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We present a study of annual forestry harvesting planning considering the risk of compaction generated by the transit of heavy forestry machinery. Soil compaction is a problem that occurs when the soil loses its natural resistance to resist the movement of machinery, causing the soil to be compacted in excess. This compaction generates unwanted effects on both the ecosystem and its economic sustainability. Therefore, when the risk of compaction is considerable, harvest operations must be stopped, complicating the annual plan and incurring in excessive costs to alleviate the situation. To incorporate the risk of compaction into the planning process, it is necessary to incorporate the analysis of the soil's hydrological balance, which combines the effect of rainfall and potential evapotranspiration. This requires analyzing the uncertainty of rainfall regimes, for which we propose a stochastic model under different scenarios. This stochastic model yields better results than the current deterministic methods used by lumber companies. Initially, the model is solved analyzing monthly scenarios. Then, we change to a biweekly model that provides a better representation of the dynamics of the system. While this improves the performance of the model, this new formulation increases the number of scenarios of the stochastic model. To address this complexity, we apply the Progressive Hedging method, which decomposes the problem in scenarios, yielding high-quality solutions in reasonable time.

The hydration potential of a landscape is an increasingly important attribute in a time of advancing climate change, making its assessment also a matter of some urgency. This study used the landscape ecological approach involving the hydrological balance, in which the soil water retention capacity (SWRC) and landscape water retention capacity (LWRC) are evaluated. To support our assessment of the water retention capacity in the landscape (LWRC), we used a synthetic interconnection of analytical vector layers of selected physical parameters of soil subtypes and secondary landscape structure (SLS) to create homogeneous polygons in the GIS Arc/Map10 computing environment. Selected abiotic and biotic attributes were assigned coefficients using a simple algorithm according to the authors, which were projected into landscape ecological complexes (LEC) in the GIS computer program in the Arc/Map10 program. We used hydrological balance calculations to specify the volumes of water retained in the landscape. The aim is to spatially estimate the retention capacity of the landscape, taking into account the current land use, including historical anti-erosion measures to reduce unwanted water runoff and soil erosion. Using zonal statistics, we achieved the following results. The part of the model area with very low or low LWCR represents 39.91% of the agricultural land used. We recorded a high LWCR on 17.69% of the area, with a predominance of meadows and cultizol cambis and cultizol fluvials. The calculation of the hydrological balance, which represents only 22.9% of atmospheric precipitation, also made a significant contribution to our knowledge of the LWRC.

Determining an optimal calibration strategy for hydrological models is essential for a robust and accurate water balance assessment, in particular, for catchments with limited observed data. In the present study, the hydrological model Bilan was used to simulate hydrological balance for 20 catchments throughout the Czech Republic during the period 1981&ndash, 2016. Calibration strategies utilizing observed runoff and estimated soil moisture time series were compared with those using only long-term statistics (signatures) of runoff and soil moisture as well as a combination of signatures and time series. Calibration strategies were evaluated considering the goodness-of-fit, the bias in flow duration curve and runoff signatures and uncertainty of the Bilan model. Results indicate that the expert calibration and calibration with observed runoff time series are, in general, preferred. On the other hand, we show that, in many cases, the extension of the calibration criteria to also include runoff or soil moisture signatures is beneficial, particularly for decreasing the uncertainty in parameters of the hydrological model. Moreover, in many cases, fitting the model with hydrological signatures only provides a comparable fit to that of the calibration strategies employing runoff time series.

