatus afforded two novel 12-ursen-type triterpenes, 3 β , 16 α , 23-trihydroxy-urs-12- en-28-oic acid (1) and 3 β , 6 β , 19 α , 22 α -tetrahydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (2), as well as four known triterpenes 2 α , 3 β , 23-tetrahydroxy-urs-11-en-28-oic acid (3), 3 β -acetoxy-28-hydroxyolean-12-ene (4), 3 β , 16 α -dihidroxyolean-12-ene (5) and 3 β -acetoxy-olean-12-ene (6). Our results revealed that triterpenes 1 – 3 were able to inhibit the formation of AGEs in all tested assays. The data indicated that the triterpenes had inhibitory activity at the múltiple stages of glycation and that there might be a high potential for decreasing protein oxidation and protein glycation that can enhance glycative stress in diabetic complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

α-Amylase is a significant enzyme with numerous commercial applications, which is largely used to convert starches into oligosaccharides. So, purification of α-Amylase from by products or cheap sources is of great importance due to its ease of production and industrially widespread applications. In the present study, α-amylase was purified from white pitaya peel in a system composed of two phase based on salt and polyethylene glycol. Furthermore, the impact of four independent variables, including (X 1 ) polyethylene glycol molecular weight (4000–8000 g/mol), (X 2 ) polyethylene glycol concentration (10–18% (w/w)), (X 3 ) sodium citrate concentration (12–20% (w/w)), and (X 4 ) NaCl (2–8% (w/w)), on partition coefficient (Y 1 ), purification factor (Y 2 ) and yield (Y 3 ) of the purified enzyme was investigated using central composite design of response surface methodology. Results showed that optimum conditions for amylase purification were that, 14% (w/w) polyethylene glycol 6000 (g/mol), 16% (w/w) sodium citrate and 5% (w/v) NaCl; the partition coefficient, purification factor and amylase yield under the optimal conditions were 6.62%, 4.43% and 89.12%, respectively. Moreover, the experimental and predicted results were in considerable agreement, which established the reliability and validity of the proposed model. This study indicated that the citrate-based aqueous two-phase system provides a promising tool for effective purification of amylase at a low cost with a large loading capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pitaya is a fruit that is becoming promising for cultivation around the world due to the quality of its fruits in terms of taste and their peculiar external shape. Because it is a recenttly cultivated crop, information about fertilization is essential to enable its production. In this sense, this study was performed aiming to evaluate different doses of K2O for pitaya cultivation. Hylocereus undatus and Hylocereus polyrhizus were studied under field conditions. Pitayas were cultivated at a 3 x 3m spacing, and four doses of K2O were tested: 0, 50, 100, and 200 g plant-1, with a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement distributed in a randomized block design. The production per plant (kg and number of fruits) was evaluated in the production cycles of 2013/2014, 2014/2015, and 2015/2016. The fruit quality was also evaluated: longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter, mass, soluble solids content, titratable acidity and soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio. Potassium fertilization increased production and provided a better quality of pitaya fruits.K2O fertilization should be from 106.0 to 133.3 g K2O in the first year and 200 g K2O in the second and third years after planting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A pitaia ainda é uma cultura carente de estudos e informações que subsidiem a definição/adaptação de sistemas de produção mais adequados às condições edafoclimáticas brasileiras, embora nos últimos anos tenha havido aumento de sua expansão agrícola, tanto no Brasil quanto em outros países. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da adubação mineral sobre o crescimento de mudas de pitaia e, dessa maneira, obter informações direcionadas para a definição de manejos de fertilização adequados à exploração agrícola da cultura. Para isto, foram testadas cinco doses de nitrogênio (N) (0; 150; 300; 450 e 600 mg dm-3) e potássio (K) (0; 75; 150; 225 e 300 mg dm-3), sendo os níveis de cada nutriente arranjados em esquema fatorial 5x5, com quatro blocos. Para a interação significativa a (p