En el sector agrícola, disponer de un pronóstico estacional del almacenaje del agua del suelo (AAS) a una escala espacial más pequeña es de gran interés ya que ello podría reducir la incertidumbre y facilitar la toma de decisiones. El objetivo de este trabajo fue proponer una metodología de pronóstico estadístico para los diferentes escenarios de disponibilidad de agua del suelo en la región pampeana. Para este propósito, se calcularon los valores mensuales de almacenaje de agua del suelo AAS para la estación meteorológica INTA Pergamino (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Dicha información se estimó utilizando e Balance Hidrológico Operacional para Agro (BOHA) para los meses de octubre, noviembre y diciembre durante 1979-2016. Se analizaron las relaciones entre AAS y los forzantes climáticos en escalas mensual, bimestral y trimestral. Los modelos de pronóstico estadístico se desarrollaron para cada mes utilizando la regresión de Lasso, una técnica de regresión moderna que utiliza la validación cruzada para seleccionar los mejores predictores El análisis de la eficiencia de diferentes modelos tiene en cuenta los valores ajustados de coeficiente de correlación cuadrado (R2 adj) y coeficiente de validación cruzada (CV). Estos modelos representan adecuadamente los valores de AAS, particularmente los más extremos. Establishing a seasonal forecast for soil water storage (AAS) on a smaller spatial scale is of great interest for the agricultural sector since this could reduce uncertainty and facilitate decision making. On the other hand, we should consider that variations in soil moisture are due partly to small scale influences and to soil-specific features such as the capacity of the field. The purpose of this work is to propose a statistical forecasting methodology for different soil water availability scenarios in the Pampean region. For this purpose, monthly soil water storage values were calculated (AAS) for the INTA meteorological station, Pergamino (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Data was gathered using the Operating Hydrological Balance for Agro for October, November and December during 1979-2016. Relations between AAS and climate forcing on a monthly, bimonthly and quarterly scales were analyzed. Statistical forecasting models were developed for each month using the loop regression, a modern regression technique that uses cross-validation k fold. The efficiency analysis of different models takes into account the adjusted values of square correlation coefficient (r2) and cross-validation coefficient (CV). These models appropriately represent the SWS values, particularly the most extreme ones. Fil: Castañeda, Maria Elizabeth. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: González, Marcela Hebe. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera; Argentina Fil: Fernández Long, María Elena. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Rolla, Alfredo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera; Argentina Fil: Spescha, Liliana Beatriz. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

SWAT is perhaps the most widely-used basin-scale hydrological model discussed in modern literature. SWAT is typically used to model large basins (100+ km2) and has even successfully modeled basins at continental scales. Regardless of the typical scale that SWAT is used, SWAT has been shown to adequately model various hydrological processes at smaller scales, but this application is much less common in the literature. The aim of this study is to utilize SWAT+ in a small (2) agricultural basin (Nucice) approximately 30 kilometers southeast of Prague, Czechia to determine the effects of various spatial distribution patterns of agricultural conservation practices (no/reduced tillage, crop residues, cover crops, etc.) and their respective impacts on projected runoff, soil water retention, and evapotranspiration.We were able to successfully calibrate our SWAT+ model for the Nucice experimental catchment from 2014 through part of 2018 using discharge data and estimating ET via remote sensing. After successful calibration, we implemented 4 scenarios to analyze the effects of implementing agricultural conservation practices: 25% continuous in upper 50% of basin, 25% fragmented in upper 50% of basin, 25% continuous in lower 50% of basin, and 25% fragmented in lower 50% of basin.The adaptation pattern of agricultural conservation practices has significant and disproportionate effects on various hydrological balance parameters. Since it is rare that a single farmer manages an entire basin, this study shows that widespread adaptation of agricultural practices is necessary to maximize water conservation within a landscape. We intend to upscale this study (100+ km2 basins) and to compare basins across multiple climates to determine if these effects are universal.This research has been supported by project H2020 No. 773903 Shui, focused on water scarcity in European and Chinese cropping systems.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 joca_tac_dr_bot_par.pdf: 1117042 bytes, checksum: ce1da5a854678a9887f0ffd7815515b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-21 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Orquídeas epífitas estão expostas a diferentes microclimas, que são caracterizados pela alta irradiância imposta ao dossel e baixa irradiância em plantas situadas no sub-bosque. Além disso, este grupo de plantas frequentemente lida com a restrição hídrica. Na produção comercial, o estabelecimento de orquídeas é em quase sua totalidade limitada pela distribuição e intensidade destes mesmos fatores disponibilizados em casas de vegetação. Gomesa flexuosa Sims e Oncidium sphacelatum Lindley pertencem à subtribo Oncidiinae, e quando hibridizadas dão origem a O. ‘Aloha’ (uma orquídea CAM facultativa e importante híbrida comercial). O objetivo deste estudo foi elucidar a performance fotossintética e as estratégias de balanço hídrico de G. flexuosa e O. sphacelatum sob condições de estresse hídrico e luminoso, focando tanto nas diferenças interespecíficas como nas funções dos diferentes órgãos em um mesmo indivíduo. Para isso, analisamos trocas gasosas, fluorescência da clorofila a, quantificação de lipoperóxidos, discriminação isotópica, acidez titulável, conteúdo relativo de água e potencial hídrico em tecidos foliares, de pseudobulbos e raízes, em diferentes tratamentos envolvendo restrição hídrica e variação luminosa. Depois de restrição hídrica por 60 dias, G. flexuosa apresentou conversão de metabolismo C3 para CAM, o que deu subsídios para uma melhor performance das trocas gasosas, fluorescência da clorofila a, mecanismo de fotoproteção e relações hídricas. Quando submetida a dois eventos de restrição hídrica, mostrou capacidade de armazenar informações de experiência prévias, apresentando memória fisiológica. Ao avaliar como a restrição hídrica somada ao estresse luminoso influencia nas respostas fisiológicas de ambas as espécies por 180 dias, mais uma vez G. flexuosa apresentou melhor performance e possibilidade de rustificação pela luz, enquanto O. sphacelatum não se rustificou e não apresentou memória fisiológica. Estes dados podem contribuir para programas de conservação de espécies nativas, além de nortear estratégias de cultivo para fins comerciais. Epiphyte orchids are exposed to different microclimates, which are characterized by high irradiance imposed on the canopy and low irradiance in plants located on the understory. In addition, this group of plants frequently deals with water restriction. In commercial production, the distribution and intensity of these same factors inside the greenhouses also limit the orchids establishment. Gomesa flexuosa Sims and Oncidium sphacelatum Lindley are Oncidiinae species and when hybridized, it gave origin to O. ‘Aloha’ (a facultative CAM orchid and na important commercial hybrid). The aim of this study was to elucidate the photosynthetic performance and the water balance strategies of G. flexuosa and O. sphacelatum under water and light stress conditions, focusing on an interspecific diferences as well as on different organs functions in the same individual. For that, we analyzed the gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, lipoperoxides quantification, isotopic discrimination, titratable acidity, water relative content and water potential of leaf, pseudobulb and root tissues in different treatments involving water restriction and light variation. After 60 days of water restriction, G. flexuosa converted the photosynthetic metabolism from C3 to CAM, which provided a better performance on gas exchanges, chlorophyll a fluorescence, photoprotection mechanism and water relations. When G. flexuosa was submitted to two events of water restriction, it showed a capacity to store information from previous stress experiences, demonstrating physiological memory. When evaluating how water restriction added to light stress influences the physiological responses of both species for 180 days, G. flexuosa again showed better performance and light rusting possibility, while O. sphacelatum did not rust and did not show physiological memory. Our results can contribute to conservation programs of native orchids species as well to guide cultivation strategies for commercial purposes. CAPES: 001