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar características físico-químicas dos frutos de 21 acessos de duas espécies de pitaya, Hylocereus undatus e Selenicereus setaceus. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro repetições, sendo cada repetição a média de três frutos. Foram analisados comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos, sólidos solúveis, massa total da casca e da polpa dos frutos. As análises de variância foram realizadas por meio do programa Genes e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste Scott e Knott, a 5% de significância. Foram determinados os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson entre as diferentes características analisadas. Os acessos 02 e 05 da espécie H. undatus destacam-se por apresentarem maiores comprimento, diâmetro e massa dos frutos, comparando com os dos demais acessos. A espécie S. setaceus apresenta maior teor de sólidos solúveis da polpa dos frutos, diferenciando-se significativamente da espécie H. undatus. Altos valores foram encontrados para herdabilidade e CVg, para as características físicas dos frutos de pitaya, estimativas importantes para se determinarem estratégias de seleção e para se estimar o ganho genético. Os resultados das correlações indicam que quanto maior o tamanho e a massa, menor é o teor de sólidos solúveis na polpa dos frutos de pitaya.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a interferência da relação fósforo-zinco sobre o crescimento inicial de pitaia para fornecer informações que subsidiem a definição de sistemas de produção mais adequados para a exploração desta cultura no Brasil, realizou-se o experimento, testando cinco doses de P (0; 75; 150; 225 e 300 mg dm-3) e Zn (0; 2; 4; 6 e 8 mg dm-3), sendo os níveis de cada nutriente arranjados em esquema fatorial 5x5, com quatro blocos. Para a interação significativa (p

Recentemente, algumas espécies de cactáceas têm-se destacado quanto ao potencial como frutíferas, sendo suas frutas utilizadas como alimento para o homem. dentre essas, a pitaia tem despertado grande interesse. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a floração e a frutificação em diferentes tipos de cladódios (tamanho e presença ou ausência de frutificação em safras anteriores) de pitaia-vermelha em Lavras-MG. As observações foram realizadas em plantas de pitaia-vermelha [Hylocereus undatus (haw.) Britton & Rose], com quatro anos de idade, tutoradas em mourões de eucalipto com 1,80 m de altura, no espaçamento de 3 x 3 m. Do surgimento do botäo floral até a abertura da flor, decorreram cerca de 21 dias, e da antese até a colheita do fruto, cerca de 35 dias. Cladódios que já haviam produzido frutos em anos anteriores e com tamanho entre 40 e 60 cm de comprimento apresentaram maior porcentagem de cladódios com frutos e maior número de frutos por cladódio.

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【Objective】stem disinfection, bud induction and proliferation were explored during tissue culture to provide technical support for mass seedling production.【Method】 Taken stem of Hylocereus undatus cultivar Guihonglong No. 1 as the explants, the effects of different factors on stem disinfection, bud inducement and proliferation were studied.【Result】 Stem size was the main factor affecting the pollution rate of stem disinfection, followed by the effect of sterilization time and stem mature degrees. The sterilization time had the greatest influence on the bud induction, followed by the 6-BA concentration. Both the stem mature degrees and stem size had little effect on bud induction. 6-BA 4.0 mg/L had the best induction effect. The higher concentration of 6-BA showed the higher multiplication ratio of buds, but when 6-BA concentration reached 4.0 mg/L, the buds appeared vitrification. The effect of IAA was better than that of NAA, and the effect of bud proliferation was better when IAA was 0.1 mg/L. PP333 was better than AC in inhibiting vitrification and promoted subculture multiplication of Hylocereus undatus. 【Conclusion】 The optimal treatment for stem disinfection and bud induction was suggested as: sliced the health stems of about 1 months into pieces with single bud, and disinfected them with 0.1 % HgCl2 solution, and inoculated the explants in medium of MS + 6-BA 4.0 mg/L. The optimal medium for bud proliferation was MS +6-BA 3.0 mg/L + IAA 0.1 mg/L + PP333 1.0 mg/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a simple hydrothermal route for the synthesis of fluorescent nitrogen doped carbon dots (N-CDs) is reported. The Hylocereus undatus ( H . undatus ) extract and aqueous ammonia are used as carbon and nitrogen source, respectively. The optical properties of synthesized N-CDs are analyzed using UV–Visible (UV–Vis) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The surface morphology, elemental composition, crystallinity and functional groups present in the N-CDs are examined using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, respectively. The synthesized N-CDs emit strong blue fluorescence at 400 nm under the excitation of 320 nm. Further, the excitation dependent emission properties are also observed from the fluorescence of synthesized N-CDs. The HR-TEM results reveal that synthesized N-CDs are in spherical shape with average diameter of 2.5 nm. The XRD pattern exhibits, the graphitic nature of synthesized N-CDs. The doping of nitrogen is confirmed from the EDS and FT-IR studies. The cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of N-CDs are evaluated through MTT assay on L-929 (Lymphoblastoid-929) and MCF-7 (Michigan Cancer Foundation-7) cells. The results indicate that the fluorescent N-CDs show less cytotoxicity and good biocompatibility on both L-929 and MCF-7 cells. Moreover, the N-CDs show excellent catalytic activity towards the reduction of methylene blue by sodium borohydride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]