La zone d’etude, la Commune de Droum, est situee dans le haut bassin versant de la Korama. Celle-ci dispose de plusieurs aquiferes, dont l’aquifere phreatique des sables recents ayant des hautes potentialites en eau souterraine. Cet aquifere est tres sollicite pour l’approvisionnement en eau de boisson, l’abreuvage des animaux et pour l’irrigation en pleine expansion. Cependant, cet aquifere peu profond reste tres sensible a la variabilite climatique ayant affecte la region, comme le reste du sahel, de 1970 a nos jours. L’objectif principal de cette etude est de caracteriser les parametres climatiques puis de quantifier la recharge de cette nappe pendant la periode de 1921-2016. La methodologie adoptee est la caracterisation des differents parametres climatiques et l’estimation du bilan hydrique a partir de plusieurs techniques (l’indice pluviometrique annuel, le filtre passe-bas de Hanning et les tests statistiques de detection de rupture tels que le Test de Petitt, procedure bayesienne de Lee et Heghinian, segmentation d’Hubert, methodes Thornthwaite et Penman pour le calcul du bilan) ayant permis d’aboutir a plusieurs resultats. Ainsi, l’analyse de la serie pluviometrique montre l’alternance de trois phases: la phase humide de 1921 a 1964, la phase seche de 1965 a 1997 et la phase normale de 1998 a 2016, et une rupture significative traduisant la baisse de precipitations a partir de 1965 et peu significative mettant en evidence le retour de celles-ci a partir de 1998. Par ailleurs, le bilan hydrologique met en evidence le comportement de la nappe pour ces differentes phases climatiques. On observe, cependant que la recharge de cette nappe en periode seche est relativement faible par rapport a la periode humide. Celle-ci provienne probablement de la recharge indirecte car il y a eu une intensification de ruissellement. A partir de 1998, la tendance observee du retour des precipitations a eu comme consequence, une legere augmentation de la lame d’eau infiltree par rapport a la periode seche. Toutefois, celle-ci est trop faible quand on le compare a celle de la periode humide et aux demandes accrues de cette ressource pour les differents usages. The study area, the municipality of Droum, is located in the high watershed of Korama. It has several aquifers, including the aquifer of recent sands with high potential in groundwater. This aquifer is in great demand for the supply of drinking water, animal watering and for expanding irrigation. However, this shallow aquifer remains very sensitive to the climate variability that has affected the region, like the rest of the Sahel, from 1970 to the present day. The main objective of this study is to characterize the climate parameters and quantify the recharge of this aquifer during the period of 1921-2016. The methodology adopted is the characterization of the various climatic parameters and the estimation of the water balance from several technics (annual pluviometric index, Hanning’s low-pass filter and statistical tests for detecting discontinuities such as it is: Petitt’s test, Lee and Heghinian’s bayesian procedure, Hubert’s segmentation procedure, Thornthwaite and Penman’s methods for water balance calculate) that have led to severalresults. Thus, the analysis of the rainfall series shows the alternation of the three phases : the wet phase from 1921 to 1964, the dry phase from 1965 to 1997 and the normal phase from 1998 to 2016, and a significant discontinuities reflecting the decrease in rainfall starting at 1965 and not very significant highlighting the return of these from 1998. Moreover, the hydrological balance highlights the behavior of the water table for these different climatic phases. It is observed, however, that the recharge of this layer in the dry period is relatively low compared to the wet period. This probably comes from indirect recharge because there has been an intensification of runoff. From 1998, the observed trend of precipitation return has resulted in a slight increase in the infiltrated water slide compared to the dry period. However, it is too weak compared to that of the wet period and the increased demands of this resource for different uses.

Growing urbanisation and an increase of paved surfaces lead to drastic changes of the urban hydrological cycle. Pavements are often perceived and modelled as runoff generator that prevents any kind of infiltration and inhibits evaporation. This review takes a closer look at different paving materials and examines their water transport processes and the resulting hydrological balance by collecting and evaluating literature data and descriptions. Hydrological balance and water retention capacities are collected for numerous materials, ranging from asphalt to infiltration-active grass pavers, for moist mid-latitude climate. The assessment demonstrates that evaporation and infiltration from paved surfaces play an important role and often exceed the expected values. This results in a new classification of sealing degrees for rough estimations of the annual hydrological balance of different paving materials. Additionally, common modelling concepts and possible sources for detailed land cover data are introduced and reflected. The review concludes that paving materials are much more active and complex systems than often assumed.

Assessment of the land use impact on the processes of water balance in the river basin should be an indispensable part of integrated river basins management. This paper compares climatic conditions occurring during the long-term period (1951-1980), following the situation immediately after dry conditions (1993-1999) and extremely rainy dates (2009-2012) with emphasis to estimate the runoff components in the Žitava river basin: the Obyce sub-catchment, situated in its upper part (74.5 km2) in the Slovak Republic. Modelling of the land use change effect on the total hydrology balance of the river basin characteristics was performed using the hydrological model WaSiM-ETH. The model was applied to evaluate the vegetation type influence and the water balance change in the presently mostly forested river basin (1), altering its replacement by the permanent grasses (2) and bushes (3), with emphasis to different total water balance characteristics change. The present state land use data were taken from the Corine Land Cover of the Slovak Republic. Model results show that actual evapotranspiration would decrease from -1.3% in case of bushes in 2009 up to -32.5% in case of grass in 2011. However, 13.3% rise was considered for bushes in 2010. Total annual discharge shows its increment in all observed changes from 5.9% for bushes in 2010 up to 65.3% for grass in 2012. Only in case of bushes in 2011 there was observed slight decrease of about -3.1%. Regarding the very expected land use change, especially in connection with the ongoing global climate change, the estimation of the hydrology balance components is of utmost significance.

This study presents the impact of global warming on precipitation patterns in Ilorin, Nigeria, and its implications on the hydrological balance of the Awun basin under the prevailing climate conditions. The study analyzes 39 years of rainfall and temperature data of relevant stations within the study areas. Simulated data from the Coupled Global Climate model for historical and future datasets were investigated under the A2 emission scenario. Statistical regression and a Mann-Kendall analysis were performed to determine the nature of the trends in the hydrological variables and their significance levels, while a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to estimate the water balance and derive the stream flow and yield of the Awun basin. The study revealed that while minimum and maximum temperatures in Ilorin are increasing, rainfall is generally decreasing. The assessment of the trends in the water balance parameters in the basin indicates that there is no improvement in the water yield as the population increases. This may result in major stresses to the water supply in the near future.

We present the glacier-wide summer surface mass balances determined by a detailed hydrological balance (sSMBhydro) and the quantification of the uncertainties of the calculations on the Argentière and Mer de Glace-Leschaux drainage basins, located in the upper Arve watershed (French Alps), over the period 1996–2004. The spatial distribution of precipitation within the study area was adjusted using in situ winter mass-balance measurements. The sSMBhydro performance was assessed via a comparison with the summer surface mass balances based on in situ glaciological observations (sSMBglacio). Our results show that the sSMBhydro has an uncertainty of ± 0.67 m w.e. a−1 at Argentière and ± 0.66 m w.e. a−1 at Mer de Glace-Leschaux. Estimates of the Argentière sSMBhydro values are in good agreement with the sSMBglacio values. These time series show almost the same interannual variability. From the marked difference between the sSMBhydro and sSMBglacio values for the Mer de Glace-Leschaux glacier, we suspect a significant role of groundwater fluxes in the hydrological balance. This study underlines the importance of taking into account the groundwater transfers to represent and predict the hydro-glaciological behaviour of a catchment.

V letech 2014–2019 bylo na uzemi Ceske republiky historicke sucho. Odděleni hydrologie a hydrogeologie Výzkumneho ustavu vodohospodařskeho T. G. Masaryka provadi dlouhodoba hydrologicka a hydrogeologicka pozorovani v povodi horni Metuje, kde se toto sucho výrazně projevilo. Horni cast povodi řeky Metuje se nachazi v geologickem utvaru policka křidova panev (dale jen policka panev). Diky malo propustnemu podloži a velke mocnosti křidových piskovců je zde velka zasoba kvalitni podzemni vody, ktera je odebirana pro vodarenske zasobovani mnoha obci a měst ve východnich Cechach. Sledovane povodi je uzavřeno vodoměrnou stanici na řece Metuji, ve městě Teplice nad Metuji (M XII). Stanice je umistěna na vodnim toku v male vzdalenosti pod skalským zlomem.

Stored water within snowpack is important for the hydrological balance in many mountainous environments around the world. However, monitoring the spatial and temporal dynamics of snow in such mountainous environments remains rather challenging. We therefore developed a snow depth meter using small temperature loggers. Small temperature loggers were attached to poles at 20 cm intervals from the ground surface. Snow depths were estimated by assessing the daily variations in temperatures. Using this snow depth meter, we continuously observed snow depths at 21 stations in a forested catchment in Japan over three winter seasons. Using correlation analysis, we then analyzed the influence of topography (i.e., elevation and aspect) and forest (i.e., canopy openness) on snow depths. Moreover, we estimated daily snow distributions in the area using multi-regression analysis, thus describing seasonal characteristics of snow distributions. Finally we investigated the relation between number of stations and estimation accuracies of snow distributions using a Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis. We observed that the influence of topographical and forest characteristics changed considerably during the study period, with elevation having a major impact on snow depths. Further, aspect and forest cover had a great influence on the snow depths during the melting period. The regression of elevation slopes was 0.8–2.1 mm/m during rich snow years and 0.5–0.6 mm/m in little snow years. Also, the snow distribution during the melting period was found to be less uniform than during the snow accumulation period using histograms of snow depths. Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis shows that one station per 2.0–2.5 ha is enough to estimate accurate snow distributions. Given the above, we concluded that our proposed approach was quite useful for investigating the influence of topography and forest characteristics on snow accumulation and melting.

espanolSe investiga la variacion de las presiones de poros y el grado de saturacion en regimen transiente bajo una presa de tierra cuando dicha estructura es sometida a excitaciones dinamicas basales. Se construye un modelo fisico en el laboratorio de una presa de tierra a escala reducida (1:200). Se utilizan rangos de frecuencias de 3 a 10 Hz, direccion vertical y horizontal, y funciones seno, coseno y triangulares para representar la excitacion dinamica basal de la estructura. El control del proceso experimental es llevado a cabo con el registro continuo de las presiones de poros, junto con un balance hidrico general que permite controlar tanto la capacidad de infiltracion del sistema como el almacenamiento interno de agua y caudal de salida. Se obtienen resultados de presion de poros que reflejan la magnitud de la oscilacion piezometrica. Se encontro que las presiones de poros presentan mayores valores para un alto grado de saturacion del medio y para bajas frecuencias de excitacion. Ademas, se asocian cambios permanentes de la presion de poros debido a sobrecargas y succiones producidas en la interfaz presa-suelo de fundacion, como consecuencia de las excitaciones basales impuestas. EnglishThe pore pressure variation and the degree of saturation in a transient regime under an earth dam structure containing liquid are investigated, when subjected to basal dynamic excitations. A scaled physical model (1:200) of an earth dam is built. Frequency ranges between 3 and 10 Hz, in the vertical and the horizontal direction are used. Sine, cosine and triangular functions are used to represent the basal excitation of the structure. The experimental control process is carried out with the continuous measurement of the pore pressure along with a general hydrological balance, which allows controlling not only the infiltration capacity of the system but also the internal storage of water and effluent flow. Results of pore pressure represent piezometric level magnitudes. It was found that larger pore pressure values occur with the increase of the medium degree of saturation and low excitation frequencies. Also permanent changes in pore pressure due to surcharges and suction produced in the dam-foundation soil interface are observed, as a consequence of the imposed ground excitations.

The history of life on Earth is punctuated by a series of mass extinction episodes that vary widely in their magnitude, duration, and cause. Biomarkers are a powerful tool for the reconstruction of historical environmental conditions and can therefore provide insights into the cause and responses to ancient extinction events. In examining the five largest mass extinctions in the geological record, investigators have used biomarkers to elucidate key processes such as eutrophy, euxinia, ocean acidification, changes in hydrological balance, and changes in atmospheric CO2. By using these molecular fossils to understand how Earth and its ecosystems have responded to unusual environmental activity during these extinctions, models can be made to predict how Earth will respond to future changes in its climate.

RESUMO As florestas de altitude situadas nas microbacias da Serra do Mar, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, apresentam serviços ambientais que contribuem para os diversos segmentos da sociedade carioca que demandam água de qualidade e quantidade, assim como ambientes sustentáveis. A condensação do vapor d'água nas copas das árvores é um desses serviços, pois contribui positivamente para o balanço hídrico. Seu entendimento poderá auxiliar no equacionamento de soluções e planejamento ambiental sustentável. Esta percepção/compreensão motivou o estudo da interceptação horizontal (IH) em área montanhosa na região de Nova Friburgo - RJ. Foram coletados e analisados dados de precipitação total (PT), precipitação pluviométrica ou externa (P), IH, precipitação interna (PI) e interceptação da copa (IC) no período compreendido entre dezembro de 2003 e janeiro de 2004, na encosta a barlavento da Serra do Mar, em Nova Friburgo. Os valores de precipitação total (PT) e Interceptação Horizontal (IH) corresponderam a 786,23 mm e 68,71 mm, respectivamente. As perdas por IC foram de 25,46% e a PT foi de 125,66% em relação à P, evidenciando que a IH influenciou no balanço hídrico da região constituindo-se num importante serviço ambiental para os ecossistemas e para a população dependente da bacia estudada. ABSTRACT The Montane Forest situated at the watersheds of Serra do Mar, state of Rio de Janeiro, presents environmental services that contribute for diverse segments of society, which demands water in quantity and with quality, as well as sustainable environments. Water vapor condensation at forest canopies is one of these services, as it contributes positively with hydrological water balance. It`s understanding can help the equation of solutions on sustainable environment planning, which motivated the study of horizontal interception (IH) on a Mountainous area in Nova Friburgo region. It was collected and analyzed data from total rainfall (PT), pluviometric rainfall (P), IH, internal precipitation (PI) e canopy interception (IC) during December 2003 to January 2004, at the windward slope of Serra do Mar, in Nova Friburgo. Values for total rainfall (PT) and horizontal interception (IH) corresponded to 786.23 mm and 68,71 mm, respectively. The lost from IC where of 25.46% and PT was 125.66% in relation to P, showing that IH influenced on the regional hydrological balance, constituting an important environmental service for ecosystem and population who depends on the watershed studied.

Evaporation from water surface significantly affects the overall hydrological balance of a river basin. Direct measurement of evaporation is complicated and not as common as the measurement of other quantities (e.g. precipitation or air temperature). Therefore, evaporation is often determined using formulas requiring available meteorological quantities as input data.

Unsustainable urbanisation has radically deteriorated the natural hydrological phenomena within cityscapes of developing countries. Such neo-urban spaces have inadvertently disrupted the hydrological balance both within and around themselves. As a result, tumultuous ‘hydro-dynamism’ is being faced in atmospheric and sub-surface locales of even small planned neo-urban townships like New Town, West Bengal, wherein rainfall regimes, evapo-transpiration rates(ET), land surface temperatures(LST) and groundwater levels, have been affected. Using Built-up Index to identify the spectacular urban growth, TRMM rainfall data, MODIS 11B3 LST and MODIS 16A2 ET rates have been further correlated 3 dimensionally as well as statistically, to understand the changing hydrological regime of the township for two time periods, i.e., 2001-02 and 2018–19. The variables were found to be significantly related, and partial aggressors for average piezometric fall. Results from average annual estimates depict that over the past 18 years of urban growth of New Town, rainfall has decreased by 10 mm(112 mm), LST has increased by 5 units(300 Celsius), while ET values have decreased by 3units(5 mm/year). Groundwater level data acquired from the Central Groundwater Board Reports, further state that other than groundwater over-extraction by the denizens, there is a 13% chance that the 4–6 mbgl fall may be attributed to the changing urban hydrology. Future predictions using annual average data state that rainfall will decrease to 102 mm, while LST might escalate to around 35–37 and 29-300 Celsius during day-time and night-time, respectively. Piezometric fall and ET rates will plummet to around 20-30mbgl and 2-0.8 mm/year, respectively, causing undue stress to neighbouring zones.

Low Impact Development (LID) is one of the sustainable approaches to urban stormwater management in areas with rapid urbanization. Although LID has been shown to have a positive effect in flood reduction, the hydrological balance regulation effect of LID under a variety of rainfall events is not fully understood. In this study, we assessed the hydrological efficiency of LID at two residential&ndash, commercial mixed sites in Korea to investigate the main function of LID in terms of diverse rainfall characteristics. Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was constructed to simulate the hydrological process numerical simulations in the pre-development, post-development and LID design scenarios, respectively. The model was calibrated and validated by using five observed rainfall&ndash, runoff events. Then, four single and four multiple LID practices (LIDs) were used to estimate their effectiveness under seven different designed rainfall events. The results indicate that LIDs substantially influence the hydrology cycle system, while the regulating effect varies with rainfall amounts. The efficiency of LIDs in flood reduction is proved to be more effective during lower storm events. However, LIDs should be designed to primarily prioritize the restoration of hydrological balance when the rainfall return period is longer.

Changes in land use and ecosystem services influence each other and such changes have consequences for human wellbeing. In this paper, we review the research literature on how different types of ecosystem services are affected by LUC, and the consequences for human well-being. We begin with a review of the different types of ecosystem services. We examine the influence of LUC on provisioning ecosystem services due to mismatches between agricultural production and hydrological systems. We continue with a review of the impacts of LUC on supporting ecosystem services through the conversion of an ecosystem to cultivated land, and the resulting changes in soil properties and the hydrological balance. Next, We also discuss the regulating ecosystem services which are affected by LUC and alters water purification processes, as well as the effects on cultural ecosystem services. We conclude with a review of the valuation and quantification of the effects of LUC on the management of ecosystem services, and propose future research directions. Most of the research reveals a negative impact of LUC on ecosystem services, despite research gaps related to methods for valuing ecosystem services more accurately and for collecting social responses to the impacts of LUC on different ecosystem services.

Madeira is a volcanic island off the Atlantic northwest coast of Africa, politically part of Portugal. It is characterized by the presence of a primary laurel forest, named Laurisilva, which covered the European continent in the Tertiary and disappeared during the Quaternary climatic changes. Madeira Island is the largest surviving example of this type of vegetation. The forest is largely undisturbed and plays a predominant role in the island’s hydrological balance. It is formed by evergreen trees and bushes with dark green leaves. The Laurisilva of Madeira also has important biological diversity. A large proportion of its plants and animals are unique to the laurel forest, and it is larger than and with significant differences from other laurel forest areas in the world.

In spite of recent progresses in evaporation estimate through advanced models and laboratory experiments, the drying process of bare soils through its successive stages remains difficult to predict. A study which addresses evaporation modeling in natural bare soils is presented. It relies upon hydro-meteorological measurements performed in a plot with a bare silt loam soil maintained in natural conditions. The following steps are involved: estimate of daily actual evaporation, Ea, through the hydrological balance, scaling with pan evaporation measurements, Epan, and analysis of the relation of Ea/Epan with the soil moisture vertical profile. The results enable us (1) to check the occurrence of the first stage of the evaporation process, characterized by not limited-soil water supply and high evaporative rates, and (2) to identify the transition from the first to the second stage, with decreasing soil water-limited Ea values. The last point requires the introduction of a soil water content threshold at 5 cm depth, that is associated with the soil field capacity. The adopted procedure provides insights on the soil water dynamics at depths differently involved through the successive stages of the evaporative process. Finally, indications on the use of pan evaporation measurements in evaporative rate estimate at least during the first stage of the process are also given.

Water availability is a fundamental element for any society and ecosystem. This availability depends mainly on climate. However, there are other factors that could affect the surface water availability such as soil properties, topography, drainage area and land cover. These factors are approximately invariant except for land cover, which is very sensitive to continuous changes along time. Among the different types of existing land covers, the forest is one of the most important. There is scientific evidence suggesting that forests play an important role in mass, energy and momentum exchanges between atmosphere and surface, which altogether affect surface water availability. Nevertheless, there is also a current debate about the actual importance of forests on water availability. Most of the studies analyzing these effects of forest cover on water yield are developed in a local spatial scale and/or in a short-term period. Accordingly, a research to test the linkage between surface water availability and multiple physical and ecological factors, especially forests, in global large basins was conducted. The main finding of these research is that forests are efficient descriptors of global water balance partitioning. Additionally, after evaluating multiple attributes of the basins and accounting possible bias in the analysis (e.g human intervention by dam construction), forests have a strong relation with water partitioning in tropical and temperate basins, while the snow-melt processes are controlling the partitioning in boreal basins. Finally, after analyzing the effects of climate and land cover changes over streamflow changes using a Budyko-based method in large basins of the world, it is concluded that more studies are required in order to develop a proper approach capable of accounting for all processes in the surface-atmosphere exchanges between vegetation and water balance.

The contribution of groundwater to streamflow in Alpine catchments is still poorly understood, despite the fact that it may heavily impact hydrological balance and stream habitats. This paper presents the results of a field campaign based on experiments with heat tracer methods to assess the hyporheic flow during the low-flow period of a large Alpine river in Italy. These measurements were employed to validate a distributed hydrological model that can be used to asses river–groundwater interaction in both low-flow and high-flow conditions. The results show that groundwater may have a relevant role during low-flow periods, by increasing river discharge and during floods, by subtracting direct run-off that is stored in river banks. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.